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Laurent, Louise C.,Ulitsky, Igor,Slavin, Ileana,Tran, Ha,Schork, Andrew,Morey, Robert,Lynch, Candace,Harness, Julie V.,Lee, Sunray,Barrero, Maria J.,Ku, Sherman,Martynova, Marina,Semechkin, Ruslan,Gal Elsevier 2011 Cell stem cell Vol.8 No.1
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Genomic stability is critical for the clinical use of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. We performed high-resolution SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) analysis on 186 pluripotent and 119 nonpluripotent samples. We report a higher frequency of subchromosomal copy number variations in pluripotent samples compared to nonpluripotent samples, with variations enriched in specific genomic regions. The distribution of these variations differed between hESCs and hiPSCs, characterized by large numbers of duplications found in a few hESC samples and moderate numbers of deletions distributed across many hiPSC samples. For hiPSCs, the reprogramming process was associated with deletions of tumor-suppressor genes, whereas time in culture was associated with duplications of oncogenic genes. We also observed duplications that arose during a differentiation protocol. Our results illustrate the dynamic nature of genomic abnormalities in pluripotent stem cells and the need for frequent genomic monitoring to assure phenotypic stability and clinical safety.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► hESCs and hiPSCs show more gene copy number variation than somatic cells ► Degree of abnormality differs more between hESC lines than hiPSC lines ► Deletions common in hiPSCs after reprogramming, duplications appear over time ► Recurrent duplications occur at specific genomic loci in pluripotent cells</P>
The Korean War as Seen from France: Public Opinion and Political Perception
( Laurent Quisefit ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2011 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.24 No.1
The beginning of the Korean War took France by surprise: the country was then mired in political instability following the resignation of its government on June 24, 1950. However, despite the political crisis, and despite the fact that Korea was almost unknown at the time, political memoirs, newspapers and archives show that the Korean question was discussed by the French, from politicians to the man in the street. This article focuses on the reactions of politicians, ranging from the radical leftwing to a weakened rightwing, and deals mainly with an analysis of the French communist press, the campaign to ban the atomic bomb, the Communist-led protests against the alleged germ warfare of the United States in Korea and General Ridgway coming to France, and last but not least, opinion polls conducted in 1950 concerning the War in Korea, the role of the UN, the Cold War and the risks of a Third World War. The latter was a prominent concern at the time, and was easily exploited by communist propaganda. In view of the communist agitation, violent riots and even acts of sabotage in armament factories, I propose to see in the political situation prevailing in France at the time, in the context of Cold War and Indochina War, the existence of a kind of “Cold Civil War,” which, fortunately, never became hot.