Dual Credit Markets, Expected Output and Welfare

Rajlakshmi Mallik 한양대학교 경제연구소 2005 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.10 No.1

Dual Credit Markets, Expected Output and Welfare

Rajlakshumi Mallik 한양대학교 경제연구소 2005 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.10 No.1

Differences in monitoring cost is a commonly observed feature of the credit markets of LDCs. Typically the informal lender (IL) has a lower ex-post monitoring cost compared to the formal lender (FL). This paper develops a model of credit market with costly state verification in which financial dualism is defined in terms of this difference in monitoring cost. It analyses the welfare implications of formal and informal credit in terms of their effect on interest rates, expected output and total surplus under different contract forms. We conclude that informal loans induce low effort, result in lower expected output and may also result in lower total surplus. This paper thus contends the argument that higher monitoring cost of the FL is necessarily inefficient. Interestingly, it also follows from the analysis that informal interest-rate is higher than the formal interest-rate in spite of the lower monitoring cost faced by the IL.

Physico-mechanical behaviour of alkali and alkaline earth metal-containing mica glass–ceramics: a comparative evaluation

Amit Mallik 한국세라믹학회 2020 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.57 No.5

Mica glass–ceramics are known for their superior mechanical strength, fracture toughness and machinability. Crystallization, microstructure and mechanical behaviour of alkali and alkaline earth metal-containing mica glasses based on K 2 O/SrO/ BaO·4MgO·Al 2 O 3 ·6SiO 2 ·2MgF 2 composition were investigated by diff erential thermal analysis, X-ray diff raction, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness indenter. A distinct crystallization exotherm was observed in the diff erential thermal analysis curve.The crystallization peak corresponded to the formation of K-fl uorphlogopite for K-glass, Sr-fl uorphlogopite for Sr-glass, and Ba-fl uorphlogopite for Ba-glass. XRD results revealed that the above-mentioned formations were the major phases, while alpha hexacelsian, enstatite, and mullite were the minor phases in K-, Sr-, and Ba-glass–ceramics. SEM results indicated that the “house of cards” microstructure appeared in Sr-glass–ceramics at lower crystallization temperature than in the K- and Ba-glass–ceramics. The physico-mechanical properties of Ba- and Sr-glass–ceramics were compared with K-glass ceramics, and it was found that Ba-glass–ceramics possessed superior crystallization, microstructure and mechanical strength than the other two glass ceramics.

Study of a High SO2 Event Observed over an Urban Site in Western India

Chinmay Mallik,S. Venkataramani,Shyam Lal 한국기상학회 2012 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.48 No.2

Continuous measurements of SO2, NOx and O3 along with sampling based measurements of CO, CH4, NMHCs and CO2 were carried out during May, 2010 at Ahmedabad. The diurnal variations of SO2 in ambient air exhibited elevated values during the night and lower levels during the sunlit hours. The mean concentration of SO2during the study period was 0.95 ± 0.88 ppbv. However, the ambient SO2 exceeded 17 ppbv in the night of 20 May, 2010. On the same day, tropospheric columnar SO2 from OMI showed almost 350% increase corroborating the surface observations over an extended height regime. This was also the highest columnar value of SO2 during the summer of 2010. Columnar loadings were also found to be high for formaldehyde, precipitable water vapor and aerosol optical depth on 20 May. Elevated concentrations were also recorded for other trace gases like NO2 and O3. Analysis of related data of trace gases indicated characteristics of fresh emissions with dominant contributions from mobile sources during the study period. However, SO2/NO2ratio of 0.36 during the event period on 20th May connotes non-local influences. Analyses of meteorological parameters suggest combined impacts of transport and inversion causing higher levels of SO2 and other pollutants during 20-21 May. Episodes of such enhancements may perturb chemical and radiative balance of the atmosphere.

Ericaceous 식물의 allelopathy 와 경쟁력에 의한 침엽수 갱신 저해

A . U . Mallik 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.3

Certain ericaceous understory plants of temperate forests proliferate following forest clearcutting and fire. Rapid vegetative growth of these plants may affect conifer regeneration due to their strong competitive abilities and allelopathic properties. Planted conifers in these shrub - dominated habitats experience $quot;growth check$quot; which may result in a loss of productivity or in extreme cases total failure of forest regeneration. This growth check phenomenon is exemplified in Calluna Sitca spruce Scots pine ecosystems of western Europe, Kalmia black spruce ecosystem of eastern Canada and Gaultheria - cedar/hemlock ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Dynamics of Kalmia black spruce ecosystem following disturbance was used to explain the mechanism of conifer growth inhibition and their regeneration failure. It is argued that in addition to competition for nutrients, Kalmia allelopathy plays a major role in growth inhibition of black spruce. This conclusion is supported by the results of various field, laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Eight phenolic compounds were isolated and identified from the leaves of Kalmia angustifolia, four of which are known to be highly phyotoxic to black spruce. Methods of overcoming the allelopathic effects of Kalmia in order to enhance black spruce regeneration in Kalmia - dominated sites are discussed.

혼농임업 : 지속적 개발을 위한 새로운 접근 방법

A . U . Mallik,H . Rahman,박용구( Y . G . PARK ) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.4

The western-style industrial forest management practice involving large scale clearcutting, silviculture with industrially desirable species, and inadequate consideration on ecosystem preservation, has faced severe criticisms from environmentalists, ecologists and conservationists. With an increasing concern about environmental degradation the general public has also been becoming vocal in demanding ecologically sound alternative forest management. An age-old practice of sustainable ecosystem management variously defined as community forestry, social forestry or homestead forestry, has received increased attention in recent days. This type of traditional, and often not very organized method of natural resource management has been practised in many countries from the prehistoric times. It is believed that with a clear understanding of the functioning of ecosystem and community needs, the existing landuse method can be developed into a more productive one. The nature of community forestry management will vary depending on the scale, geographical location, social/community structure and expectations. This article argues that although the rate of economic growth may be lower with community forestry than with industrial forestry, the former fosters the principle of ecosystem sustainability. Industrial forestry may have an initial high growth rate but often it is associated with unsustainable harvesting leading to ecosystem degradation. A review of the traditional methods of economic analyses shows that they do not take into account the many social and environmental costs associated with forestry. It is argued that a well managed community forestry can maintain the critical balance between economic and ecosystem sustainability, An integrated model of community/homestead forestry development is proposed by coordinating the extension services of the departments of agriculture, forestry and environment.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Peptidyl α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Derivatives as Anti-malarial Calpain Inhibitors

Shyam Kumar Mallik,Hak Sung Kim,Da Yu Li,Minghua Cui,송현옥,박현 대한약학회 2012 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.35 No.3

Malarial calpain is a cysteine protease believed to be a central mediator essential for parasitic activities. N-Acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucinal (ALLN), a calpain inhibitor, showed an excellent inhibitory effect on the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. However the aldehyde group of ALLN makes it susceptible to metabolism. Therefore, we designed α,β-unsaturated carbonyl peptides that could serve as electrophiles for cysteine residues in calpain. Among the synthetic analogs based on the structure of ALLN, peptidyl esters 7, 8 and 9 showed the most potent anti-malarial effects, with the same IC50 values of 5.0 μM. Also they showed the high selective toxicity for the malaria versus Hela cell with 40.6, 69.2 and 24.3 fold for 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Dipeptidyl α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives consisting of two amino acids gave better anti-malarial effects than those consisting with one amino acid. The fluctuation in anti-malarial activity with small changes in chemical structure indicates the possibilities of improving synthetic analogs.

Thermoelectric Properties of InzCo4Sb12 Skutterudites

Ramesh Chandra Mallik,Jae Yong Jung,Soon Chul Ur,Il Ho Kim 대한금속ᆞ재료학회 2008 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.14 No.2

Transport Properties of Sn-Filled and Te-Doped CoSb3 Skutterudites

Ramesh Chandra Mallik,Jae Yong Jung,Soon Chul Ur,Il Ho Kim 대한금속재료학회 2008 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.14 No.5

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW USING ALGEBRAIC WALL MODEL

MUHAMMAD SAIFUL ISLAM MALLIK,MD. ASHRAF UDDIN 한국산업응용수학회 2016 Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and A Vol.20 No.1

A large eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent channel flow is performed by using the third order low-storage Runge–Kutta method in time and second order finite difference formulation in space with staggered grid at a Reynolds number, Reτ = 590 based on the channel half width, δ and wall shear velocity, uτ. To reduce the calculation cost of LES, algebraic wall model (AWM) is applied to approximate the near-wall region. The computation is performed in a domain of 2πδ×2δ×πδ with 32×20×32 grid points. Standard Smagorinsky model is used for subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling. Essential turbulence statistics of the flow field are computed and compared with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data and LES data using no wall model. Agreements as well as discrepancies are discussed. The flow structures in the computed flow field have also been discussed and compared with LES data using no wall model.