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MAAS, INEKE Institute for Social Development and Policy Resear 1995 Korea Journal of Population and Development Vol.24 No.2
Do characteristics of the marital and migration history of the elderly population of West-Berlin matter for their present resources and societal integration? To answer this question we analyse data from the Berlin Aging Study. We show that for resources in old age, it is important when and under what circumstances women lost their partner. Divorced women and WWII widows are financially worse off than never married women, still married women, and more recent widows, and they also evaluate their health more negatively than others. The migration history seems equally important. Financial resources, social resources, and societal integration in old age depend on characteristics like region of birth and having experienced flight or expulsion. But contrary to the effects of divorce and early widowhood for women, here we could not generally speak of one group of looses.
Machinability Study of Single-Crystal Sapphire in a Ball- End Milling Process
Philipp Maas,민상기,Yuta Mizumoto,Yasuhiro Kakinuma 한국정밀공학회 2017 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.18 No.1
Sapphire has received increasing attention as an engineering material even though its machinability is still an issue. In this study, the influence of the milling process parameters on the surface quality of single-crystal sapphire is investigated. Due to the hardness and brittleness of the sapphire substrate, crack initiation becomes the main concern with respect to up- and down-milling, feed rate, tool inclination angle and tool wear. With an inclined ball-end mill cutter in feed direction various cutting tests were performed to find optimal parameters for machining microchannel. It was observed that the feed rate and depth of cut are dominant factors for the surface quality. The tool inclination angle shows a parabolic relation to the quality of the machined surface. After tool wear events, such as peeling-off of the tool coating, an increased surface roughness is observed.