Agricultural Systems for Saline Soil: The Potential Role of Livestock

Masters, D.G.,Norman, H.C.,Barrett-Lennard, E.G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.2

Human-induced soil salinity is becoming a major threat to agriculture across the world. This salinisation occurs in both irrigated and rain-fed agricultural zones with the highest proportions in the arid and semi-arid environments. Livestock can play an important role in the management and rehabilitation of this land. There are a range of plants that grow in saline soils and these have been used as animal feed. In many situations, animal production has been poor as a result of low edible biomass production, low nutritive value, depressed appetite, or a reduction in efficiency of energy use. Feeding systems are proposed that maximise the feeding value of plants growing on saline land and integrate their use with other feed resources available within mixed livestock and crop farming systems. Salt-tolerant pastures, particularly the chenopod shrubs, have moderate digestible energy and high crude protein. For this reason they represent a good supplement for poor quality pastures and crop residues. The use of salt-tolerant pasture systems not only provides feed for livestock but also may act as a bio-drain to lower saline water tables and improve the soil for growth of alternative less salt tolerant plants. In the longer term there are opportunities to identify and select more appropriate plants and animals for saline agriculture.

PRODUCTION FROM FINE WOOL SHEEP IN THREE AREAS IN NORTHERN CHINA

Masters, D.G.,Purser, D.B.,Yu, S.X.,Wang, Z.S.,Yang, R.Z.,Liu, N.,Wang, X.L.,Lu, D.X.,Wu, L.H.,Rong, W.H.,Ren, J.K.,Li, G.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.4

The seasonal changes in production, the systems of management and the seasonal climatic and feeding conditions are described for three farms representative of the major areas for growing fine-wool sheep in northern China. At all farms, summer and autumn were seasons of rapid liveweight gain and wool growth. In the winter and spring, during lactation, liveweight declined wool growth decreased by approximately 70%, and fibre diameter by 4 to 8 microns. The wool produced was characterized by a very low clean wool yield (39-51%). Greasy fleece weights ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 kg and average diameter of wool fibres from 20.5 to 23 microns. The number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated ranged from 79 to 95, lamb weights ranged from 3.8 to 4.5 kg, and weaning weights ranged from 17 to 25 kg. Overall, the patterns of sheep production were similar to those found in seasonally arid environments (such as in the mediterranean climatic zone). Yield of clean wool and therefore clean fleece weights were far below those in most other fine-wool producing areas of the world.

MINERAL NUTRITION OF GRAZING SHEEP IN NORTHERN CHINA I. MACRO-MINERALS IN PASTURE, FEED SUPPLEMENTS AND SHEEP

Masters, D.G.,Purser, D.B.,Yu, S.X.,Wang, Z.S.,Yang, R.Z.,Liu, N.,Lu, D.X.,Wu, L.H.,Ren, J.K.,Li, G.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1993 Animal Bioscience Vol.6 No.1

This study determined the macro-mineral levels in plants and sheep, at different times during the year, at three farms in northern China. Samples of plants, animal tissues and faeces were collected at 5 to 8 times during the year from each site. They were analysed for calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. Sodium concentrations in plants were below those recommended for optimum animal production at all sites for all or part of the year (0.01-1.66 g/kg DM). Low concentrations of sodium in faeces were measured and signs of sodium deficiency (soil ingestion) were observed on one farm. There were seasonal trends in other mineral levels in plants and animals. Plants were lowest in potassium (2.3-13.4 g/kg DM), magnesium (1.28-4.82 g/kg DM) and phosphorus (0.24-1.62 g/kg DM) in winter and spring. However, high levels of these elements were supplied in the feed supplements used at this time of the year. During the periods of rapid pasture growth, in summer and autumn, supplements of feed and salt are often not provide even though pasture concentrations of phosphorus and sodium are low. It may be at these times that sheep will be most susceptible to deficiencies of these elements.

MINERAL NUTRITION OF GRAZING SHEEP IN NORTHERN CHINA II. SELENIUM, COPPER, MOLYBDENUM, IRON AND ZINC IN PASTURE, FEED SUPPLEMENTS AND SHEEP

Masters, D.G.,Purser, D.B.,Yu, S.X.,Wang, Z.S.,Yang, R.Z.,Liu, N.,Lu, D.X.,Wu, L.H.,Ren, J.K.,Li, G.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1993 Animal Bioscience Vol.6 No.1

This study determined the concentrations of micro-minerals in pastures, in feed supplements and in grazing, reproducing ewes, at different times during the year, at three farms in Northern China. Samples were collected 5 to 8 times during the year and analysed for selenium, copper, iron, molybdenum and zinc. On two farms selenium concentrations in both pastures and animal tissues were low for part of the year. The lowest concentrations in pasture (< $30{\mu}g/kg$ DM) and liver (< $100{\mu}g/kg$ wet weight) indicated that productivity of the sheep may be reduced by a deficiency of this element. On one farm copper concentrations in the lever were in the liver were in the deficient range (< $5{\mu}g/kg$ wet weight) for part of the year. It is likely that this is a result of high intakes of iron from pasture (up to 4.5 g Fe/kg DM) and soil, as indicated by high concentrations of iron in faeces (up to 7 g Fe/kg DM). Molybdenum intake is unlikely to have had much influence on copper absorption because pasture concentrations of this element were not unusually high (1 to 5 mg/kg DM). Zinc in pastures on two farms was below 10 mg/kg DM for part of the year. On one of these farms, the concentration of zinc in faeces was below 30 mg/kg DM throughout the year and this is consistent with zinc intakes of 7 to 15 mg/kg. Despite these low intakes, the concentratons of zinc in plasma were consistently above deficient levels. No clinical signs of deficiencies of any of the elements studied were observed.

The Fourfold Gospel from a Pentecostal Historical Perspective

Elmer Masters 서울신학대학교 글로벌사중복음연구소 2021 World Christianity and the Fourfold Gosepl Vol.6 No.1

It is my humble opinion that the gravest errors of Pentecostalism are in the following two areas: exegesis and hermeneutics. We have relied upon other Christian denominations to fill this gap. Most evangelical groups have developed their hermeneutical and exegetical approaches to their persuasion of theology. Interesting to me was the discovery that the late great theologian and author Dr. Donald W. Dayton alluded to this fact. During the last half of the 1970’s two Assemblies of God scholars joined forces to begin addressing this issue: Dr. Gordon D. Fee and Dr. Russell P. Spittler we have shown that there has been an historical approach in Pentecost which embraced a four-fold theology of the Gospel from its inception. It was articulated from both the Topeka, Kansas Revival and the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, California. This was included the Articles of Constitutions, Statements of Faith, the development of Bible Institutes, Schools and Colleges, as well as their writings which includes textbooks. It is my present observation that this present generation of young Pentecostal ministers, in America, are on the verge of abandoning their historical roots (out of text)

Land Information Systems in Australian Context

Lim, Samsung,Masters, Ewan 한국국토정보공사 2010 지적과 국토정보 Vol.40 No.2

Governments of most countries have land administration arrangements in place that provide a legislative framework within which decisions about the land can be made. Governments collect and maintain data that can be used for fiscal purposes, allocation of land, controlling land use, etc. In countries like Australia where there are many levels of government with often significant overlap of function we would expect to see major overlap of the types of data being collected. This paper aims to overview land information systems in Australian context with a particular focus on the systems in New South Wales.

Characterization of open and suburban boundary layer wind turbulence in 2008 Hurricane Ike

Jung, S.,Masters, F.J. Techno-Press 2013 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.17 No.2

The majority of experiments to characterize the turbulence in the surface layer have been performed in flat, open expanses. In order to characterize the turbulence in built-up terrain, two mobile towers were deployed during Hurricane Ike (2008) in close proximity, but downwind of different terrain conditions: suburban and open. Due to the significant non-stationarity of the data primarily caused by changes in wind direction, empirical mode decomposition was employed to de-trend the signal. Analysis of the data showed that the along-wind mean turbulence intensity of the suburban terrain was 37% higher than that of the open terrain. For the mean vertical turbulence intensity, the increase for the suburban terrain was as high as 74%, which may have important implications in structural engineering. The gust factor of the suburban terrain was also 16% higher than that of the open terrain. Compared to non-hurricane spectral models, the obtained spectra showed significantly higher energy in low frequencies especially for the open terrain.

Genetics and Molecular Biology of Alzheimer's Disease : Implication for Diagnosis and Treatment

( Konrad Beyreuther,Colin L . Masters ) 한국유전학회 1988 Genes & Genomics Vol.10 No.4

Amyloid is deposited at characteristic locations in brains from individuals with Alzheimer`s disease (AD), older individuals with Down`s Syndrome (DS), and aged mammals including rats. These deposits (tangles, plaques, vascular amyloid) contain amyloid A4 polypeptide (Mr 4.500) derived from a larger glycosylated membrane protein resembling a cell-surface receptor (Kang et al., Nature 325, 733, 1987). The gene for this A4 precursor is located on chromosome 21 at the border between bands q21 and q22.1 (in collaboration with B. Zabel, Univ Mainz) and much closer to the 21q22 Down`s phenotype region than previously reported (Tanzi et al., Science 235, 880, 1987). We detected an intragenic, restriction fragment length polymorphism for the A4 gene with 2 alleles which proved to be useful for tracking the inheritance of the A4 gene through pedigrees with familial Alzheimer`s disease (Broeckhoven et al., Nature 329, 153, 1987). Expression of the A4 gene is seen in the brain, heart, muscle, kidney, adrenal gland, lung, spleen, thymus, testes, pancreas but not in liver. Rat A4 mRNA is widely and abundantly expressed in neurons (Shivers et al. Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience 13, 819, 1987). High expression was seen in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory areas, amygdala and cerebellum. Since most but not all of these brain regions represent sites of amyloid deposition in AD and DS brains, we conclude that high expression of A4 precursor is not the sole cause of amyloid formation and other factors common to amyloid-forming regions initiate amyloid generation. The location of the A4 amyloid polypeptide in the precursor sequence allows to predict the putative nature of these factors. Using immunocytochemistry the A4 glycoprotein precursor was detected in rat brain section as patches on or near the plasma membrane of cell bodies and their proximal dendrites (Shivers et al. Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience 13, 819, 1987). These data suggest a role for A4 precursor in cell contact. The location of the A4 precursor in the plasma membrane renders the protein vulnerable to extracellular proteases whose attack could be eventuated by free-radical injury and lipid peroxidation to neuronal membranes in AD and aged DS. If in longer-lived mammals the mechanisms protecting against free-radical injury fail, brain areas where plasticity is thought to underlie cognitive functions may become primary sites for amyloid deposition, and account for amyloid formation in some aged mammalian brains. Breakdown of amyloid precursor resulting in amyloid formation at clinical target sites may be the link between neuronal dysfunction and AD pathology whereby amyloid precursor and its breakdown products become putative diagnostic markers. Prevention of amyloid formation by interference with the various putative breakdown processes is of therapeutic interest and can now be studied using anti-oxidants, protease-inhibitors and agents that maintain functional cell contacts.

Direct Observation via In Situ Heated Stage EBSD Analysis of Recrystallization of Phosphorous Deoxidised Copper in Unstrained and Strained Conditions

S. Taylor,I. Masters,Z. Li,H. R. Kotadia 대한금속·재료학회 2020 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.26 No.7

Recrystallization of phosphorous deoxidised copper used for strength critical applications at elevated temperatures wasinvestigated by means of in situ heated stage EBSD analysis using a Gatan Murano heated stage mounted within a Carl ZeissSigma FEGSEM electron microscope. The influence of applied strain as the result of deformation within a Nakajima testas an analogue for industrial forming on the recrystallization temperature was investigated, the impact of increased heatingrates on microstructural evolution was also investigated. Inverse pole figure plots combined with regions of reduction in localmisorientations and variations in geometrically necessary dislocations were used to establish the point of recrystallizationand the recrystallized fraction of the material. Recrystallization was observed to occur at temperatures as low as 130 °C inhighly strained samples compared to around 300 °C within the annealed samples dependent upon heating rate. Increasedheating rates were observed to produce a finer final grain structure but had little effect on presence of <111> 60° grain twins,which was influenced more by initial material condition.

Characterization of open and suburban boundary layer wind turbulence in 2008 Hurricane Ike

S. Jung,F.J. Masters 한국풍공학회 2013 한국풍공학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The majority of experiments to characterize the turbulence in the surface layer have been performed in flat, open expanses. In order to characterize the turbulence in built-up terrain, two mobile towers were deployed during Hurricane Ike (2008) in close proximity, but downwind of different terrain conditions: suburban and open. Due to the significant non-stationarity of the data primarily caused by changes in wind direction, empirical mode decomposition was employed to de-trend the signal. Analysis of the data showed that the along-wind mean turbulence intensity of the suburban terrain was 37% higher than that of the open terrain. For the mean vertical turbulence intensity, the increase for the suburban terrain was as high as 74%, which may have important implications in structural engineering. The gust factor of the suburban terrain was also 16% higher than that of the open terrain. Compared to non-hurricane spectral models, the obtained spectra showed significantly higher energy in low frequencies especially for the open terrain.