Chemopreventive Activity of Turmeric Essential Oil and Possible Mechanisms of Action

Liju, Vijayasteltar Belsamma,Jeena, Kottarapat,Kuttan, Ramadasan Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.16

This study aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of turmeric essential oil as well as to establish biochemical mechanisms of action. Antimutagenicity testing was accomplished using strains and known mutagens with and without microsomal activation. Anticarcinogenic activity was assessed by topical application of 7, 12 - dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and 1% croton oil as promoter for the induction of skin papillomas in mice. Inhibition of p450 enzymes by TEO was studied using various resorufins and aminopyrene as substrate. Turmeric essential oil (TEO) showed significant antimutagenic activity (p<0.001) against direct acting mutagens such as sodium azide ($NaN_3$), 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine (NPD) and N-methyl-N-nitro N'nitrosoguanine (MNNG). TEO was found to have significant antimutagenic effect (>90%) against mutagen needing metabolic activation such as 2-acetamidoflourene (2-AAF). The study also revealed that TEO significantly inhibited (p<0.001) the mutagenicity induced by tobacco extract to Salmonella TA 102 strain. DMBA and croton oil induced papilloma development in mice was found to be delayed and prevented significantly by TEO application. Moreover TEO significantly (P<0.001) inhibited isoforms of cytochrome p450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP3A) enzymes in vitro, which are involved in the activation of carcinogens. Results indicated that TEO is antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic and inhibition of enzymes (p450) involved in the activation of carcinogen is one of its mechanisms of action.

Impact of type 2 diabetes variants identified through genome-wide association studies in early-onset type 2 diabetes from South Indian population

Liju, Samuel,Chidambaram, Manickam,Mohan, Viswanathan,Radha, Venkatesan Korea Genome Organization 2020 Genomics & informatics Vol.18 No.3

The prevalence of early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOT2D) is increasing in Asian countries. Genome-wide association studies performed in European and various other populations have identified associations of numerous variants with type 2 diabetes in adults. However, the genetic component of EOT2D which is still unexplored could have similarities with late-onset type 2 diabetes. Here in the present study we aim to identify the association of variants with EOT2D in South Indian population. Twenty-five variants from 18 gene loci were genotyped in 1,188 EOT2D and 1,183 normal glucose tolerant subjects using the MassARRAY technology. We confirm the association of the HHEX variant rs1111875 with EOT2D in this South Indian population and also the association of CDKN2A/2B (rs7020996) and TCF7L2 (rs4506565) with EOT2D. Logistic regression analyses of the TCF7L2 variant rs4506565(A/T), showed that the heterozygous and homozygous carriers for allele 'T' have odds ratios of 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.83; p = 0.001) and 1.65 (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.28; p = 0.006) respectively, relative to AA homozygote. For the HHEX variant rs1111875 (T/C), heterozygous and homozygous carriers for allele 'C' have odds ratios of 1.13 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.42; p = 0.27) and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.17 to 2.12; p = 0.003) respectively, relative to the TT homozygote. For CDKN2A/2B variant rs7020996, the heterozygous and homozygous carriers of allele 'C' were protective with odds ratios of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.83; p = 0.0004) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.27 to 1.39; p = 0.24) respectively, relative to TT homozygote. This is the first study to report on the association of HHEX variant rs1111875 with EOT2D in this population.

A multifunctional micro-fluidic system for dielectrophoretic concentration coupled with immuno-capture of low numbers of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>

Yang, Liju,Banada, Padmapriya P.,Chatni, Mohammad R.,Seop Lim, Kwan,Bhunia, Arun K.,Ladisch, Michael,Bashir, Rashid Royal Society of Chemistry 2006 Lab on a chip Vol.6 No.7

<P>In this study, we demonstrated a micro-fluidic system with multiple functions, including concentration of bacteria using dielectrophoresis (DEP) and selective capture using antibody recognition, resulting in a high capture efficiency of bacterial cells. The device consisted of an array of oxide covered interdigitated electrodes on a flat silicon substrate and a ∼16 µm high and ∼260 µm wide micro-channel within a PDMS cover. For selective capture of <I>Listeria monocytogenes</I> from the samples, the channel surface was functionalized with a biotinylated BSA–streptavidin–biotinylated monoclonal antibody sandwich structure. Positive DEP (at 20 V<SUB>pp</SUB> and 1 MHz) was used to concentrate bacterial cells from the fluid flow. DEP could collect ∼90% of the cells in a continuous flow at a flow rate of 0.2 µl min<SUP>−1</SUP> into the micro-channel with concentration factors between 10<SUP>2</SUP>–10<SUP>3</SUP>, in sample volumes of 5–20 µl. A high flow rate of 0.6 µl min<SUP>−1</SUP> reduced the DEP capture efficiency to ∼65%. Positive DEP attracts cells to the edges of the electrodes where the field gradient is the highest. Cells concentrated by DEP were captured by the antibodies immobilized on the channel surface with efficiencies of 18 to 27% with bacterial cell numbers ranging from 10<SUP>1</SUP> to 10<SUP>3</SUP> cells. It was found that DEP operation in our experiments did not cause any irreversible damage to bacterial cells in terms of cell viability. In addition, increased antigen expression (antigens to C11E9 monoclonal antibody) on cell membranes was observed following the exposure to DEP.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Bacterial cells were concentrated by positive dielectrophoresis. Target cells were selectively captured by specific antibodies immobilized on the channel surface. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b607061m'> </P>

NAMDANG’S THEORY ON THE NATURES OF HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN LIVING BEINGS AND HIS DEVELOPMENT OF ZHU XI’S THEORIES

XING LIJU,LIN XI 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2016 Acta Koreana Vol.19 No.2

This article examines a thesis by Namdang, a Confucian scholar in Chosŏn Korea, on the natures of humans and non-human living beings, using Zhu Xi’s li (理) - qi (氣) theory. Regarding the sameness or difference between li and qi, Zhu Xi formulated different opinions in his early and later life and was also at times inconsistent in his works of a certain period. To a certain extent, Zhu Xi’s thoughts lacked coherence, which led to subsequent debates. In seeking to develop Zhu Xi’s li-qi theory, Namdang put forward his original thesis of Trichotomous Nature, which significantly enriched Zhu Xi’s ideas. The “nature transcending the appearance of things” (K. ch’ohyŏnggi 超形氣) refers to a pure xing (K. sŏng 性; nature), concerned with only li without considering the influence of qi from the perspective of a unitary source (K. irwŏn 一原; one source). At this stage, everything shares the same li and xing. The “nature originated from temperament” (K. in’gijil 因氣質) demonstrates the shared nature for the same species as well as the difference in nature across species, thus being an endowmentdependent li. At this stage, for the same species, they share the same li, qi, and xing, while for varying species, there is a difference in li, qi, and xing. The “nature mixed with temperament” (K. chapkijil 雜氣質) considers the xing of pure qizhi (K. kijil 氣質; physical temperament) in which all creatures differ. It is thus a concept that demonstrates the particularity in all things, with varying differences in li, qi, and xing.

The Philosophical Basis and Feasible Plans in Exchange of Humanistic Tradition between China and South Korea

XING Liju 장로회신학대학교 2014 ASIA‒PACIFIC JOURNAL OF THEOLOGICAL STUDIES Vol.2 No.-

China and South Korea established diplomatic ties about twenty years ago, and the relations between the two countries are becoming more and more closer. Both governments have, without exception, emphasized the relevance and importance of the humanistic tradition. Humanistic tradition is a core component in the advanced part of human culture, namely the advanced values and norms. Its focus is reflected in respecting, caring about, and loving people. In short, it is a culture that values the human beings. The two countries have a deep cultural relevance and commonality. Neither culture has been singular but rather complex. And cultural development of each or both civilizations is superposed on these variations of each other. Even if so, the exchange of culture between China and Korea was achieved mainly in Chinese characters and Confucian culture as the representatives of the Central Plains in China. These aspects of Chinese culture played a crucial influence on Korean culture. Because China and South Korea are part and parcel of the Confucian culture, broadly speaking, the two countries have similar cultural tradition, cultural structure, cultural value, and cultural psychological formation. On this traditional cultural basis, with a very interactive, cooperative, and mutual enhancement, the bilateral cooperation for building a global vision has great potential. Faced with the impact of the Western culture, China and South Korea in East Asia need to revitalize and promote the traditional Confucian culture, and ultimately need to make a unique contribution to the world culture by some spiritual heritage of the Confucian culture. Therefore, I particularly want to emphasize the following three elements in exchange of humanistic tradition between China and South Korea: “Gan er sui tong 感而遂通” (To share each other’s feeling then commune with each other) as the basis or prerequisite, “He er butong 和而不同” (To lead a life in harmony but acknowledge the other’s difference) as the principle, and “Yun zhi jue zhong 允執厥中” (Truly to catch the truth or take the middle) as the method.

Zhu Xi’s Theory of Li & Qi’s Sameness and Difference, and Dispute of Human Being & Thing Nature’s Sameness and Difference on Korean Confucianism

( Xing Liju ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2010 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.0 No.14

本論文的硏究目的在于通過朱子的理氣同異論來考察人物性同異論爭中同論代表人物巍岩與異論代表人物南塘的基本主張, 幷比較二者的差異性。 關于理氣的同異問題, 朱子不僅初年和晩年的學說不一致, 而且在他同一時期的論述中也有很多不一致的地方。面對諸多弟子的質疑, 朱子的回答却是模棱兩可。因此, 朱子學缺乏一定的整合性, 這也爲以后的論爭埋下了伏筆。 巍岩幾乎沿用了朱子學的理論, 他認爲人與万物從一原上來講, 都稟賦了上天所賦之理, 天命、五常、太極與本然之性不過是因理的所指不同而有名稱的差異而已, 卽它們是沒有彼此、本末、偏全和大小的同一存在的異名, 指的都是本然之性。本然之性不受分殊處氣質的偏全制約而存在, 這就打開了人與物共同稟賦了本然之性而自在的局面。 而南塘旣沿用了朱子學理論, 又提出了自己獨創的“性三層說”, 開創了三分法思維的先河。卽他認爲, 性有超形氣之性、因氣質之性和雜氣質之性。這其中, 關于雜氣質之性, 二者沒有異議, 他們都認同其爲氣質之性。爭議在于超形氣之性和因氣質之性。 巍岩認爲, 超形氣之性與自己所說的一原, 卽天命、太極、五常、本然是相同的。他接受南塘所使用的“超形氣”三字, 但堅決反對南塘將天命歸屬于“超形氣”而將五常歸屬于“因氣質”, 從而區分天命與五常的做法。如此一來, 就是“懸空說理”。而且將南塘的因氣質和雜氣質都歸結爲氣質之性, 尤其是對于南塘視因氣質之性爲本然的觀点, 巍岩更認爲是犯了“認氣爲理”的錯誤。如此用二分法的思維來看性三層說, 則只會走向分岐。 This paper is research for Oeam(巍岩) Lee Gan( 李柬, 1677-1727)) and Namdang(南塘) Han Wonjin(韩元震, 1682-1751)’s Dispute about Sameness and Difference between Nature of Human being and Thing with Zhu Xi(朱熹)’s recognition of Li & Qi’s Sameness and Difference. This Lee Gan & Han Wonjin’s Dispute of Human being & Thing Nature’s Sameness and Difference is important on Korean Neo Confucianism. There are some trouble points that were much to be desired or not decided in Zhu Xi’s early and last recognition for Li & Qi’s Sameness and Difference. So, These points caused problem on Neo Confucianism’s rationale coordination. Lee Gan insisted that Human being and Thing are clothed with Li(理), so Human being and Thing Nature have same Pure & Good nature. But Han Wonjin suggested that Human being and Thing are not same nature on His theory of three class’ Nature which are nature of transcendental material& physical, issuing in material& physical, mixing material& physical. [Article in Chinese]

Protection against Whole Body γ-Irradiation Induced Oxidative Stress and Clastogenic Damage in Mice by Ginger Essential Oil

Jeena, Kottarapat,Liju, Vijayasteltar B,Ramanath, Viswanathan,Kuttan, Ramadasan Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.3

Radioprotective effects of ginger essential oil (GEO) on mortality, body weight alteration, hematological parameters, antioxidant status and chromosomal damage were studied in irradiated mice. Regression analysis of survival data in mice exposed to radiation yielded LD50/30 as 7.12 and 10.14 Gy for control (irradiation alone) and experimental (GEO-treated irradiated) mice, respectively, with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.42. In mice exposed to whole-body gamma-irradiation (6 Gy), GEO pre-treatment at 100 and 500 mg/kg b.wt (orally) significantly ameliorated decreased hematological and immunological parameters. Radiation induced reduction in intestinal tissue antioxidant enzyme levels such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione was also reversed following administration of GEO. Tissue architecture of small intestine which was damaged following irradiation was improved upon administration of GEO. Anticlastogenic effects of GEO were studied by micronuclei assay, chromosomal aberration and alkaline gel electrophoresis assay. GEO significantly decreased the formation of micronuclei, increased the P/N ratio, inhibited the formation of chromosomal aberrations and protected agaisnt cellular DNA damage in bone marrow cells as revealed by comet assay. These results are supportive of use of GEO as a potential radioprotective compound.

Clinicopathological and molecular characterization of high-grade endometrial carcinoma with POLE mutation: a single center study

Shuangni Yu,Zezheng Sun,Liju Zong,Jie Yang,Mei Yu,Jie Chen,Zhaohui Lu 대한부인종양학회 2022 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.33 No.3

Objective: The molecular classification system of endometrial carcinoma (EC) in ‘The Cancer Genome Atlas’ is widely acknowledged for its prognostic utility. Subsequently, more simplified classification system that incorporate DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) exonuclease domain mutations, mismatch repair deficiencies (MMRd), and abnormal p53 (P53abn) has also demonstrated its clinical utility. These classifications helped identifying a ‘POLE ultramutated’ (POLEmut) category of patients, most of whom show excellent prognoses despite having high-grade ECs. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of high-grade ECs with POLEmut. Methods: We investigated 414 patients with high-grade ECs (including endometrioid carcinomas grade 3, serous carcinomas, clear cell carcinomas, mixed carcinomas, undifferentiated and dedifferentiated carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas) by sequencing and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Forty-three tumors (10.4%) were classified as POLEmut, including 2 with new, possibly pathogenic POLE mutations at P286C and L424V. These patients had very good prognoses except for 1 with stage IV disease and residual tumor. Eleven patients in this group also had P53abn and 4 had MMRd; molecular analysis revealed that patients with synchronous POLE pathogenic mutation and other mutations had a POLEmut or MMRd phenotype; survival analysis found no difference in prognosis between these patient categories. The prognoses of patients in the POLEmut EC group were not significantly influenced by treatment or risk category. Conclusions: Patients with high-grade EC exhibiting POLEmut have very good clinical outcomes, and should be identified urgently in daily work owing to their conflicting morphology. Our findings also provide guidance on subclassifying ECs with poor histological appearance.

Optimal Gabor Filters for Steganalysis of Content-Adaptive JPEG Steganography

( Xiaofeng Song ),( Fenlin Liu ),( Liju Chen ),( Chunfang Yang ),( Xiangyang Luo ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.1

The existing steganalysis method based on 2D Gabor filters can achieve a competitive detection performance for content-adaptive JPEG steganography. However, the feature dimensionality is still high and the time-consuming of feature extraction is relatively large because the optimal selection is not performed for 2D Gabor filters. To solve this problem, a new steganalysis method is proposed for content-adaptive JPEG steganography by selecting the optimal 2D Gabor filters. For the proposed method, the 2D Gabor filters with different parameter settings are generated first. Then, the feature is extracted by each 2D Gabor filter and the corresponding detection accuracy is used as the measure for filter selection. Next, some 2D Gabor filters are selected by a greedy strategy and the steganalysis feature is extracted by the selected filters. Last, the ensemble classifier is used to assemble the proposed steganalysis feature as well as the final steganalyzer. The experimental results show that the steganalysis feature extracted by the selected optimal 2D Gabor filters also can achieve a competitive detection performance while the feature dimensionality is reduced greatly.

Electrical detection of germination of viable model <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> spores in microfluidic biochips

Liu, Yi-Shao,Walter, T. M.,Chang, Woo-Jin,Lim, Kwan-Seop,Yang, Liju,Lee, S. W.,Aronson, A.,Bashir, R. Royal Society of Chemistry 2007 Lab on a chip Vol.7 No.5

<P>In this paper, we present a new impedance-based method to detect viable spores by electrically detecting their germination in real time within microfluidic biochips. We used <I>Bacillus anthracis</I> Sterne spores as the model organism. During germination, the spores release polar and ionic chemicals, such as dipicolinic acid (DPA), calcium ions, phosphate ions, and amino acids, which correspondingly increase the electrical conductivity of the medium in which the spores are suspended. We first present macro-scale measurements demonstrating that the germination of spores can be electrically detected at a concentration of 10<SUP>9</SUP> spores ml<SUP>−1</SUP> in sample volumes of 5 ml, by monitoring changes in the solution conductivity. Germination was induced by introducing an optimized germinant solution consisting of 10 mM <SMALL>L</SMALL>-alanine and 2 mM inosine. We then translated these results to a micro-fluidic biochip, which was a three-layer device: one layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with valves, a second layer of PDMS with micro-fluidic channels and chambers, and the third layer with metal electrodes deposited on a pyrex substrate. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) was used to trap and concentrate the spores at the electrodes with greater than 90% efficiency, at a solution flow rate of 0.2 μl min<SUP>−1</SUP> with concentration factors between 107–109 spores ml<SUP>−1</SUP>, from sample volumes of 1–5 μl. The spores were captured by DEP in deionized water within 1 min (total volume used ranged from 0.02 μl to 0.2 μl), and then germinant solution was introduced to the flow stream. The detection sensitivity was demonstrated to be as low as about a hundred spores in 0.1 nl, which is equivalent to a macroscale detection limit of approximately 10<SUP>9</SUP> spores ml<SUP>−1</SUP>. We believe that this is the first demonstration of this application in microfluidic and BioMEMS devices.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>We present an impedance based electrical method to detect germination of viable spores in microfluidic devices. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b702408h'> </P>