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Marian, Christel M.,Kock, Sebastian C.,Hundsdorfer, Claas,Martin, Hans-Dieter,Stahl, Wilhelm,Ostroumov, Evgeny,Muller, Marc G.,Holzwarth, Alfred R. Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.2
For the natural carotenoid 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene (DHIR) and two synthetic derivatives, 3,3'-dihydroxy-16,17,18,16',17',18'-hexanor-$\Phi$,$\Phi$-carotene (DHHC) and $\Phi$,$\Phi$-carotene-3,3'-dione (DHIRQ, isorenieratene-3,3'-dione), steady state absorption experiments and combined density functional and multi-reference configuration interaction calculations were carried out. In addition, femtosecond transient absorption spectra were recorded for DHIR. Due to their marked out-of-plane distortion in DHIR, the phenolic end groups participate only partially in the conjugation system. In the low-energy regime its absorption spectrum with the maximum at $21\;700\;cm^{-1}$ in acetone solution therefore closely resembles that of $\beta$-carotene, the same as for the $T_1$ energy. Further similarities are also found for the decay kinetics of the optically bright $1^1{B_u}^+$ state of these compounds. After femtosecond excitation, the $1^1{B_u}^+$ population of DHIR decays with a lifetime of 110 fs to the vibrationally hot $2^1{A_g}^-$,v state which in turn relaxes to the $2^1{A_g}^-$,0 state within 500 fs. Decay of the $2^1{A_g}^-$,0 state to the $S_0$ state occurs at a time scale of 12 ps. Demethylation of the phenolic end groups alleviates the steric repulsion by the polyene chain and causes a small red shift ($1000\;cm^{-1}$) comparing the absorption spectra of DHHC and DHIR. Oxidation of DHIR leads to drastic changes of the electronic and geometric properties. The quinoid end groups of DHIRQ are fully integrated into the conjugation system, shifting the absorption maximum to $17\;800\;cm^{-1}$ in acetone solution which thus takes a blue color. The results of the quantum chemical calculations indicate that, in addition to the $2^1{A_g}^-$ ($S_1$) state, two dark internal charge-transfer singlet states and the $1^1{B_u}^-$ state might be located energetically below the optically bright $1^1{B_u}^+$ ($S_5$) state of DHIRQ.
Die Weiterverbreitung von Rundfunkprogrammen in Kabelnetzen
Marian Paschke 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2013 경제규제와 법 Vol.6 No.2
In Germany, the legal situation about the retransmission of terrestrial broadcast channels in cable networks is developing along the regulation of broadcasting law, telecommunication law and copyright law. According to broadcasting law the competent media authorities are entitled to oblige the cable operators to spread particular programs in the cable networks in order to ensure the diversity of opinion. Corresponding rules implement the constitutional order to forward a varied and balanced program; herewith, the constitutionally protected freedom of information of individuals and the functioning of the democratic order should be guaranteed. Content and scope of this obligation to feed and retransmit must-carry-programs are different in analog and digital cable networks. In analog cable networks with limited technical capacities there is an obligation to feeding and retransmitting of the cable network for all public programs; this may in principle lead to the fact that the total capacity of the network is exploited with such must-carry-programs. There is no comparable far-reaching obligation for digital programs. The cable operator has to transfer a maximum of one-third of the total capacity of the network with must-carry-programs of public service broadcasters. The obligation to pay fees for the retransmission of must-carry-programs is basically subject to the telecommunication law. This obligation applies to the regulation of the network usage. However, the German telecommunication law does not provide an obligation to pay fees for providers of must-carry-programs. Under German broadcasting law an obligation to pay fees for the retransmission of terrestrial broadcast channels does not exist. The regulations which legally require the cable operatorsto feed defined programs of public broadcasting companies in the cable network and to redistribute them there, do not entitle to payment of retransmission fees. With respect to a controversially discussed legal opinion an obligation to pay transmission fees may not be derived from general legal principles, in particular with regard to the protection for the fundamental rights of cable operators or the general antitrust law. The cable operators acquire the right to retransmit must-carry-programs by reaching an appropriate license agreement with the providers of public programs.
Phenolic Compounds in Plant Foods : Chemistry and Health Benefits
Marian Naczk,Fereidoon Shahidi 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.8 No.2
Phenolic compounds in food and plant materials belong to the simple phenols, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, lignans and lignins, all of which are considered as secondary plant metabolites. These compounds may be synthesized by plants during normal development or in response to stress conditions. Phenolics are not distributed uniformly in plants. Insoluble phenolics are components of cell walls while soluble ones are present in vacuoles. A cursory account of phenolics of cereals, beans, pulses, fruits, vegetables and oilseeds is provided in this overview. The information on the bioavailability and absorption of plant phenolics remains fragmentary and diverse. Pharmacological potentials of food phenolics are extensively evaluated. However, there are many challenges that must be overcome in order to fully understand both the function of phenolics in plant as well as their health effects.
STRICT TOPOLOGIES AND OPERATORS ON SPACES OF VECTOR-VALUED CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Marian Nowak 대한수학회 2015 대한수학회지 Vol.52 No.1
Let X be a completely regular Hausdorff space, and E and F be Banach spaces. Let Crc(X,E) be the Banach space of all continuous functions f : X → E such that f(X) is a relatively compact set in E. We establish an integral representation theorem for bounded linear op- erators T : Crc(X, E) → F. We characterize continuous operators from Crc(X,E), provided with the strict topologies βz(X,E) (z = σ, τ) to F, in terms of their representing operator-valued measures.
Challenges in Diagnosing Type 1 Diabetes in Different Populations
Marian Rewers 대한당뇨병학회 2012 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.36 No.2
Diabetes affects today an estimated 366 million people world-wide, including 20 million to 40 million of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). While T1D accounts for 5% to 20% of those with diabetes, it is associated with higher morbidity, mortality and health care cost than the more prevalent type 2 diabetes. Patients with T1D require exogenous insulin for survival and should be identified as soon as possible after diagnosis to avoid high morbidity due to a delay in insulin treatment. It is also important to present to the patient correct prognosis that differs by the type of diabetes. From the research point of view, correct classification should help to identify the etiologies and to develop specific prevention for T1D. This review summarizes evidence that may be helpful in diagnosing T1D in various ethnic groups. Challenges in interpretation of results commonly used to determine the type of diabetes are highlighted.