Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

심근 허혈-재관류 백서 모델에서 mitogen-activated protein kinase 활성화에 대한 α-lipoic acid의 효과

김연경,박은미,최준호,윤경호,유남진,이은미,김남호,정진원,김민선,박병림,오석규 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2006 圓光醫科學 Vol.21 No.1

北韓體制에 있어서 神話

송이랑,김경호 東亞大學校 2002 東亞論叢 Vol.39 No.-

This study is trying to detail things about North Korea through the legend of it. The legend is a kind of belief which is not based on the truth. The political legend is simply a fiction about things political. The system of North Korea has kept nervous since the beginning. As a result, it has focused on keeping the system rather than develops the country. This structural-character caused the legend. Especially the legend in the system of North Korea played the definite role in keeping the system of kim, IL-Sung and electing the successor.

복합부위 통증증후군 1형에서의 Ropivacaine, Ketamine, Clonidine을 이용한 정맥부위 차단의 효과 : 증례 보고 A case report

송호경,이진영,정성우 대한마취과학회 2002 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.43 No.6

There is no treatment either to prevent the development of complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS), or to adequately and specifically control established pain. Symptom-based analysis of pain is important for disease progress assessments and treatment outcomes. An intravenous regional block (IVRB) with local anesthetic can contribute to the management of CRPS. We observed that by the IVRB using ropivacaine, ketamine and clonidine, the patient with CRPS type Ⅰ who was resistant to sympathetic ganglion block and medical treatment with gabapentin, carbamazepine and antidepressant, was relieved of neuropathic pain. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2002; 43: 810~814)

독시사이클린 나노입자가 함유된 치주용 키토산 스트럽의 제조 및 특성

송경숙,양재헌,김영일,정규호 한국약제학회 2001 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.31 No.4

Local drug delivery by using biocompatible polymers has been developed in the treatment of periodontitis for many years. In the field of dental therapy, doxycycline is usually a first choice because of its broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. The strip releases antibiotics for a week, and the polymer should be degradable after a week. In this study, we prepared and evaluated the chitosan strips and nanoparticle strips containing doxycycline hydrochloride, and studied their antiacterial activity, dissoultion, and degrability in vitro. The weight of cast strip containing a 5 mg of doxycycline hydrochloride and a 45 mg of chitosan polymer was 57.67±0.17 mg. The release rate of doxycycline hydrochloride from the strip was measured by HPLC. The drug released from chitosan strip and nanoparticle strip was shown to be 50 ㎍/ml, in first 24 hours. In antibacterial test showed growth inhibitory activity after 24 hrs anaerobic incubation. In vitro degradability showed demolished weight of 93.74±0.08% chitosan strip, 82.48±1.29% chitosan nanoparticle strip, 2.47±1.99% polycarprolactione strip (control). These results showed that, with this doxycycline hydrochloride strip, it is feasible to obtain a sustained release of the drug within the periodontal pocket for seven days which may be improve for local drug delivery system for treatment of periodontal disease.

鷄龍山 森林群集의 連續變化에 關하여

宋鎬京 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1984 環境硏究 Vol.2 No.2

150 quadrats of 20m×20m scattered in Mt. Gyeryong were inventoried to determine continuous variation of leading dominants along topographic moisture gradient. The mesic species were Quercus aliena, Styrax japonica, etc., and the xeric were Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. The leading dominant species were determined as follows; Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Pinus densiflora, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata, Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica. The continuous variation of leading dominants were presumed with close relations to moisture gradient. Pinus densiflora located in subxeric regions were widely dispersed pioneer species.

전압제어 GIC를 이용한 대역 및 고역통과 필터의 특성 비교

송명석,노경호,김왕식,박종연 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2004 정보통신논문지 Vol.8 No.-

In this paper, we have presented comparative characteristics of band-pass filter and high-pass filter using VCGIC(Voltage Controlled Genenalized Impedance Converter), which are the non-linearized VCR(Voltage Controlled Resistance) and the linearized VCR. We concluded that the linearized VCGIC circuit has the wide dynamic range and the improved linearity.

休養林 利用客의 特性 및 利用行態에 관한 調査 硏究

宋亨燮,郭炅鎬 忠南大學校 地域開發硏究所 1993 地域開發論叢 Vol.5 No.-

Since 1988, Forestry Administration of Korea has established Recreation forests to meet the increasing needs for forest recreation. The purpose of this study is to obtain information on the users’ behaviors and socio-economic characteristics in recreation forest. Respondents were selected 568 adults more than 18 years old randamly from 3 recreation forest of manin, yumyung, and youngchu. Analysis of users’ behaviors and socio-economic characteristics was carried out through frequency and factor analysis methods. The most of noticeable characteristic of users for recreation forest were rather youth groups, high education level, city residents. The major preference activities were walking and climbing in recreation forest. With difference age groups, professional groups, recreation forest site, people tend to have their preference activities differently. According to factor analysis for visit motives three most explanatory factors of visit motives for recreation forest were contact with natural land, life with family, and cultivate mutual friendship.

신냉매용 자동차 에어콘 시스템에서 팽창밸브의 특성 해석

송유호,박종일,홍희기,김경훈 경희대학교 산학협력기술연구원 1996 산학협력기술연구논문집 Vol.2 No.-

This study was performed to design the optimal Block Type Expansion Valve through analyzing the characteristics of the Block Type Expansion Valve in automotive air conditioning system using HFC-134a. To make easy flow control and pressure drop, the main function of Block Type Expansion Valve, a preliminary experiment on 3 kinds of orifice(Rectangular Type, Diffuser Type, Cone Type) was carried out and the flow characteristics in Expansion Valve was analyzed. Based upon the results of the experiment, 2 types of Block Type Expansion Valve were installed in automotive air conditioning system using HFC-134a and the characteristics of the 2 types of Block Type Expansion Valve were analyzed and compared under variation of compressor RPM.

植生

宋鎬京,禹仁植,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1991 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.-

전북 진안군 용담댐 주변의 植生과 土壤環境을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11일에서 12일에 걸쳐 Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg의 releve method에 의하여 12個所를 選定하였다. 植生은 10m×10m의 方形區를 設置하여 胸高直徑 3㎝ 以上의 樹種을 대상으로 매목조사를 실시하였고, 土壤은 方形區내에서 약 2㎏을 採取하였으며 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 교목층에 출현한 種 數는 24種이었으며, 重要値가 높은 種 順位는 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 밤나무, 소나무 등의 순이었으며 관목층에 출현한 종수는 87종이고, 森林群集은 리기다소나무群集, 일본잎 갈나무群集, 굴참나무群集으로 區分되었다. 토양의 pH는 5.0- 6.3이고 全窒素는 0.12%-0.70%, 有機物含量은 1.7%-16.4%, 有效燐酸은 4-16ppm, C.E.C. 는 5.7-14.5(me/100g), K?는 0.17-0.16(me/100g), Ca??는 0.8-10.3(me/100g), Mg??는 0.5-3.5(me/100g)이다.