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Preparation and Physicochemical Characterizations of Tanshinone IIA Solid Dispersion
Xia Zhao,Xin Liu,Lishe Gan,JianXia Mo 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.6
This investigation describes a novel approach to prepare solid dispersions of tanshinone IIA using a laboratory-scale planetary ball mill. Poloxamer 188 was employed as the surfactant carrier to improve the solubility and dissolution of the poorly soluble drug, tanshinone IIA. Solubility and dissolution were evaluated compared to the corresponding physical mixtures and pure drug. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the solid dispersions were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The solid dispersion significantly enhanced drug solubility and dissolution compared with pure drug and the physical mixtures. Scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction,differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of tanshinone IIA/poloxamer 188 system confirmed that there were intermolecular interactions between tanshinone IIA and poloxamer 188 and no conversion to crystalline material. Tanshinone IIA existed in a microcrystalline form in the system. These results suggested that improvement of the dissolution rate could be correlated to the formation of a eutectic mixture between the drug and the carrier. After 60 days the solid dispersion samples were chemically and physically stable. The present studies indicated that the planetary ball mill technique could be considered as a novel and efficient method to prepare solid dispersion formulations.
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Dynamics and control of molten-salt breeder reactor
Vikram Singh,Matthew R. Lish,Ond rej Chv ala,Belle R. Upadhyaya 한국원자력학회 2017 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.49 No.5
Preliminary results of the dynamic analysis of a two-fluid molten-salt breeder reactor (MSBR) system arepresented. Based on an earlier work on the preliminary dynamic model of the concept, the modelpresented here is nonlinear and has been revised to accurately reflect the design exemplified in ORNL-4528. A brief overview of the model followed by results from simulations performed to validate themodel is presented. Simulations illustrate stable behavior of the reactor dynamics and temperaturefeedback effects to reactivity excursions. Stable and smooth changes at various nodal temperatures arealso observed. Control strategies for molten-salt reactor operation are discussed, followed by an illustration of the open-loop load-following capability of the molten-salt breeder reactor system. It isobserved that the molten-salt breeder reactor system exhibits “self-regulating” behavior, minimizing theneed for external controller action for load-following maneuvers.
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INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AN INTEGRAL PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR
BELLE R. UPADHYAYA,MATTHEW R. LISH,J. WESLEY HINES,RYAN A. TARVER 한국원자력학회 2015 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.47 No.2
Several vendors have recently been actively pursuing the development of integral pressurizedwater reactors (iPWRs) that range in power levels from small to large reactors. Integral reactors have the features of minimum vessel penetrations, passive heat removalafter reactor shutdown, and modular construction that allow fast plant integration and asecure fuel cycle. The features of an integral reactor limit the options for placing controland safety system instruments. The development of instrumentation and control (I&C)strategies for a large 1,000 MWe iPWR is described. Reactor system modelingdwhich includesreactor core dynamics, primary heat exchanger, and the steam flashing drumdis animportant part of I&C development and validation, and thereby consolidates the overallimplementation for a large iPWR. The results of simulation models, control development,and instrumentation features illustrate the systematic approach that is applicable to integrallight water reactors
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