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Kim, Yeowon,Elimelech, Menachem,Shon, Ho Kyong,Hong, Seungkwan Elsevier 2014 Journal of membrane science Vol.460 No.-
In this study, we systematically investigated the propensity and reversibility of combined organic-colloidal fouling in forward osmosis (FO) under various solution chemistries (pH and calcium ion concentrations) and applied hydraulic pressure on the feed side. Alginate, silica colloids, and their mixture (i.e., combined organic-colloidal) were used as model foulants. Our findings demonstrate that combined organic-colloidal foulants caused more rapid flux decline than the individual foulants due to the synergistic effect of alginate and silica colloids. As a result, much lower flux recovery was achieved by physical cleaning induced by increasing the cross-flow rate, in contrast to single foulants of which the fouling layer was easily removed under all solution conditions. Interestingly, less flux decline was observed at neutral pH for combined fouling, while acidic conditions were favorable for alginate fouling and basic solutions caused more silica fouling, thereby providing clear evidence for the combined fouling effect It was also found that calcium ions enhanced water flux decline and induced the formation of less reversible combined organic-colloidal fouling layers. Lastly, the role of applied hydraulic pressure on the feed side in FO was examined to elucidate the mechanism of fouling layer formation, fouling reversibility, and water flux recovery. Higher fouling propensity and lower fouling reversibility of combined organic colloidal fouling were observed in the presence of applied hydraulic pressure on the feed side. This observation suggests that the lower fouling propensity and greater fouling reversibility in FO compared to reverse osmosis (RO), are attributable to unpressurized operating conditions in FO. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water
Logan, Bruce E.,Elimelech, Menachem Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature Vol.488 No.7411
Water has always been crucial to combustion and hydroelectric processes, but it could become the source of power in membrane-based systems that capture energy from natural and waste waters. Two processes are emerging as sustainable methods for capturing energy from sea water: pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. These processes can also capture energy from waste heat by generating artificial salinity gradients using synthetic solutions, such as thermolytic salts. A further source of energy comes from organic matter in waste waters, which can be harnessed using microbial fuel-cell technology, allowing both wastewater treatment and power production.
Maximizing the right stuff: The trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity
Park, Ho Bum,Kamcev, Jovan,Robeson, Lloyd M.,Elimelech, Menachem,Freeman, Benny D. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2017 Science Vol.356 No.6343
<P>Increasing demands for energy-efficient separations in applications ranging from water purification to petroleum refining, chemicals production, and carbon capture have stimulated a vigorous search for novel, high-performance separation membranes. Synthetic membranes suffer a ubiquitous, pernicious trade-off: highly permeable membranes lack selectivity and vice versa. However, materials with both high permeability and high selectivity are beginning to emerge. For example, design features frombiological membranes have been applied to break the permeability-selectivity trade-off. We review the basis for the permeability-selectivity trade-off, state-of-the-art approaches to membrane materials design to overcome the trade-off, and factors other than permeability and selectivity that govern membrane performance and, in turn, influence membrane design.</P>
Development of a Megasonic System for Cleaning Flat Panel Display
Kim, Hyun Se,Lee, Yang Lae,Lim, Eui Su,Elimelech, Menachem Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2012 Diffusion and defect data. SSP. [Pt. B], Solid sta Vol.187 No.-
<P>When fabricating flat panel displays (FPDs), cleaning process is important in the preparation of next steps. A megasonic system for cleaning FPD which can remove smaller particles with lower power and lower consumptions of chemical and UPW was designed and manufactured. The anti-resonance frequency of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuator was measured, and the value was 992 kHz. The impedance graph of the cleaning system was analyzed using commercial finite element method (FEM) analysis software Ansys, and the obtained value was 992 kHz. This agreed well with the measured value of 989 kHz. The performance of the developed system was evaluated by comparing the acoustic pressures with the conventional product. As a result, the acoustic pressures of the developed system were three times larger than that of the commercial system (conventional type: 13.9 kPa, the developed one: 43.1 kPa). In addtion, the PRE test was performed and the 83% particles were removed using 64% reduced power and 80% reduced chemical consumptions.</P>
Effect of Final Monomer Deposition Steps on Molecular Layer-by-Layer Polyamide Surface Properties
Tousley, Marissa E.,Shaffer, Devin L.,Lee, Jung-Hyun,Osuji, Chinedum O.,Elimelech, Menachem American Chemical Society 2016 Langmuir Vol.32 No.42
<P>A current challenge to desalination membrane technology is the inability to precisely control the properties of the polyamide selective layer due to the complexity of interfacial polymerization. In this study, we investigate the ability of molecular layer-by-layer (mLbL) assembly, an alternative polyamide fabrication technique, to create poly amide surfaces with tunable chemistry. We explore the influence of terminating monomer, monomer deposition time, monomer size, and the presence of underlying ionizable functional groups on mLbL-derived polyamide surface properties. AFM colloidal probe measurements, contact angle titration, QCM cesium adsorption experiments, and XPS data show that polyamide films terminated with m-phenylenediamine or trimesoyl chloride for 20-30 s are chemically similar. Increasing terminating monomer deposition time or using a smaller, more reactive monomer results in more distinct colloidal-probe adhesive interactions, contact angle titration curves, negative charge densities, and near surface atomic compositions. By optimizing the final monomer deposition steps, both amine rich and carboxyl-rich polyamide surfaces can be fabricated, which has implications for the application of mLbL assembly to membrane-based desalination.</P>