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Heavy Metal(loid) Levels in Paddy Soils and Brown Rice in Korea
Kunhikrishnan, Anitha,Go, Woo-Ri,Park, Jin-Hee,Kim, Kwon-Rae,Kim, Hyuck-Soo,Kim, Kye-Hoon,Kim, Won-Il,Cho, Nam-Jun Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.5
There is an increasing concern over heavy metal(loid) contamination of soil in agricultural areas including paddy soils. This study was conducted to monitor the background levels of heavy metal(loid)s, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in major rice growing soils and its accumulation in brown rice in Korea. The samples were collected from 82 sites nationwide in the year 2012. The mean and range values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in paddy soils were 4.41 (0.16-18.9), 0.25 (0.04-0.82), 13.24 (3.46-27.8), 0.047 (0.01-0.20), 13.60 (3.78-35.0), 21.31 (8.47-36.7), and 54.10 $(19.19-103.0)mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. This result indicated that the heavy metal(loid) levels in all sampled paddy soils are within the permissible limits of the Korean Soil Environment Conservation Act. The mean and range values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.146 (0.04-0.38), 0.024 (0.003-0.141), 4.27 (1.26-16.98), 0.0024 (0.001-0.008), 0.345 (0.04-2.77), 0.113 (0.04-0.197), and 22.64 $(14.1-35.1)mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The mean and range BCF (bioconcentration factor) values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.101 (0.01-0.91), 0.121 (0.01-0.70), 0.399 (0.05-2.60), 0.061 (0.016-0.180), 0.033 (0.004-0.44), 0.005 (0.003-0.013), and 0.473 (0.19-1.07), respectively, with Zn showing the highest. The results show that the levels of all metal(loid)s in all sampled brown rice are generally within the acceptable limit for human consumption.
Recycled water sources influence the bioavailability of copper to earthworms
Kunhikrishnan, A.,Bolan, N.S.,Naidu, R.,Kim, W.I. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2013 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.261 No.-
Re-use of wastewaters can overcome shortfalls in irrigation demand and mitigate environmental pollution. However, in an untreated or partially treated state, these water sources can introduce inorganic contaminants, including heavy metals, to soils that are irrigated. In this study, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) have been used to determine copper (Cu) bioavailability in two contrasting soils irrigated with farm dairy, piggery and winery effluents. Soils spiked with varying levels of Cu (0-1000mg/kg) were subsequently irrigated with recycled waters and Milli-Q (MQ) water and Cu bioavailability to earthworms determined by mortality and avoidance tests. Earthworms clearly avoided high Cu soils and the effect was more pronounced in the absence than presence of recycled water irrigation. At the highest Cu concentration (1000mg/kg), worm mortality was 100% when irrigated with MQ-water; however, when irrigated with recycled waters, mortality decreased by 30%. Accumulation of Cu in earthworms was significantly less in the presence of recycled water and was dependent on CaCl<SUB>2</SUB>-extractable free Cu<SUP>2+</SUP> concentration in the soil. Here, it is evident that organic carbon in recycled waters was effective in decreasing the toxic effects of Cu on earthworms, indicating that the metal-organic complexes decreased Cu bioavailability to earthworms.
Heavy Metal(loid) Levels in Paddy Soils and Brown Rice in Korea
Anitha Kunhikrishnan,Woo-Ri Go,Jin-Hee Park,Kwon-Rae Kim,Hyuck-Soo Kim,Kye-Hoon Kim,Won-Il Kim,Nam-Jun Cho 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.5
There is an increasing concern over heavy metal(loid) contamination of soil in agricultural areas including paddy soils. This study was conducted to monitor the background levels of heavy metal(loid)s, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in major rice growing soils and its accumulation in brown rice in Korea. The samples were collected from 82 sites nationwide in the year 2012. The mean and range values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in paddy soils were 4.41 (0.16-18.9), 0.25(0.04-0.82), 13.24 (3.46-27.8), 0.047 (0.01-0.20), 13.60 (3.78-35.0), 21.31 (8.47-36.7), and 54.10 (19.19-103.0) mg kg-1, respectively. This result indicated that the heavy metal(loid) levels in all sampled paddy soils are within the permissible limits of the Korean Soil Environment Conservation Act. The mean and range values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.146 (0.04-0.38), 0.024 (0.003-0.141), 4.27(1.26-16.98), 0.0024 (0.001-0.008), 0.345 (0.04-2.77), 0.113 (0.04-0.197), and 22.64 (14.1-35.1) mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The mean and range BCF (bioconcentration factor) values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.101 (0.01-0.91), 0.121 (0.01-0.70), 0.399 (0.05-2.60), 0.061 (0.016-0.180), 0.033 (0.004-0.44), 0.005 (0.003-0.013), and 0.473 (0.19-1.07), respectively, with Zn showing the highest. The results show that the levels of all metal(loid)s in all sampled brown rice are generally within the acceptable limit for human consumption.
토양환경 분야PS-15 : 식물, 지렁이, 미생물의 비소 유효성에 대한 바이오차, 황토, 지렁이퇴비의 영향
( Anitha Kunhikrishnan ),김경진 ( Gyeong Jin Kim ),김원일 ( Won Il Kim ),이정미 ( Jeong Mi Lee ),고우리 ( Woo Ri Go ),조남준 ( Nam June Cho ) 한국환경농학회 2014 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2014 No.-
This study investigated the influence of organic amendments [vermicompost (5% w/w), and hairy vetch and poultry manure biochars (2% w/w) at two temperatures (450 and 700℃)] andred soil (RS-2% w/w) on the availability of arsenic (As) to radish plants ( Raphanus sativus), earthworms ( Eisenia fetida) and microorganisms in a highly contaminated As (1341.54 mg As kg.1) soil. The bioavailability of As to earthworms was determined by mortality test and to microorganisms by microbial biomass carbon (MBC) experiment. In the plant growth experiment, there was no significant difference in dry matter content among the biochars, vermicompost and red soil and also between biochars at different temperatures. Although the extractable As increased in all the treatments after the completion of the experiment, biochars, significantly reduced the uptake of As compared to the control. Poultry manure biochar decreased As at a higher rate when compared to hairy vetch biochar, and the reduction percentage was significantly higher at higher temperature. Red soil and vermicompost also reduced the availability of As to radish but the percentage of reduction was similar to hairy vetch biochar at 450℃. Also, red soil in combination with biochars reduced the availability of As but the percentage of reduction was similar to biochars at 450℃. At the end of the mortality experiment, weight loss of worms was observed in all the treatments. The mortality percentage in worms reduced by 70-80% in biochars and RS compared to control and vermicompost treatments. The HVBC 450 and PMBC 700 markedly reduced As accumulation in worm tissues compared to control, red soil and vermicompost treatments. Microbial activity varied between the treatments and higher MBC was noticed in soils treated with biochars at low temperatures. This study shows the effectiveness of biochar and red soil in the remediation of As.contaminated soils. Results may vary, depending on the types of biochar and its pyrolysis temperature. A field experiment is currently underway to confirm the results obtained from the glass house and laboratory studies.
Role of Recycled Water Sources in the (IM)Mobilization and Bioavailability of Copper in Soils
( Anitha Kunhikrishnan ),( Nanthi S. Bolan ),( Ravi Naidu ),( Won Il Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2012 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2012 No.-
This research investigates the impact of various recycled water sources (treated sewage, storm water, dairy, winery and piggery effluents) on the (im)mobilization and bioavailability of copper (Cu) in soils. Recycled water can act both as a source and sink for heavy metals. When used for irrigation the concentration of metal content in soils may increase depending on the level of treatment. But the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in recycled water are likely to (im)mobilize Cu by forming complexes thereby affecting the bioavailability. This work reveals that Cu-DOC complexes decreased the adsorption and bioavailability of Cu to plants and soil organisms which were evidenced by microbial respiration, earthworm toxicity and plant growth experiments. While the mobility of Cu increased with increasing levels of Cu, it depended on the extent of Cu adsorption and formation of soluble Cu-DOC complexes.
유기개량제 및 황토처리에 따른 알타리무의 비소와 카드뮴의 흡수
( Anitha Kunhikrishnan ),김원일 ( Won Il Kim ),고우리 ( Woo Ri Go ),이정미 ( Jeong Mi Lee ),김지영 ( Ji Young Kim ),류지혁 ( Ji Hyuck Yoo ),김두호 ( Doo Ho Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-
Agricultural soils contaminated by arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) have become an important issue as a result of industrial activities in the vicinity of agricultural areas, excessive application of contaminated fertilizers and manures, and irrigation with metal(loid)s-contaminated water. This study investigated the effect of organic amendments (vermicompost (VC), and hairy vetch (HV) and sesame meal biochars (SS BCs)) and red soil (RS-2% and 4%) on the availability of As and Cd in radish (Raphanus sativus) in a highly and medium contaminated As soil. A highly As-contaminated (HA) soil (1341.54 mg As kg-1, 2.99 mg Cd kg-1, pH 6.85) and a medium As-contaminated (MA) soil (112.45 mg As kg-1, 1.98 mg Cd kg-1, pH 7.66) was incubated for a week in the presence of RS and other organic amendments and used for pot experiment. The results indicated that HV BC and 2% RS decreased total As and Cd significantly in HA soil, whereas in MA soil, As uptake was reduced significantly by HV and SS BCs, and VC. Cadmium uptake in MA soil was not reduced significantly by any amendments and also RS (2 and 4%) increased the As and Cd uptake compared to the control in MA soil. Total As and Cd uptake in VC was higher than the control in HA soil, whereas it decreased in the MA soil. The dry matter content decreased in HA soil in the presence of all the amendments, while in MA soil only 4% RS increased the dry matter. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Cd and As in HA and MA controls were 7.5 and 0.4, and 0.34 and 0.13, respectively. The BCF values decreased in amended HA As and Cd soils compared to control and the lowest value was observed in HV BC soil whereas, it increased in MA Cd soils. In MA As soil, the values decreased in BC treatments and increased in others. Although the amendments reduced the BCF values compared to control, the translocation factor (TF) values were >1 in HA As and Cd soils which shows that the bioavailability and translocation of As and Cd from root to shoot was enhanced. The TF value was >1 in MA As control and 4% RS soils and <1 for others with significant decrease observed in BCs-treated soils. In MA Cd soil, the amendments have only slightly decreased the transfer of Cd from root to shoot compared to control. The results obtained varied widely between the soils, elements and the treatments. This study suggests that radish in the absence of amendments could be used for phytostabilisation of Cd in HA soil and for phytoextraction of As and Cd in MA soils. In the case of amendments, only BCs offer some promising results in the remediation of medium As-and Cd-contaminated soils. However, a field experiment is required to confirm the results obtained from the glass house study to carefully understand the behavior of amendments in the presence of As and Cd.