A Study of the Determinants of Outbound Travel Expenditure of Malaysian Travelers

Leng,Kan-Lye,Leng,Soo-Keng 세계문화관광학회 2009 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.2 No.1

There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers' expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.

Polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites prepared by suspension polymerization and their electrorheological behavior

Petr Slobodian,Vladimír Pavlínek,Aneźka Lengálová,Petr Sáha 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.1

Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 lm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres. Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 lm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres.

Community bonding and community wellbeing: Perspective from a Community Development Council in Singapore

( Leng Leng Thang ) 한국행정학회 2012 한국행정학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2012 No.-

A Study of the Determinants of Outbound Travel Expenditure of Malaysian Travelers

( Kan Lye Leng ),( Soo Keng Leng ) 세계문화관광학회 2009 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.2 No.1

There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers’ expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.

A STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF OUTBOUND TRAVEL EXPENDITURE OF MALAYSIAN TRAVELERS

Kan Lye Leng,Soo Keng Leng 세계문화관광학회 2009 Conference Proceedings Vol.10 No.0

There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers' expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.

Power System Black-Start Decision Making Based on Back-Propagation Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

Leng Ya-Jun,Huang Yuan-Hai 대한전기학회 2022 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.17 No.4

Black-start decision making plays an important role in power system restoration after a large-area blackout. However, most studies focused on the black-start decision making problem with complete information. In this article, a novel black-start decision making method based on back-propagation neural network and genetic algorithm, called BPNN-GA, is proposed to deal with the black-start decision making problem with incomplete information. In the proposed method BPNN-GA, back-propagation neural network is used to predict the missing values in the black-start decision matrix, and a complete decision matrix is obtained. Then, the weights of indexes are assumed to be a group of variables, and two weighted normalized decision matrices are constructed. Finally, the genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal solution of the index weights, and the best black-start scheme is selected. Based on the data of Guangdong power system of China, experiments were carried out to investigate the eff ectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method even performs better than some black-start decision making methods considering complete information.

Effect of Reduced N^(6)-Benzyladenine, Explant Type, Explant Orientation, Culture Temperature and Culture Vessel Type on Regeneration of Adventitious Shoot and In Vitro Plantlets of Spilanthes acmella

Leng, Tan Chee,Haw, Ang Boon,Chan, Lai-Keng 한국식물학회 2004 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.47 No.1

Nodal explants of Spilanthes acmella produced normal multiple shoots when cultured vertically on Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) supplemented with 0.5 ㎎L^(-1) BA. The number of shoots formed from each explant was doubled after first 5-week subculture. The nodal explants placed vertically in Erlenmeyer flask (250,500, or lo00 ml) produced more multiple shoots than those cultured in 350 mL jam bottles and 500 mL tex-Z flask. Temperature above 28℃ caused abnormalities of in vitro plantlets. All in vitro plantlets survived after acclimatized and transferred to the outside environment. The survived plantlets did not show any morphological abnormalities in the field condition.

Two-Tier Interference Elimination for Femtocells Based on Cognitive Radio Centralized Spectrum Management

( Leng-gan Yi ),( Yi-min Lu ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.5

Femtocell provides better coverage and higher spectrum efficiency in areas rarely covered by macrocells. However, serious two-tier interference emerging from randomly deploying femtocells may create dead zones where the service is unavailable for macro-users. In this paper, we present adopting cognitive radio spectrum overlay to avoid intra-tier interference and incorporating spectrum underlay and overlay to coordinate cross-tier interference. It is a novel centralized control strategy appropriate for both uplink and downlink transmission. We introduce the application of proper spectrum sharing strategy plus optimal power allocation to address the issue of OFDM-based femtocells interference-limited downlink transmission, along with, a low-complexity suboptimal solution proposed. Simulation results illustrate the proposed optimal scheme achieves the highest transmission rate on successfully avoiding two- tier interference, and outperforms the traditional spectrum underlay or spectrum overlay, via maximizing the opportunity to transmit. Moreover, the strength of our proposed schemes is further demonstrated by comparison with previous classic power allocation methods, in terms of transmission rate, computational complexity and signal peak-to-average power ratio.

THE RADON-NIKODYM THEOREM FOR A NONABSOLUTE INTEGRAL ON MEASURE SPACES

Leng, Ng-Wee Korean Mathematical Society 2004 대한수학회보 Vol.41 No.1

We prove the Radon-Nikodym theorem for a nonabsolute integral on measure spaces endowed with metric topologies and hence provide a descriptive definition of the integral.

A MEMS/NEMS sensor for human skin temperature measurement

Leng, Hongjie,Lin, Yingzi Techno-Press 2011 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.8 No.1

Human state in human-machine systems highly affects the overall system performance, and should be detected and monitored. Physiological cues are essential indicators of human state and useful for the purpose of monitoring. The study presented in this paper was focused on developing a bio-inspired sensing system, i.e., Nano-Skin, to non-intrusively measure physiological cues on human-machine contact surfaces to detect human state. The paper is presented in three parts. The first part is to analyze the relationship between human state and physiological cues, and to introduce the conceptual design of Nano-Skin. Generally, heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, operating force, blood alcohol concentration, sweat rate, and electromyography are closely related with human state. They can be measured through human-machine contact surfaces using Nano-Skin. The second part is to discuss the technologies for skin temperature measurement. The third part is to introduce the design and manufacture of the Nano-Skin for skin temperature measurement. Experiments were performed to verify the performance of the Nano-Skin in temperature measurement. Overall, the study concludes that Nano-Skin is a promising product for measuring physiological cues on human-machine contact surfaces to detect human state.