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HVEM is a TNF Receptor with Multiple Regulatory Roles in the Mucosal Immune System
Shui, Jr-Wen,Kronenberg, Mitchell The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2014 Immune Network Vol.14 No.2
The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), and therefore it is also known as TNFRSF14 or CD270 (1,2). In recent years, we have focused on understanding HVEM function in the mucosa of the intestine, particularly on the role of HVEM in colitis pathogenesis, host defense and regulation of the microbiota (2-4). HVEM is an unusual TNF receptor because of its high expression levels in the gut epithelium, its capacity to bind ligands that are not members of the TNF super family, including immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members BTLA and CD160, and its bi-directional functionality, acting as a signaling receptor or as a ligand for the receptor BTLA. Clinically, Hvem recently was reported as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene as a result of genome wide association studies (5,6). This suggests HVEM could have a regulatory role influencing the regulation of epithelial barrier, host defense and the microbiota. Consistent with this, using mouse models, we have revealed how HVEM is involved in colitis pathogenesis, mucosal host defense and epithelial immunity (3,7). Although further studies are needed, our results provide the fundamental basis for understanding why Hvem is an IBD risk gene, and they confirm that HVEM is a mucosal gatekeeper with multiple regulatory functions in the mucosa.
HVEM is a TNF Receptor with Multiple Regulatory Roles in the Mucosal Immune System
Jr-Wen Shui,Mitchell Kronenberg 대한면역학회 2014 Immune Network Vol.14 No.2
The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), and therefore it is also known as TNFRSF14 or CD270 (1,2). In recent years, we have focused on understanding HVEM function in the mucosa of the intestine, particularly on the role of HVEM in colitis pathogenesis, host defense and regulation of the microbiota (2-4). HVEM is an unusual TNF receptor because of its high expression levels in the gut epithelium, its capacity to bind ligands that are not members of the TNF super family, including immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members BTLA and CD160, and its bi-directional functionality, acting as a signaling receptor or as a ligand for the receptor BTLA. Clinically, Hvem recently was reported as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene as a result of genome wide association studies (5,6). This suggests HVEM could have a regulatory role influencing the regulation of epithelial barrier, host defense and the microbiota. Consistent with this, using mouse models, we have revealed how HVEM is involved in colitis pathogenesis, mucosal host defense and epithelial immunity (3,7). Although further studies are needed, our results provide the fundamental basis for understanding why Hvem is an IBD risk gene, and they confirm that HVEM is a mucosal gatekeeper with multiple regulatory functions in the mucosa.
Naeem Saddique,Christian Bernhofer,Rico Kronenberg,Muhammad Usman 한국기상학회 2019 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.55 No.4
In this study, statistical downscaling models were used to project possible future patterns of precipitation and temperature in the Jhelum River basin shared by Pakistan and India. In-situ meteorological data were used to downscale precipitation and temperature using different General Circulation Models (i.e., CanESM2, BCC-CSM1–1, and MICROC5) relative to baseline (1961– 1990) under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The downscaling models used were the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), which uses multiple linear regression and weather generator methods, and the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG), which uses weather generators. The results showed that the SDSM performance was slightly better than that of LARS-WG during validation and that the representation of the simulated mean monthly precipitation was more correct than that of monthly precipitation. The results also revealed that BCC-CSM1–1 performed better than CanESM2 and MICROC5 in the study region. The future annual mean temperature and precipitation are expected to rise under both RCP scenarios. The changes in the annual mean temperature and precipitation with LARS-WG were relatively higher than those with SDSM. Out of four seasons, winter and autumn are expected to be more diverse with regard to precipitation changes. However, although both models yielded non-identical results, it is certain that the basin will face a hotter climate in the future.