세종대 북원의 팽창과 황희 - 황희의 국방활동을 중심으로 -

이주희(Lee, Ju-Hui) 효원사학회 2020 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.57

황희(1363~1452)는 여말 선초의 격변기에 국가의 동량으로서 4대 임금을 모셨던 인물이다. 그러한 그의 청렴성에 대한 논란이 있다. 본 논문은 황희에게 만일 공직자 윤리에 부정적인 면이 있었다면 그럼에도 불구하고 세종이 그를 심복처럼 의지한 이유를 살폈다. 즉 재상인 그가 이끌어간 세종대의 시대적 상황을 살피고 재상으로서 황희가 국방 분야에서 어떠한 역할을 했는지에 대해 알아보았다. 세종대는 국제적 긴장이 고조된 시기였다. 세종은 백성을 살폈고, 그것이 가능하려면 황희가 필요했다. 北狄(몽골)이 언제 조선을 침공해 올지도 모르는 상황에서 축성 등의 대규모 토목공사가 필요했지만 그것 때문에 나라가 기울어지는 것은 막아야 했다. 황희는 국가에 해를 끼치지 않는 것을 전제로 국방책을 입안하고 밀고나갔다. 1428년 황희는 현실에 맞추어 북방의 방어체계를 개선했고, 1432년부터 4군 6진 개척을 배후에서 지휘했다. 그러한 가운데도 황희는 많은 추문에 휘말렸고, 세종은 거듭 황희를 보호했다. 청렴한 국정을 운영하는 것도 중요하지만 北狄(몽골)의 침공으로 나라가 망하면 무슨 소용이 있겠는가. 어려운 시기였기에 세종에게 황희의 혐의는 더 중요하지 않았다. 설사 황희가 부정을 저질렀다고 해도 난국을 타개하고 해쳐나갈 인물을 내친다는 것은 어려웠다. 세종에게 청렴하기만 하고 능력이 없는 인물은 필요가 없었다. 어느 특정 인물이 유학적인 소양이 높더라도 냉혹한 현실을 다루는데 서툴다면 어디에 쓰겠는가. 오히려 나라를 지키는 일에는 야수와 날카로운 시선과 바위와 같은 인내심이 필요했다. 세종은 황희의 아들들이 자기 자식들의 물건을 훔쳐 나누어 가진 이 사건을 보고 굉장히 불쾌했을 것이다. 그것은 존엄에 위해를 가하는 대역죄였다. 하지만 이 사건을 적당한 선에서 봉합했다. 戰雲이 감도는 시기에 세종에게 황희는 없어서는 안 되는 漢元帝때의 ‘史丹’과 같은 존재였으며 충직한 명재상이었다. Hwang Hui (1363-1452) served four kings as a pillar of the state during the turbulent period of the late Goryeo Dynasty and the early Joseon Dynasty. There is a controversy about his integrity. This paper examined Hwang Hee"s reasons why Sejong relied on him like a henchman, nevertheless, if there were any negatives to the ethics of public officials. In other words, we looked at the times of King Sejong"s reign, led by his father-in-law, and found out what role Hwang Hee played in the defense sector as prime minister. The Sejong era was a time of heightened international tension. Sejong looked at the people and needed Hwang Hui to make it possible. At a time when Mongolia might invade Joseon, large-scale civil engineering projects such as the construction of the fortress were needed, but the country had to be prevented from tilting due to it. Hwang Hee drafted and pushed ahead with the defense plan on the condition that it would not harm the nation. In 1428, Hwang Hui improved the defense system of the north in line with the reality, and from 1432 he led the development of the sixth division of the fourth division. In the meantime, Hwang-Hui was embroiled in many scandals, and King Sejong repeatedly protected her. It is also important to run clean state affairs, but what good is it if the country collapses due to the invasion of Mongolia? Hwang Hui"s charges were not more important to Sejong because it was a difficult time. Even if Hwang Hee was dishonest, it was difficult to break the impasse and make a person who would harm him. There was no need for a person who was only clean and incapable of Sejong. Even if a certain person has a high level of studying abroad, what would he use if he is not good at dealing with the harsh reality? Rather, defending the country required patience, such as wild beasts, sharp eyes, and rocks. Sejong must have been very upset to see the incident in which Hwang Hee"s sons stole and shared their children"s belongings. It was a high-handed crime of inflicting harm on dignity. However, the case was sealed to a moderate extent. In times of war, Hwang Hui was an indispensable "Stan" of the Han Dynasty and a loyal master.

Korean Ideophone Harmony in Optimal Domains Theory

Mi-Hui Cho,Shinsook Lee 한국음운론학회 1997 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.3 No.-

Cho, Mi-Hui and Shinsook Lee. 1997. Korean Ideophone Harmony in Optimal Domains Theory. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 3. 279-294. In this paper we provide a unified account of ideophone harmony in Korean within Optimal Domains Theory. In particular, we show that both high vowel transparency and /u/ variation can be accounted for in a principled way without the problematic underspecification theory; high vowel transparency derives by ranking *[- ATR, + Hi]Noninitia! and WSAword over Expression, while /u/ variation results from ranking Expression over *[-ATH, +Hi]Noninitia!. Further, we show that the feature cooccurrence constraint of *[- ATR, +Hi] is subject to positional sensitivity in Korean ideophone harmony. (Hoseo University and Pukyong National University and Hoseo University)

Phonological transparency and opacity in the sound substitutions of interlanguages

Mi-Hui Cho,Shinsook Lee 한국음운론학회 2001 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.7 No.2

Cho, Mi-Hui and Shinsook Lee. 2001. Phonological transparency and opacity in the sound substitution of interlanguages. Studies in Phonetics. Phonology and Morphology. 7.2. 449-468.This paper examines the acquisition of English coronal fricatives by Japanese and Korean EFL learners. It has been noticed that Japanese and Korean learners show different patterns in producing English target coronal fricatives. Specifically, while Japanese learners of English produce target-appropriate realizations of English /s/ in prevocalic position, they tend to palatalize target /s/ before /i/, thus producing /?/ By contrast, Korean speakers of English are likely to produce target /s/ in prevocalic position as the tense alveolar fricative [s']. Further, they palatalize this target before /i/, thus producing the palatalized tense [?']. The palatalized surface form [?] by Japanese learners shows phonological transparency, whereas the palatalized tense [?'] by Korean learners shows phonological opacity because of the tense feature. It is proposed that the difference between Korean and Japanese learners' substitution patterns is not due to different rule applications but due to candidate-to-candidate faithfulness, namely a sympathy constraint. In addition, Japanese learners replace the English interdental fricative /Θ/ with the alveolar fricative [s], while Korean learners replace it with the tense alveolar fricative [s']. When target /Θ/ occurs before /i/, the unpalatalized form [s] or [s'] emerges rather than the expected palatalized form [?J or [?'] in both interlanguages. It is argued that this substitution pattern can also be handled with the same constraint ranking within Optimality Theory with Sympathy Theory. (Pukyong National University and Hoseo University)

축약어 만들기 실험에 나타난 조어 양상 연구

이현희(Lee, Hyeon-Hui) 한국어문학회 2014 語文學 Vol.0 No.126

This study examined aspects and patterns of word formation under specific conditions. Nearly 380 people participated in the study by making temporary reduced words based on specific phrases or sentences. By the end of the study, the subjects created between 50 and 100 types of temporary reduced words including no answer (None) and hapax legomenon. According to a spidergram, the number of types of temporary reduced words is influenced by the number of syllables in each question, not by the number of syntactic words. In view of the content of the questionnaires, serial nouns like the name of institutions or laws are made of one type of temporary reduced word that is the highest token. Some temporary reduced words are unrelated to questions but rather to personal impressions or associations.

Hanger로 보강된 스터드 접합부의 인장거동에 관한 실험적 연구

박휘규,김승훈,이리형,이용택,황홍순,이정희 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1(구조계)

This paper presents the tensile behavior of the stud connection between reinforced concrete(RC) and steel members. Hanger reinforcements are placed around the studs to transfer the tensile loads to the opposite side of the concrete member. Six specimens, of which variables were arrangement details of hanger reinforcements and studs. Tensile test results show that hanger reinforcements are effective to increase tensile strength and ductility. Test tensile strengths of specimens are compared with the nominal strengths by ACI codes(ACI 318-02, ACI 349-99) and PCI 1999.

Thermal MOCVD와 DC pulsed PA-MOCVD에 의해 증착된 TiN 박막 연구

박용균,이영섭,이태수,이성재,조동율,천희곤 울산대학교 2001 공학연구논문집 Vol.32 No.1

유기화합물(TDEAT;Ti[N(C2H5)2]4)과 NH3를 이용하여 thermal MOCVD와 dc pulsed plasma assisted MOCVD(PA-MOCVD)인 2종류의 TiN박막을 증착하여 비교하였다. TiN박막의 특성분석은 XRD, AES, FE-SEM, α-step과 XPS로 연구하였다. DC pulsed plasma assisted MOCVD로 증착된 Tin박막은 ion bombardment 효과에 의해 열적으로 증착된 것보다 더 fine한 columnar구조를 나타내므로써 막의 결정질이 향상되었다. 플라즈마에서의 아르곤 이온의 충돌로 인해 탄소(C)는 오히려 유기 화합물보다 탄소 라디칼로 존재하였다. 따라서 탄소 라디갈은 기판의 강한 (-) potential에 의해 TiN박막에 trap되기 때문에 탄소(C)는 열적으로 증착된 TiN박막보다 더 많은 양이 존재하는 것으로 추정된다. By using of (TDEAT;Ti[N(C2H5)2]4)and ammonia gas source, we deposited two different TiN thin films with thermal MOCVD and dc pulsed plasma assisted MOCVD (PA-MOCVB). The properties of TiN thin films were studied by XRD, AES, FE - SEM, α - step and XPS analyses in this work. The TiN films deposited by dc pulsed PA - MOCVD have a little higher density and a fine columnar structure, compared with thermally deposited TiN thin films. This may be due to ion bombardment effect resulting in improved crystallinity in films. Carbon in the film may exist in the form of carbonic radical rather than organic compound because of collision with Ar ion in the plasma. Consequently, the content of carbon in the film of dc pulsed PA - MOCVD was higher than that in thermally deposited TiN films, because carbon radicals could be trapped in the film by strong negative potential of the substrate.

중온 침출수 재순환 혐기성 소화 시스템을 이용한 음식물류 폐기물 처리

조찬휘ㆍ이병희ㆍ이용운(Chan Hui ChoㆍByong hi LeeㆍYong Woon Lee) 유기성자원학회 2016 유기물자원화 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구에서는 침출수 재순환 시스템을 적용한 중온 혐기성소화를 이용하여 음식물류 폐기물을 분해하여 메탄가스를 생산하였다. 실험은 36℃로 유지되는 항온수조 내에 생물반응조와 침출수 저장조로 구성된 2개의 동일한 시스템(System A, System B)을 사용하였고, 생물반응조 하단 30 mm위에는 스크린이 있어 고액분리를 하여 침출수 저장조로 침출수를 이송하였다. 침출수 재순환은 매일 수행하였으며, 침출수 재순환 시에는 생물반응조 하단에서 침출수 저장조로 2.5 L를 30분간 이송한 뒤 다시 침출수 저장조에서 생물반응조 상부로 2.5 L를 30분간 주입하였다. 주입된 음식물류 폐기물은 수집되기 전 한 번 세척하였으며 반응조에 주입되기 전에 36℃로 온도를 올렸다. System A에 49.1 g VS, System B에 54.0 g VS을 2주 간격으로 투입하였다. 저해인자로 측정된 항목은 NH₄⁺-N과 염도였으며, 두 가지 항목의 농도 모두 시스템에 끼친 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. System A는 112일간, System B는 140일 동안 운전하였는데, 각 시스템에서 인발된 슬러지는 없었다. 음식물류 폐기물의 혐기성 소화를 통한 평균 메탄 발생량은 System A의 경우 0.439 L CH4/g VS, System B의 경우 0.368 L CH4/g VS로 나타났다. In this study, mesophilic anaerobic digestion of source separated food waste was carried out by leachate recirculation system and methane gas was produced. Two systems - system A and B were fabricated and placed within water bath to maintain 36℃. Each system was comprised of an anaerobic bioreactor and a leachate tank. Leachate in bioreactor was separated through the screen located at 30 mm above the bottom and a pump was installed to transfer collected leachate to the leachate tank. Everyday, 2.5 L of the leachate was pumped from the bioreactor to the leachate tank for 30 min and transferred leachate was pumped back to the top of the bioreactor for 30min, sequentially. Source separated food waste used for this experiment was washed by water before transferring to the laboratory. Transferred food waste was warmed to 36℃ before being fed to bioreactors. System A was fed to 49.1 g VS (Volatile Solids) and System B was fed to 54.0 g VS at every two weeks, respectively. NH₄⁺-N and salinity were monitored to see the inhibition toward anaerobic bioreaction and it was found that concentrations of these materials were not high enough to affect the bioreaction. Although the food waste was fed biweekly for 112 days and 140 days at system A and B, respectively, there was no sludge withdrawal from each system. Average methane productions rates were 0.439 L CH4/g VS and 0.368 L CH4/g VS for system A and B, respectively.

내독소로 유도되는 Nuclear Factor Kappa B 활성화에 미치는 Src Family Kinase의 조절기전

김희재,이혜원,이희수,하종식,이지희 이화여자대학교 의과대학 2003 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.26 No.2

목적: Src family tyrosine kinases (TK)가 내독소로 인해 유도되는 NF-kB 활성화 신호전달체계에 연관되어 있음이 보고된 바 있다. 또한 내독소(LPS)나 TNF a와 같은 여러 자극제는 IkB-a 의 serine기 또는 tyrosine기의 인산화를 통하여 NF-kB를 활성화 시킨다고 알려진 바 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 내독소 투여 시 유도되는 NF-kB활성화 및 NF-kB 의존성 염증성인자 생성에 대한 Src TK의 역할에 대해 규명하고자 한다. 방법: American Type Culture Collection 에서 구입한 생쥐의 대식세포, RAW264.를 내독소(LPS)에 노출시킨 후 damnacanthal나 PP1을 처리하여, EMSA, Nitrite assay, Western blot을 통하여Src TK가 NF-kB활성과 염증인자의 생성에 있어서 어떤 역할을 하는지에 대하여 조사하였고 내독소 투여로 인한 NF-kB활성에 있어서 Src TK의 기본적인 작용기전에 대해 조사하였다. 결과: Damnacanthal이나 PP1은 Src TK 특이적 억제제로 알려져 있는데, 본 연구에서는 Src TK의 특이적 억제제인 damnacanthal 이나 PP1을 사용하였고, RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 Src TK 특이 억제제의 전처치는 내독소로 유도되는 NF-kB활성을 차단시켰다. 또한 내독소 투여로 증가된 NO 생성은 damnacanthal이나 PP1에 의하여 억제되었다. 이런 TK kinase 억제제는 내독소로 유도되는 serine 기 인산화와 IkB-a 분해를 억제시켰다. 결론: Src kinase 특이적 억제제인 damnacanthal 그리고 PP1이 RAW 264.7세포에서 내독소로 유도되는 NF-kB활성과 Nitric Oxide 생성을 차단시켰다. 또한. Damna-canthal이나 PP1은 내독소로 유도된 serine기 인산화와 IkB-a의 분해를 억제시켰다. Objectives : Src family tyrosine kinases(TK) have been found to be involved in LPS induc-tion of signal cascades. Furthermore Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) or Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) activate nuclear transcription factor kB(NF-kB) by inducing serine or tyrosine pho-sphorylation of the inhibitory subunit of NF-k B(I k B- a). In this study, it is our purpose to search the role of Src TK in LPS induced activation of NF-k B and NF-k B dependent induced inflam-matory factors. Methods : Nuclear extracts were prepared from RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with damnacan-thal or PP1 and then stimulate with LPS. After that, we figured out the dffects of inhibition of Src family kinases on LPS-induced activation of NF-kB by EMSA. We investigated effects of damnacanthal of PP1 on the production of NO by Griess assay and LPS-induced serine phos-phorylation and degradation of Ik B-a by Western blots in LPS-stimulated RAW263.7 cells. Results : Inhibition of Src TK with damnacanthal or PP1 blocked LPS-induced NF-kB acti-vation at the range of nanomolar concentrations. Substantial inhibition in LPS-induced production of NO was also observed in cells treated with damnacanthal or PP1. These kinase inhibitors blocked LPS-induced the serine phosphorylation, and the degradation of Ik B-a. Conclusion : we investigated the role of Src TK in NF-k B activation and production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and the underlying mechanism by which Src TK play a role in LPS-induction of the possible pathways leading to NF-k B activation. Src kinase specific inhibitors, damnacanthal and PP1 blocked LPS induced activating NF-k B and producing Nitric Oxide in Raw 264.7 machrophages. Moreover, Damnacanthal and PP1 inhibited LPS induced serine phosphorylation and degradation of Ik B-a.

농산물중의 잔류농약 실태에 관한 연구(Ⅰ) : 고체상 추출에 의한 농산물중 잔류농약 분석에 관한 연구 Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Agricultural Products by Solid-Phase Extraction

허옥순,이재관,이정성,서정혁,주인선,허수정,김세은,김정근,신영희,유미자,김지연,심규창,김성환 식품의약품안전청 1998 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.2 No.-

신속 · 정밀하고 효율적인 짠류농약 검출을 위하여 극싱칼럼 (Extrelut-3')을 사옹한 SPE법을 시도하였다. 시료는 채소류체 사용하는 농약중 잔류성이 있고 식품공전상 시험 전처리가 각각 다른 Chlorothalonil등 6종의 농약을 선정하고 그들 표준액에 대한 PPIR수준의 농도로추출용라의 종류 및 용매량 등의 추출조건을 달리하여 회수율 등을 측정한 결과 최적의 분석조건을 얻었다. 1) 추출 용매량은 증가할수록 추출 수율이 높았고,용매 종류에 대한 추출수율은 각 농약별로 다소 차이는 있었으나 극성 정도가 비교적 높은 Ethyl acetate애서 평균 추출수율이 가장 높았다 2) 최대 평균회수율은 Ethyl acetate 60mL를 사웅할 경우로서 93.6%였다. 3)표준액을 시료에 첨가한 시험에서도 역시 Ethyl ace늘to가 푼출수율이 가장 높았으며 불순물 분리제거 효과도 LLE법 보다 월등히 우수하였다. 4) 각 농약별 검출한계는 치소 0.001ppin으로 농산물 중 미량 잔류하는 농약을 검출할 수 있을 것으로 사료된파. 그러므로 SPE법은 LLE법보다 경제적인 방법으로 판명되었으며, 앞으로 농산물 중 잔류농약 분석에서 LEE법을 대치할 쑤 있을 것으로 기대된다. Solid-phase extraction by polar column(Extrelut-3') was attempted to develope the fast and efficient method of detecting pesticide of farm product.5·ix kinds of pesticide used in farming fieldfrequently and different in pretreatment, were chosen from Korea Food Cord. Optfmal analysis condi-tions were determiBed from t31e recovery rate of standard pesticides according to extraction solvent andextraction volurae. Extraction yietd was increased as solvent polarity and extraction volume. Maximumrecovery rate was acquired at 93.6% when 60mL of ethyl acetate was used as eluent. Tllis method wasmore effective than liquid-liquid partition extract·ion method to eliminated the impurity and had 0.001ppm of detection limit. Therefore. solid-phase eEl=raction was expected to be economical substitute fortraditional liquid-liquid extT·action method.

Reference Map of Soluble Protenis from Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis

김곤섭,Eung-goo Lee,Yong-hwan Kim,정태성,Yong-seung Shin,Gee-wook Shin,Hui-guen Cha,Mi-rim Park 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Map of Soluble Proteins from Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis byTwo-Dimensional ElectrophoresisMi-rim Park, Eung-goo Lee, Yong-hwan Kim, Tae-sung Jung, Yong-seung Shin, Gee-wook Shin, Hui-guen Cha and Gon-sup Kim*Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, KoreaReceived May 17, 2003 / Accepted July 23, 2003J. Vet. Sci. (2003), 4(2), 143-149JOURNAL OFVeterinaryScience*Corresponding author: Gon-sup Kim Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gazwa, Jinju 660-701 Korea Tel: +82-55-751-5823, Fax: +82-55-751-5803 E-mail: gonskim@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr