라틴어 체계의 음성학적인 변화

한문희 한국 프랑스어문교육학회 1999 프랑스어문교육 Vol.8 No.-

Le francais n'est pas autre chose que du latin transforme. Par l'evolution phonetique considerable et successive, mais imperceptible, le latin vulgaire est devenu francais. La partie la plus gravement atteinte a ete le systeme vocalique. Du point de vue phonetique la longueur d'une voyelle latine et sa place par rapport a l'accent du mot etaient decisives pour son aboutissement en francais. Les voyelles accentuees du latin se sont conservees toujours en francais et les voyelles non accentuees, fragiles ont eu tendance a disparaitre facilement. Les changements qui ont atteint le systeme consonantique ont ete de moindre importance. La plupart des consonnes finales latines ont disparu en francais. Le systeme vocalique est fort influence pa le changement isole au debut de la formation du francais, tandis que le systeme consonantique s'est transforme lentement tout au long des periodes. L'influence du a la position dans un mot et dans une phrase a affecte la quantite et la qualite des voyelles et des consonnes. Les constrictives et les affriquees qui sont faibles par leur nature ont tendance a etre disparues. Les consonnes doubles se sont simplifiees. La palatalisation des voyelles s'est deroulee tres lentement, ce qui est considere comme influence du celtique.

返品權이 存在할 때의 收益認識에 관한 硏究

韓文盛 동국대학교 대학원 1986 연구논집 Vol.16 No.

『독립신문』 수록 단형 서사 문학 연구 : 문답체 서사를 중심으로 Mainly a narration of the interrogatory style

문한별 현대문학이론학회 2004 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.22

A purpose of this thesis is to analyze a narrative literature of short style which carried in the newspaper of 『The Dohrip Shimnun』 which published for three years from 1896 to 1899. The narration of short style in this thesis means that it is a style of literature in the age of civilization formed in the process from the premodern literature into a new modern literature, that is, the narration of short style is a style of a narration which appaeraed on the process into a new modern literature, and such narrations of short style were mainly found in an editorial of the news papers in the age of civilization It remarkably used a lot of narrative and fiction in order to help the readers's understanding without marshalling the editors's arguments merely in the editorials of news papers in its day. That could be put this way, too. namely, it borrowed a fictional style as a means of the vehicle of an element of editorial. There were found some features in the newspaper of 『The Dokrip Shimnun』 analyzed by the present writer among some editorials to be different from the editorials of other newspapers, they are as in the followings, First, the interrogatory style was distinguished over a majority of the editorial Second, It leads an editorials to borrow a fable style. First of all, the most distinguished feature in the newspaper of 『The Dokrip Shinmun』 was to make the best use of a narration with the interrogatory style. The very efficient use of a narration with the interrogatory style is a major chain of connection which continued into a fiction with the interrogatory style in the modern novel. The present writer analyised an effect which made use of a narration with the interrogatory style written on the newspaper of 『The Dokrip Shinmun』. The result of the study is as in the followings. First, It was very efficient that a new generation(generation of modern) could enlighten the old generation(premodern generation) through the efficient use of a narration with the interrogatory style, that is, it was useful to enlighten the old generation of premodern through the enlightened intellectuals of the day. Second, a narration with the interrogatory style was very efficient to stress education and criticism on those days in the age of civilization. Farticually, in this case, it gave us persuasive power from the viewpoint that the people of the other developed countries could criticize and advise reality of our country. Such a narration with the interrogatory style had an effect on formation in the modern fiction to be connected with fable styles added a further fictions element. As the editorial of 『The Dokrip Shinmun』 is showed a lot of form linked with two aspects closely, it had an direct influence on development of into a modern fiction of with the interrogatory style and development-discussion style into a modern fiction. In consequence, a result of this thesis which the present writer argue is that the editorial with a narration character written on the newspaper of 『The Doluip Shinmun』 could be ultimately a basis capable of any micro-evidence about a process of our moder literary development. Accordingly, we have to discuss them in future continually.

返品權이 存在할 때의 收益認識에 관한 硏究

韓文盛 동국대학교 대학원 1986 大學院硏究論集-東國大學校 大學院 Vol.16 No.-

The realization principle requires that revenue be earned before it is recognized. Revenue is usually recognized when the earning process is complete and an exchange has taken place. The earning process is not complete until collection of the sales price is reasonably assured. It is common practice in some industries for dealers to have the right to return unsold product. The right to return product is usually an industry practice but also occurs as a result of a contractual agreement. In this case, the product may be returned for a refund of the purchase price or in exchange for other products. Since the earning process is not complete until collection of the sales price is reasonably assured, as long as a right of return exists and the returns can be significant, the risks and rewards of ownership are not, in substance, passed on to the buyer. When an enterprise sells its product but gives the right to return the product, revenue from the sales transaction shall be recognized at time of sale only if all of the following conditions are met: a. The seller's price to the buyer is substantially fixed of determinable at the date of sale b. The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product. c. The buyer's obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft of physical destruction of damage of the product. d. The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller. e. The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer. f. The amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated. Sales revenue and cost of sales that are not recognized at time of sale because the foregoing conditions are not met shall be recognized either when the return privilege has substantially expired or if those conditions subsequently are not, whichever occurs first. If all of the above conditions are met, an appropriate provision for costs of losses which may occur in connection with the return of product form the buyer must be made by the seller. The provision for cost or losses must be in accordance with the provisions of FASB statement No. 5. (Accounting for Contingencies). Under FASB statement No. 5, a determination must be made as to whether the cost or losses are (a) probable, (b) reasonably possible, (c) remote. If returns are `probable' and all of the conditions of FASB statement No. 48 are met, an accrual is required by FASB statement No. 5. This accrual will result in a reduction of sales revenue and related cost of sales in the income statement, which is exactly what FASB statement No. 48 requires. However, if returns are `resonably possible' of `remote' and all of the conditions of FASB statement No. 48 are met, an accrual is not required by FASB statement No. 5. In this event, FASB statement No. 5 requires footnote disclosure. Accounting changes adopted to conform to the provisions of FASB statement No. 48 shall be applied retroactively. In the year that this provision is first applied, the financial statements shall disclose the nature of any restatement and its effect on sales, income before extraordinary items, net income, and related per-share amounts for each year restated.

고양이 망막에서 Substance P성 신경원의 연접구조에 대한 면역세포화학적 연구

이문용,천명훈,한승호,정진웅 대한해부학회 1994 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.27 No.1

朝鮮初期의 倭寇對策과 對馬島征伐

한문종 전북대사학회 1997 전북사학 Vol.19ㆍ20 No.-

환경농업 시범마을 논에서 시비에 따른 무척추동물 개체 수 변화

한민수,신중두,나영은,이남종,박문희,김세근 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.2

논의 관리방법에 따른 수서생물상의 변동 양상을 파악하기 위하여 종합적인 환경농업기술 시범 2개 지역의 논 및 하천에서 주기적으로 조사 분석하였다. 논에서의 수서 무척추동물의 총 개체 수는 두 지역 모두 농가관행구에 비해 화학비료 토양검정 시비구에서 62% 이상 높았고 그 다음은 두 지역에서 서로 다르게 나타나 옥천의 경우 농가관행구, 양평은 화학비료+개량재 순으로 많고, 가장 적은 처리는 무비구였다. 수서곤충의 총 개체 수는 토양검정시비구가 농가관행구 옥천 및 양평 각각 328, 45.1/L보다 56%, 69% 더 많았다. 갑각류의 총 개체수는 옥천 지역에서는 토양검정 화학비료구> 화학 비료+개량제구> 농가관행구> 무비구 순으로 많았으며, 양평에서는 화학비료+개량제구>토양검정 화학비료>무비> 농가관행구 순으로서 과다 비료시용구인 농가관행구에서 가장 적었다. 두 지역의 논관류 하천에서 서식하는 수서 무척추동물은 59과 76종이 분류되었고, 미확인종이 14종으로 조사되었으며, 특히 물방개과 중 노란테 콩알 물방개 및 땅콩 콩알 물방개가 채집되었고 양평 지역에서는 날도래 종류가 다양하게 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하천지류별 수서 무척추동물 서식밀도는 두 지역 모두에서 상류보다는 하류에서 밀도가 높았으며, 옥천의 연평균 성적에서도 하류에서 1300/0.09 ㎡로 최상류에 비해 172% 더 많은 밀도를 나타냈다. 친환경 농업 실천 2개 지역에서의 논 서식 수서 무척추동물 개체 수 조사 결과 일반관행 농가 논 91.1/L 보다 58% 더 많았다. This study was conducted to survey and identify kinds and population of the freshwater invertebrate fauna according to the managements of paddy rice fields at Ok-Chun and Yang-Pyung. The experiment was conducted in 4 paddy plots; conventional fertilization plot (CF), fertilization by prescription with soil testing with (ST+A) or without soil amendment (ST), and no fertilization as the control. In addition, the freshwater invertebrate fauna was also surveyed at 3 sections of as upper, intermediate and down, in both Jitan and Bungsan stream. The total number of the freshwater invertebrates was higher in the order of ST>CF>ST+A>C and ST>ST+A>CF>C at Ok-Chun and Yang-Pyung, respectively. The population density of aquatic insects was higher in plots fertilized by prescription with soid testing than in the other plots at both demonstration villages. The freshwater invertebrates collected in Jitan and Bungsan stream were identified and classified into 59 families and 90 species, and their population density was highest in the downstream among.

프랑스어 발음교육과 발음교정 방법

韓文熙 상명대학교 논문집 1986 상명대학교논문집 Vol.17 No.-

Le proble`me de l'acquisition d'une prononciation correcte est su^rement aussi vieux que l'apprentissage des langues e´trange`res en ge´ne´ral. Mais l'insuffisance des rnoyens techniques nous incitait a` laisser ce proble`me de co^te´ comme insoluble. Quelques tentatives, pourtant avaient e´te´ faites pour le re´soudre. L'une des premie`res me´thodes employe´es pour l'enseignement de la prononciation a e´te´ la methode "articulatoire". Mais elle s'est re´ve´le´e tre`s peu pratique et me^me inacceptable si les deux syste`mes phonologiques sont tre`s diffe´rents. Une autre jnsuffisance de la me´thode "articulatoire" est que toute l'attention est fixe´e sur l'articulation, et l'audition est comple`tement ne´glige´e. Une autre me´thode utilise´e pour l'enseignement de la prononciation correcte consiste en l'emploi du magnetophone. Cependant, le syste`me des fautes s'est re´ve´le´ plus fort que les moyens techniques. La me´thode des oppositions phonologiques dont on se sert au laboratoire de langues propose l'enseignement de la prononciation par des exercices d'opposition. Mais l'e´le`ve n'arrive pas a` apprendre une prononciation correcte par des exercices d'opposition. Car une opposition pertinente existe chez celui qui connai^t bien une langue, mais elle n'existe pas du tout chez celui qui commence a` apprendre. Nous croyons que l'enseignement de la prononciation d'une langue du franc¸ais doit e^tre constitue´ d'une se´rie de proce´de´s et de conditionnements, toujours sous le contro^le du professeur, qui est le seul a` de´cider si une prononciation correcte est acquise. L'enseignement de la prononciation doit e^tre base´ sur l'audition. dirige´e et contro^le´e par le professeur. Pour re´aliser une audition correcte, le systeme verbo-tonal se sert de diffe´rents e´le´ments qui forment l'ensemble acoustique d'une langue; ce sont; l'intonation, le rythme, les fre´quences et la tension. Pour corriger la prononciation d'un son donne´, on peut se servir de la prononciation "nuance´e", de l'intonation optimale par rapport a` la tension ou par rapport aux sons voisins, ou bien par un autre proce´de´ ou par la combinaison de deux ou plusieurs proce´de´s base´s sur les principes du systeme verbo-tonal.

1910년대 활자본 고소설과 『무정』에 수용된 기녀담 서사 유형 비교 연구

문한별 우리어문학회 2003 우리어문연구 Vol.21 No.-

This thesis is a trial for making a comparative study of two representative styles in the 1910's, when diverse descriptive styles were mixed. The first aim of this study is to abstract a common description from "Mujeong", called as the first modem novel and the stories of ancient times with printed edition and to define the common and different points. To do this, firstly, the descriptive style was arranged around a central pivot of "kinyeodam", the common description of two styles. To perform this work, I abstracted the descriptive style by dividing works, which were containing the description of "Kinyeo" out of stories of ancient times with printed edition in the 1910's, into descriptive paragraphs and then attempted the work of abstracting the description in the center of "Young Chae Park" in "Mujeong". The following styles are abstracted by arranging the description of the stories of ancient times with printed edition in the center of "Kinyeodam" as follows: a. A heroine was born with the middle classes at least. (birth and status). b. She became a kisaeng for saving her parents or due to the fall of family (downfall of status). c. She tied the nuptial knot to a man (getting acquainted with a man). d. She parted from the man (parting) e. She tried to die by drowning herself in the water in the risk of rape by an obstructor (oppression) f. She was rescued out of danger by a helper (rescuer). g. She d e d to a hero by his succession (reunion). Comparing to the above, the feature of "Young Chae Park", in the description of "Mujeong", the modem novel is arranged as follows: two different points are discovered. Firstly, "Hyung Sik Lee", the hero, who must take charge of the role of helper, did not attempt the rescue with positive attitude and secondly, "Young Chae Park" was to confronted at a situation that she had to rescue herself as the result that the helper faded his role of rescue. This study f i d s that "Hyung Sik Lee", the hero was a modernistic ego in an indefinite manners and the failure of helping "Young Chae Park" was a necessary consequence of modem value system. It also makes it clear and shows that the aforesaid two different points are the origin dividing the times into modern and pre-modern as well as the characteristic of two different styles. This is the very important characteristic of "Mujeong" the starting point of modern style.

트루베쯔코이의 「음운학 원론」소고

韓文熙 상명대학교 논문집 1989 상명대학교논문집 Vol.24 No.-

Ne´ a` Moscou en 1890, professeur de philologie slave a` l Universite´ de Vienne de`s 1923 et jusqu a` sa mort en 1939, Troubetzkoy e´tudie durant sa vie les syste`me phonologiques d'environ deux cents langues et dialectes. Les 《Principes de phonologie》 de Troubetzkoy parus en 1939, traduits et publie´s en franc¸ais en 1949, contituent une sorte de somme the´orique de la phonologie pragoise. L'ouvrage, qui n'e´tait pas tout a` fait termine´ lors de la mort de l'auteur en 1938, est cependant tre`s complet : dans sa partie diacritique, il donne les de´finitions de base et les re`gles pour la de´termination des phone`mes ; il classe les oppositions, defin les corre´lations et les faisceaux de corre´lations phonologiques, et inventorie les neutralisations; il e´tudie enfin toutes les caracte´ristiques phone´tiques mises en oeuvre dans les oppositions phonologiques de´couvertes a` l'analyse des langues naturelles. L'ensemble est complet, et fondamental pour la gene`se de la phonologie. Dans cette article, on n'exposera que les grandes lignes des 《Principes de phonologie》 . Ces ide´es ge´ne´rales aideront a` mieux comprendre la phonologie pragoise et les de´veloppement ulte´rieures de la phonologie g´ene´rale.