Effects of annealing temperature of aqueous solution-processed ZnO electron-selective layers on inverted polymer solar cells

Ka, Y.,Lee, E.,Park, S.Y.,Seo, J.,Kwon, D.G.,Lee, H.H.,Park, Y.,Kim, Y.S.,Kim, C. Elsevier Science 2013 Organic electronics Vol.14 No.1

We investigate the effects of ZnO annealing temperature (T<SUB>A</SUB>) on the performance of inverted polymer solar cells with ZnO electron-selective layers deposited by spin coating aqueous solutions of an ammine-hydroxo zinc complex. The inverted solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>61</SUB>-butyric acid methyl ester with T<SUB>A</SUB> as low as 80<SUP>o</SUP>C exhibit power-conversion efficiencies of 3.6%, which is equal to those of devices with higher T<SUB>A</SUB>. Characterizations of the ZnO films using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and optical transmittance measurements show that the abrupt improvement of device performance from T<SUB>A</SUB>=60 to 80<SUP>o</SUP>C is due to the improvement of energy-level alignment arising from the increases in the relative amount and the crystallinity of ZnO.

The Victim에 있어서의 Humanity 探究

金啓民 釜山大學校 1981 人文論叢 Vol.20 No.1

<Abstract>The purpose of this study is to investigate the sense of infringement which the hero suffers from, and examine the process of recovering it and finally to find the protago-nist's humanity in the absurd world.The novel opens by introducing Leventhal in conjunction with the suffocating heat, Bellow makes the atmosphere a reflector of Leventhal's interior suffocation. A dangling isolate, Leventhal is at his most vulnerable when Allbee, another "victim" and anti-Semite, does indeed blame, accusing Leventhal of having intentionally cost him his job years before, the loss of which led to poverty, his wife's death, and his degeneration.Though he vehemently denies Allbee's accusations at first, Leventhal fells strongly responsible for Allbee's deterioration, and so Leventhal acknowledges his responsibility, offers help and understands that Allbee is a suffering human, not merely his persecutor. The theme of the book has its central expression in the two-page speech of the old Yiddish journalist, Schlossberg as Bellow's spokesman. Briefly summarizing, he suggests the regality and elevation of his view of life; "More than human", he says, "can you have any use for life. Less than human you don't either." He means that to be more than human or less than human is to be divorced from the deepest reality. The only meaning of life is what we give it. Schlossberg says, "Why be measly? Choose dignity. In another words, the wisdom of Schlossberg is that human life has dignity; human life has greatness and beauty-but only on condition that it is human life, not subhuman or more than human. Leventhal has something of the same instinctive feeling for humanity. He thinks of Schlossberg words about the human being, and of "the explicit recongition" in Allbee's eyes which he could not doubt was the double of something in his own. Leventhal has unconsciously accepted Allbe as his double, and in doing so has confirmed his own humanity.Thus, through the growing sense of the reality of others, through his growing aware-ness of their kinship with him, Leventhal has become, in Schlossberg's terms, "human."Clearly, Bellow wants us to see all men as if they were one and each man as if he were all, because each man is everyman. In touching Allbee ---All-Be---everyman, Leventhal touches all of humanity; indeed, he become all of humanity.As Hoffman suggests in his thesis, The Victim is not about anti-semitism, but rather examines Jewish insecurity and the Jewish attitude toward complicity in anti-semite Jews are the archetype of the moderns, I can say that Bellow in this novel shows our modern's attitude for the better life as well as the direction of human life by humanity in the complicated and absurd world.

釜山市內 公共圖書館 現況 古書室 運營實態分析

韓桂文 新羅大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.27 No.-

This thesis presents the effecfive management and methods of preservation of old materials through the analysis of the public libraries' present conditons and their realities of the old materials in Pusan. In pusan, there are 9 Public libraries in 11 administrative districts. But these public libraries are distributd in 5 districts only. Therefore almost 50% of Pusan residents have not been available public libraries services. The size of public libraries, Geographic conditions of library locations, the samll collections, unmatching of user numbers to the numbers of library staffs, lack of Qualified librarians, ets., there are too many defects to be improved for the better public library services. Only one public library has the old materials room. I is the Citizen's library. Therefore the library services have not been suficient to the users, as far as old materials concerned.

美國의 聯邦所得稅에 관한 小考

李季源 조선대학교 경영경제연구소 1996 經營經濟硏究 = Management and economics research Vol.19 No.2

도서관 및 정보 시스템의 분석기법

한계문 新羅大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.34 No.1

The Systems study is defined as the logical analysis of the present systems;the evaluation of the efficiency, economy, accuracy, productivity, and timeliness of existing methods and procedures measured against the established goals of the library;and the design of new methods and procedures or modification of existing methods and procedures to improve the flow of information through the systems. System analysis, when a library is to develop a new system, is indispensable analytical techniques which is done as a precedent process This study is, 1) examing the locical conception of a system, and grasping constructive elements of a library and information systems, 2) discussing the eauses, needs, and methodology of a system analysis, 3) presenting the process and content in systematizative analysis. The Purpose of this study is to inquire the mutual relations among the subsystem analysis of a library and information system, to give assistances to the sucessful system development. The Effect of system analysis to be expected is follows: (1) the problem on the whole situation is able to make clear. (2) the mutual relations among constructive elements are understood. (3) the causes and effect of a problem can clarify. (4) the relations between a variable of a problem and restrictive requiste are clear up. (5) obtain an excellant result of a whole system. (6) the library can obtain itself to its envirnment.

도서관의 경영전략을 위한 정보기술의 활용

한계문 新羅大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.43 No.-

This study is related to the strategic information system designed to the application for information technology to strategic management for libraries. By offering the fundamental materials for the judgement and forecast in management activities in libraries, reducing the uncertainty in decision making, and securing the higher rivalry through libraries, it suggests the fundamental guidance to the procedure, method, and the draft of the importation for information system capable to make the distinction for the own library from another libraries. The plan of strategic application for information technology is devided into the following three levels. ① The libralies trying to take the greatest virtue in the product of the accumulation of technology during some period of time, can adapt the strategic management in setting up the systematic plan. ② The libralies trying to take the greatest virtue in user service and the procedures of information management by the application for information technology, can set up the strategic technology development toward the higher additional value taking a serious view in the know-how in various technologies. ③ The libraries trying to improve the efficiency for the application for information technology, are important the policy making for development of technology. However, in most libralies, among the levels of application for information technology, either the strategic development which is capable for the diffusion of the existing information technology or importation technology, or the strategic management for either adaptation or reformation is considered more efficient rather than developing new technologies. Each library is reasonable to put in good order by planning the strategic development for information technology and/or the management system suitable to his own library.

코스닥 등록기업의 거래소 이전효과에 관한 연구

이계원 조선대학교 지역사회발전연구원 2003 地域發展硏究 Vol.8 No.1

This study is purposed to test the market efficiency of KOSDAQ which present the adequate information to the investor in the second board market-I examine the impact of main board listing information on the stock price of KOSDAQ. I find that stock returns as measured by CAR are significantly increasing from disclosure day, which listing on KSE, to the after 30 business day. The positive correlation found between stock returns and listing announcement is also supportive of the view that KOSDAQ market has a lower degree of market efficiency than KSE. My findings can be summarized as follows. First, I find that listing on KSE is a good news for the investor in KOSDAQ. Second, CAR of listing firms from KOSDAQ is higher than the firms without KOSDAQ after listing day.

分析模型間의 比較檢定에 관한 經路硏究 : 國防費 支出 函數 推定을 中心으로 Focus on the Inference of Defense Expenditure Function

韓啓燮 東亞大學校 大學院 1992 大學院論文集 Vol.17 No.-

This paper shows how we can construct the most suitable models which make solve functional problems correctly in practical human societies. There are many kinds of methods to control all variables concerned in the functional relations and produce fruitful results sometime later. But most of cases in the problems we often miss the processes or the procedures in surveying situations and directing the correct variables. In the article we can only find fitted variables in applying to the practical functional problems which include time-series data of Korean Defense Expenditures for 30 years. In the paper we tested some models by the variables filtered properly for the purposes. After testing all possible hypotheses on these analytical inference we checked the best variables Which can represent the situational inferences we checked the best variables which can represent the situational defense expenditures according to the time differential factors. The approach adopted in this tests is to discuss a class of models which are sufficiently flexible to describe practical situations for the defense expenditures paid for the periods in Korea. The process of model building, which is discussed in the paper is concerned with relating such a class of statistical models to the data at hand and involves much more than model fitting in the functional defense expenditures. Thus, identification techniques, designed to suggest what paticular kind of might be worth considering are developed first and make use of the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions for military expenses. The time series data are supplied to the models on Korean Defense Expenditures for 30 years from the year of 1961 to 1990. The procedures of the data processes are fitted all situations by each model using expenditure function if it is proper or not. Usually Korean defense expenditure has been paid almost 5% - 6% of its GNP annually for those years. As we know very well, of course, the circumstances of the peninsular are quite different from those Western countries in their military balance, politics, socio-economies and etc. But we have to find out the proper way how Korean people could live safely and comfortably in spite of paying such huge defense expenses for the long time. So we need to compare the situations with the U.S model which expreses the differnt conditions in processing the variables and in fitting methods. After all we can select comparable models for Korean situations and apply that patterns to the functional equations for the purpose. As a result we can conclude as follows : 1. The relation between the Korean economic growth and its defense expenditure is exclusive each other for the time. 2. The GNP and Defense Expenditure in Korea is proportionally developed until now. 3. The relations among the foreign debts, imports and defense expenditires of the country are deeply positive independently. 4. The Korean defense expenditure is quite intangibel to the private consumption expendirues and the government consumption expenditures. 5. Therefore, taking out right variable elements for applying to the proper models, it needs to filter the functional processes more sufficient statistical steps and its adequate procedures for solving Korean defense expenditure problems in the future.

대학상담소에서의 접수면접

김계현 漢陽大學校 學生生活硏究所 1990 大學生活硏究 Vol.8 No.-

IMF지원금융체제 전의 국내은행의 효율성과 주가와의 관계

이계원 조선대학교 경영경제연구소 2002 經營經濟硏究 = Management and economics research Vol.25 No.1