열수 침지 처리가 치콘 절단면의 적변 억제에 미치는 영향

정현진(Hyun Jin Jung),강호민(Ho-Min Kang) 한국원예학회 2014 원예과학기술지 Vol.32 No.3

치콘의 판매 중 상품성 저하의 원인이 되는 치콘 절단면 적변 현상을 억제하기 위해 열수 침지 실험을 실시하였다. 열수침지처리로는 대조구(20℃ 1분)과 38℃에서의 4분, 8분, 42℃에서의 2분, 4분, 그리고 45℃에서의 1분, 2분을 두었다. 색차계로 측정한 △a<SUP>*</SUP>과 △h값은 42℃ 2분 처리에서는 가장 낮게 유지되었으며, 42℃의 2분과 45℃의 1분 처리구에서는 대조구보다 유의 있는 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 10℃에 저장 6일째 관능 평가한 절단면의 적변지수는 42℃의 2분과 4분 처리 그리고 45℃의 1분 처리에서 낮았다. 적변의 원인 물질이 되는 총페놀함량을 저장 6일째 조사하였는데, 이 또한 절단면의 색변화가 적었던 42℃의 2분과 4분 처리 그리고 45℃의 1분 처리에서 낮았다. 페놀물질 합성에 관여하는 PAL 활성은 42℃ 2분 처리에서는 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 42℃의 2분와 45℃의 1분 처리구에서는 대조구보다 유의 있는 낮은 수치를 보였다. 그러나 가장 강한 열처리였던 45℃의 2분 처리에서는 절단면의 적변이 대조구와 유사한 수준으로 진행되었으며, 페놀함량과 PAL 활성도 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 공기에 노출된 절단조직에서 페놀물질을 산화시켜 적변을 일으키는 PPO의 활성은 42℃와 45℃의 모든 처리구에서 낮았는데, 특히 다른 조사항목에서는 모두 대조구와 유사한 수준을 보였던 45℃의 2분 처리구가 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 또한 각 조사항목간 상관관계에서, PPO를 제외한 모든 조사항목간에서는 대부분 고도의 상관관계를 보였으며, 특히 관능평가한 적변지수와 △h값은 r = 0.927<SUP>***</SUP>를, PAL 활성과 총 페놀물질 함량과는 r = 0.942<SUP>***</SUP>의 고도의 상관관계를 보였다. Hot water dipping test was conducted for chicon to restrict red discoloration of its basal part which impairs the product value during sales. Hot water dipping treatment was given to chicon for 4 min and for 8 min at 38℃ and for 2 min and 4 min at 42℃, and for 1 min and 2 min at 45℃, along with control (for one min at 20℃). The red discoloration indices of basal part of chicon during sensory evaluation on the sixth day of storage under the storage temperature at 10℃ was lower at 42℃ for 2 min, 42℃ for 4 min and 45℃ for 1 min treatments. The color change value of the basal part in chicon measured by colorimeter showed that the lowest △a<SUP>*</SUP> and △h were maintained in the basal part of chicon treated at 42℃ for 2 min. Whereas, color changes in 42℃ for 2 min and 45℃ for 1 min treatments were significantly low as compared with that of control. The contents of total phenolic compounds which are the substances that cause red discoloration of basal part in chicon were lowest at 42℃ for 2 min, 42℃ for 4 min and 45℃ for 1 min treatments. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) resposible for in the synthesis of phenolic substances was the least in 42℃ for 2 min treatment. Whereas, PAL activity of the chicons treated a t 42℃ for 2 min and at 4 5℃ for 1 min were significantly lower than t hat of c ontrol. However, r ed d iscoloration was progressed as similar level with that of control in the basal part of chicon at 45℃ for 2 min. The contents of total phenolic compounds and PAL activity in this treatment were not significantly different from those in control. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity which causes red discoloration of cut tissues was low in all the treatments including 42℃ and 45℃ treatment at which no inhibition effects of the red discoloration of basal part of chicon were observed. When the correlation coefficient between each investigated index was tested, most of them showed high correlation except the PPO activity and particularly and the red discoloration index and sensory evaluation △h values, and PAL activity and total phenolic compounds content were r = 0.927<SUP>**</SUP>, and r = 0.942<SUP>**</SUP>, respectively.

가압가열 및 Microwave 처리가 생면의 품질에 미치는 영향

박시우,김꽃봉우리,김민지,강보경,박원민,김보람,박홍민,최정수,최호덕,안동현,Bark, Si-Woo,Kim, Koth-Bong-Woo-Ri,Kim, Min-Ji,Kang, Bo-Kyeong,Pak, Won-Min,Kim, Bo-Ram,Park, Hong-Min,Choi, Jung-Su,Choi, Ho-Duk,Ahn, Dong-Hyun 한국식품영양학회 2013 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.26 No.4

중력분을 이용하여 제면한 후 가압가열, microwave 및 가압가열과 microwave 병행 처리한 후, 생면 및 삶은 면의 품질에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보았다. 생면의 pH는 microwave 1 min 처리구에서 무처리구와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 수분 함량은 autoclave 50 min 처리구에서 무처리구와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았고, 그 외의 처리구에서는 모두 수분 함량이 감소함을 확인하였다. 면의 색도 측정 결과는 명도는 무처리구에 비해 모든 처리구에서 감소하였으며, 적색도는 microwave 1 min 처리구는 감소한 반면, 나머지 처리구는 증가하였다. 황색도는 autoclave 50 min 처리구와 autoclave 50 min/microwave 1 min 병행 처리구에서 증가한 반면, 나머지 물리적 처리구에서는 감소하였다. 삶은 면의 색도에서는 명도, 적색도, 황색도 모두에서 무처리구에 비하여 물리적 처리구에서 증가한 값을 나타내었다. 물성 측정 결과는 경도, 부착성, 응집성, 검성, 복원성에서 무처리구와 비교시 microwave 1 min 처리구는 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 그 외 처리구에서는 유의적으로 증가한 값을 나타내었다. 탄력성과 전단력은 모든 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 인장력은 가압가열 30 min 처리구와 무처리구가 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 나머지 물리적 처리구에서는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 관능 평가 결과는 생면의 경우 색 항목에서 물리적 처리구들이 유의적으로 낮은 점수를 받았다. 맛, 질감, 향 항목에서는 무처리구와 물리적 처리구간 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 전체적인 기호도에서는 microwave 1 min 처리구가 가장 높은 점수를 얻었으며, 가압가열(50 min)과 microwave(1 min) 병행 처리구는 무처리구와 비슷한 점수를 얻었다. 따라서 제면 후 가압가열 및 microwave 처리가 생면 및 삶은 면에 있어서 색과 질감 항목을 보완, 개선시킨다면 알러겐성이 저감화된 면을 제품화하는데 적합할 것으로 사료되어진다. This study was conducted to determine the effects of physical treatments for quality of wet noodles. Noodles were being tried with a microwave (for 1 min), an autoclave (for 30 or 50 min), and both autoclave and microwave (for 30/1 min or 50/1 min). The results showed that the pH levels were slightly decreased after treatments of autoclave and autoclave/microwave. The moisture contents were considerably decreased as compared to the control except autoclave (50 min). After all treatments, the lightness was decreased in all samples, but, redness was increased (except microwave) and the yellowness was increased after autoclave (50 min) and autoclave/microwave (50/1 min). Texture was increased as compared to the control except microwave. In the sensory evaluation, the noodles treated with microwave, autoclave (50 min), and autoclave/ microwave (50/1 min) showed a high score in overall preference. From these results, both the autoclave and microwave methods can be applied to the wet noodles without diminishing its quality to a great extent.

운동 직후 고온 침수가 EPOC와 TG/ fatty acid cycling에 미치는 영향

조현철,김종규,강민철,홍완표,박노혁 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 2005 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose this study was to estimate effects of EPOC and TG/fatty acid cycling on warm water immersion of immediately after exercise. To elucidate the role of fatty metabolism, a sequence of five experiments was performed. Seven physically active, male subjects volunteered to participate in the presented study. The mean values for age, body mass and hight were 25±1.52 yr, 79.2±9.52kg, 177.2±4.62cm, respectively. After giving consent, participant visited the laboratory on six occasion: 1) 30min of treadmill exercise VO2max 55% and a further 60min recovery, 2) 30min partial body warm water immersion in a 39℃ and a further 60min recovery, 3) 30min whole body warm water immersion in a 39℃ and a further 60min recovery, 4) 30min of treadmill exercise VO2mas 55% and in 30min partial body warm water immersion in a 39℃, 5) 30min of treadmill exercise VO2max 55% and in 30min whole body warm water immersion in a 39℃. When compared by recover period within repeat on the base of changes of subjects average body temperature, not effective interactions among repeat. However, partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise shows it as the best effective exercise for VO2max 55%, partial and whole body warm water immersion. When compared by recover period within repeat on the base of changes of subjects EPOC, effective interactions among repeat(p<.05). Partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise shows it as the best effective exercise for VO2mas 55%, partial and whole body warm water immersion. The catecholamines concentration was significantly higher partial and whole body warm water immersion than exercise of VO2max 55%(p<.05). The TG concentration and free fatty acid was significantly higher partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise than exercise of VO2max 55% than Partial and whole body warm water immersion(p<.05). Based on the facts that we have discussed above, human metabolism is increased by both exercise and conditions of immersion and partial and whole body warm water immersion immediately after exercise than exercise of VO2maw 55% shows it as better effective treatment for increasing TG/Fatty acid cycling activation. Due to extremely heavy stress complained by subjects during whole body immersion, it is thought that more researches on it should be required.

과열증기처리 반탄화 추출물의 항산화 효과 검증에 관한 연구

오근혜(Geun Hye Oh),남정빈(Jeong Bin Nam),양승민(Seung Min Yang),정원희(Won Hee Joung),정진산(Jin San Jeong),신종민(Jong Min Shin),강석구(Seog Goo Kang) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2018 펄프.종이기술 Vol.50 No.2

The antioxidant properties of the extracts from torrefied wood subjected to superheated steam treatment were investigated. Total polyphenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) were determined to evaluate antioxidant activity. The total polyphenol content was 879.67±40.41 ㎎/mL at a concentration of 25 g/mL when the extract was subjected to a temperature of 300℃ for 10 min, and 759.67±25.17 ㎎/mL at a concentration of 25 g/mL at 350℃ for 10 min. The value of at 300℃ was 15.79% higher than that obtained at 350℃. Total flavonoid content was 111.18±3.55 ㎎/mL at a concentration of 25 g/mL at 300℃ for 10 min, and 80.58±2.58 ㎎/mL at a concentration of 25 g/mL at 350℃ for 10 min. The value at 300℃ was 37.97% higher than that obtained at 350℃. For the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the highest scavenging activity was observed at a concentration of 6 g/mL. DPPH free radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 6 g/mL at 300℃ for 10 min was 89.83±0.03%, whereas at 350℃ for 10 min at the same concentration, it was found to be 87.99±0.1%. The value at 300℃ was 2.09% higher than that obtained at 350℃. Reducing power was determined to be 3.59±0.04 at a concentration of 25 g/mL at 300℃ for 10 min, and 2.92±0.1 at a concentration of 25 g/mL at 350℃ for 10 min. The value at 300℃ was 22.94% higher than that obtained at 350℃. FRAP was 1742±37 μM at a concentration of 25 g/mL at 300℃ for 10 min, and 1106±8 μM at a at 350℃ for 10 min. At 300℃, the FRAP value was 57.50% higher than that obtained at 350℃. Based on these results, we suggest that torrefied wood treated with superheated steam can be used in various applications because of its effective antioxidant properties.

동맥혈 채혈후 시간 경과 및 온도 변화가 가스분압 및 PH 에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김동수,이승환,김건식,강화자,신광일,여민구 대한마취과학회 1989 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.22 No.6

Blood gas samples are highly susceptible to preanalytic error due to improper methods of obtaining or handling the sample prior to delivery to the laboratory. The errors in the measurement of blood gas analysis are currently derived from the exposure of sample to atmosphere, effects of anticoagulant itself, temperature difference between the measuring electrode and drawn blood and the delay in running the sample. To study the effects of the delay in measuring the sample and the temperature difference between the measuring electrode and drawn blood on values of blood gases and pH, we analyzed the arterial sampling from the 24 patients who were taking elective surgery or on his/her recovery period with indwelling arterial catheter. The plastic sampling syringes were kept at 4。C (refrigerator) or 22。-24。C (room temperature) and analyzed at regular intervals (1, 10, 30, 60,120 min) for 120 minutes. The following results were obtained: 1) When the arterial blood drawn from the anesthetized patients were stored 4。C, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) decreased significantly after 20 min, whereas those stored at room temperature decreased significantly after 10 min. 2) When the arterial blood drawn from the recovery patients were stored at 4。C, PaO₂ did not decrease significantly through the experimental period of 120 min. Although those stored at room temperature did not decrease significantly through the period of 120 min. 3) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood (PaCO₂,) drawn from the anesthetized patients increased significantly by 120 min. at 4。C, whereas those at room temperature increased significantly after 20 min. 4) PaCO₂, of the recovery patients increased signigicantly by 120 min. at 4。C, whereas those at room temperature increased significantly after 30 min. 5) pH of the arterial blood drawn from either anesthetized or recovery patients decreased significantly by 120 min. at 4。C, whereas those at room temperature decreased significantly after 60 min. 6) No significant changes al oxygen saturation (SaO₂) and content (CaO₂) were noted in either anesthetized or recovery. patients in accordance with time elapsed at 4。C or room temperature. In summary, as the changes of PO₂ in particular higher than physiologic PO₂ and PCO₂ in the arterial blood stored at room temperature are significant in accordance with the delay in measuring, it would be advisable to analyze the sample in a short period of time or to store it in a cool place when the measuring will be delayed.

Accuracy of cardiac output measurements during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: according to the vessel anastomosis sites

Sung Yong Park,Dae Hee Kim,Han Bum Joe,Ji Young Yoo,Jin Soo Kim,Min Kang,Yong Woo Hong 대한마취통증의학회 2012 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.62 No.5

Background: During beating heart surgery, the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) measurement techniques may be influenced by several factors. This study was conducted to analyze the clinical agreement among stat CO mode (SCO), continuous CO mode (CCO), arterial pressure waveform-based CO estimation (APCO), and transesophageal Doppler ultrasound technique (UCCO) according to the vessel anastomosis sites. Methods: This study was prospectively performed in 25 patients who would be undergoing elective OPCAB. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at the following time points: during left anterior descending (LAD) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min; during obtuse marginal (OM) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min: and during right coronary artery (RCA) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min. The variables measured including the SCO, CCO, APCO, and UCCO. Results: CO measurement techniques showed different correlations according to vessel anastomosis site. However, the percent error observed was higher than the value of 30% postulated by the criteria of Critchley and Critchley during all study periods for all CO measurement techniques. Conclusions: In the beating heart procedure, SCO, CCO and APCO showed different correlations according to the vessel anastomosis sites and did not agree with UCCO. CO values from the various measurement techniques should be interpreted with caution during OPCAB. Background: During beating heart surgery, the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) measurement techniques may be influenced by several factors. This study was conducted to analyze the clinical agreement among stat CO mode (SCO), continuous CO mode (CCO), arterial pressure waveform-based CO estimation (APCO), and transesophageal Doppler ultrasound technique (UCCO) according to the vessel anastomosis sites. Methods: This study was prospectively performed in 25 patients who would be undergoing elective OPCAB. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at the following time points: during left anterior descending (LAD) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min; during obtuse marginal (OM) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min: and during right coronary artery (RCA) anastomosis at 1 min and 5 min. The variables measured including the SCO, CCO, APCO, and UCCO. Results: CO measurement techniques showed different correlations according to vessel anastomosis site. However, the percent error observed was higher than the value of 30% postulated by the criteria of Critchley and Critchley during all study periods for all CO measurement techniques. Conclusions: In the beating heart procedure, SCO, CCO and APCO showed different correlations according to the vessel anastomosis sites and did not agree with UCCO. CO values from the various measurement techniques should be interpreted with caution during OPCAB.

Sodium Nitroprusside(SNP)를 사용한 유도 저혈압 마취시 Renin 활성치, Aldosterone, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine의 변동

강기택,구영권,우성,조강희,백세민 인제대학교 1991 仁濟醫學 Vol.12 No.3

악안면 성형재건술 환자 10명을 대상으로한 sodium nitroprusside(SNP) 유도 저혈압 마취에서 SNP를 주입한 후에 체내의 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system과 sympathoadrenal system이 활성화되었음을 관찰할 수 있었다. Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) is used during induced hypotension to decrease bleeding in operation site by direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. It is known that the infusion of SNP increases plasma renin activity and this activation of remain-angiotensin system is one physiologic mechanism opposing the hypotensive action of SNP. The purpose of this study was to determine plasma renin activity and activation of sympathoadrenal system following infusion of SNP for hypotensive anesthesia in 10 patients needed maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. Blood samples for analysis were drawn according the time sequence of SNP infusion ; Stage 1; After the induction and before SNP infusion, Stage 2 ; 30 min after when mean arterial pressure maintained 60-70 torr and within 30 min after SNP infusion, Stage 3;Before slopping of SNP, Stage4; 30 min after stopping of SNP. The results were as followings, 1) The duration of anesthesia and infusion of SNP were 197.7±131.3 Min and 100.2±40.3 min. 2) Total doses of 0.01% SNP solution were 115.2±36.4 ml through hypotensive anesthesia 3) PRA in stage 2,3 and 4 (25.3±7.6, 26.2±7.2 and 24.5±8.2 ng/dl/hr respectively) were significantly increased compared with the value of stage 1 (8.9±7.0ng/dl/hr) and the level of aldosterone in stage 2, 3, 4 (28.4±12.7, 33.6±20.0 and 32.9±18.0 mg/dl respectively) were significantly increased compared with the value of stage 1 (13.4±9.1 ng/dl). The increased values of PRA and aldosterone fowllowing infusion of SNP were continued eyen after the time of stopping SNP. 4) Norepinephrine in stage 2, 3(545±157.5, 347.7±115.0 pg/ml respectively) and epinephrine in stage 2,3 (178.4±58.7, 132±55.7 pg/ml respectively) were significantly increased compared with the values of stage 1(norepinephrine ; 236.2±107.3, epinephrine ; 111.8±73.9 pg/ml) and they were returned to the control value after slopping of SNP infusion 5) Sodium potassium and chloride were not changed significantly during SNP induced hypotensive anesthesia. In summary, the activity of renin-angiotesin-aldostprone system and sympathoadrenal system were increased following infusion of SNP during SNP induced hypotensive anesthesia.

총경동맥 폐쇄시간에 따르는 국소 뇌혈류 변화 : 실험적 연구 An Experimental Cat Model

강준기,성태경,조병일,백민우,김문찬,허춘웅,하영수,송진언 대한신경외과학회 1983 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.12 No.3

The microvasculature of the brain is also quite susceptible to ischemic insult, and substantial portions of the brain are not reperfused after restoration of the blood supply following overtime of critical ischemic periods. The purpose of this series of experiments was to determine the effects of ischemia on subsequential regional cerebral blood flow measurements and cortical electric activities following reperfusion after ischemia and also to define the proper time of vascular occlusion without irreversible neural damage. Cerebral ischemia was induced in cat by bilateral common carotid occlusions for periods of 10, 30, to 60 minutes, and the blood supply was reperfused for 3 hours after clamp-off. Regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) was measured by hydrogen clearance technique following ischemia, restoration of blood supply and electroencephalogram recovery could be predicted according to the rCBF. Forty adult cats weighing 2.7 to 4.0㎏ were used in this study. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 cats each : normal control, 10 min-clamped, 30 min-clamped, and 60 min-clamped groups. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The mean rCBF was 24.6±7.0㎖/100g/min in control group. 2) Bilateral carotid occlusions resulted in a reduction of the rCBF(12.4±4.1㎖/100g/min) to 50% of control flow on both hemispheres. 3) Sequential changes of the rCBF after reperfusion : (1) There was restored the rCBF(21.3±5.1㎖/100g/min) to control flow in the 10 minutes-clamped group. (2) There was a 85% recovery of control flow in the 30 minutes-clamped group. (3) There was a only 25% recovery of control flow in the 60 minutes-clamped group. 4) A close correlation was found between cortical electrical activity and rCBF suggesting a threshold relationship. (1) The changes of cortical electric activity began to notice at rCBF less than 17.4±4.7㎖/100g/min. (2) The recovery of cortical electric activity noted at rCBF more than 10.2±2.3㎖/100g/min. 5) There was no evidence of ischemic involvement at the cortex, white matter and basal ganglia in the 10 minutes clamped group, but demonstrated a dense wedge shaped infarct at the cortex and uncus herniation in the 60 minutes clamped group. The rCBF and cortical electric activity restored to normal values in reperfusion within 10 minutes after occlusion of both common carotid arteries.

제천의 의병장 이강년(李康秊)의 위정척사(衛正斥邪) 의식과 문학에 대한 연구

姜玟求 ( Kang Min-koo ) 동방한문학회 2020 東方漢文學 Vol.0 No.82

雲岡 李康秊[1858~1908]은 군사 운용과 전술의 전문가인 무관으로서 민비 시해 사건과 단발령을 계기로 倡義 擧兵한 의병장이다. 그는 경상북도 문경 태생이지만 제천으로 柳麟錫[1842~1915]을 찾아가 그의 문인이 되는 동시에 유인석 의병 부대의 유격대장으로 활약하였다. 또 李恒老[1792~1868]의 『華西集』 간행에도 적극 관여하는 등 학문 연찬에도 힘을 썼으니, 그의 강력한 무장 항쟁은 위정척사론의 이념적 토대 위에서 이루어진 것이다. 이강년은 의병장으로서는 보기 드물게 다수의 詩文을 남기고 있고 그것들의 상당수는 그의 투쟁과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 「聞國變世禍, 漸至板蕩, 不勝憤激, 仍賦一律.」은 거병 즈음의 근심과 두려움, 육체적 고통과 투쟁의 의지가 진솔하게 토로된 작품이다. 「被擒時口號」는 적에게 체포되는 절망적 상황에서도 의연한 결기를 보여준다. 또 「囚在日憲兵所口號」는 헌병소에 구금되어 있으면서 쓴 시로, 구차히 살아남지 않을 것이며 죽어서도 항쟁하겠다는 결연한 의지를 보여준다. 「告訣八域同志」는 옥중에서 전국의 동지들에게 영결을 고하는 글로, 거병의 계기, 무장 항쟁 기간, 戰績, 체포당한 경위, 사형에 직면한 심정, 투쟁의 이념을 기술하고 있다. 이 글에서 이강년은 반역자들이 충신과 선량한 사람들을 무고하게 살해하는 상황에서 양심의 격동을 참을 수 없었던 것이 거병의 원인이라고 밝혔다. 그리고 13년간 2차례 기병하였고 전투 횟수는 30여회, 전적은 왜적 100여명을 죽인 것이라고 하였다. 이강년은 인륜이 사라진 상황에 대하여 심각한 위기의식을 가지고 있었고, 양심에 격동되어 거병하였으며, 존화양이의 의리를 위해 殉死한다는 자부심을 가지고 있었으며, 남은 동지들에게 綱常을 돈독히 하라고 당부하였다. 이것이 이강년이 지닌 위정척사 의식이다. 『雲岡遺稿』에는 15편의 檄文類가 전한다. 그의 격문은 선명한 위정척사의 이념을 기반으로 삼고 있다. 그것들은 군사와 무기, 군자금 조달을 독려하는 격문, 伊藤博文을 통렬히 꾸짖는 격문, 일제의 앞잡이로 온갖 간악한 짓을 일삼는 一進會를 준엄히 꾸짖은 효유문, 각국의 영사관에 일제의 침탈을 고발하고 조국 해방의 타당성을 알리는 통고문, 군대의 기율을 알려 경계하는 글이다. 그중에서 募兵을 목적으로 하는 것이 격문으로서 전형성 갖는다. Ungang(雲岡) Lee Kang-nyeon(李康秊)[1858~1908] was an expert in military operations and tactics as a military officer and he was a the righteous Armies general who raised an army in the cause of justice for Queen Min’s assassination and the ordinance prohibiting topknots. Although he was born in Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, he went to Jecheon to visit Yoo In-seok (柳麟錫)[1842~1915] to become his literary man and also served as a captain of Yoo In-seok’s righteous army. He also worked hard at study including being actively involved in the publication of Lee Hang-ro(李恒老)[1792~1868]’s 『Hwaseojib(華西集)』, so Lee Kang-nyeon’s strong armed resistance was based on the ideological basis of Wijung Chuksa(Protect Righteousness and Expel wickedness, 衛正斥邪). Lee Kang-nyeon leaves a large number of poetry and prose as a rare case for the righteous Armies general, and many of them are closely related to his struggle. 「He heard the nation change and the world dizzy, so gradually became confused, and he did not stand the enragement and wrote a poem(聞國變世禍, 漸至板蕩, 不勝憤激, 仍賦一律.)」 is a work in which worries, fears, physical pain and the will of struggle are truly expressed around the time of raising an army. 「Poetry when he was arrested by an enemy(被擒時口號)」 shows a resolute impetuousness even in the desperate situation of being arrested by an enemy. In addition, 「Poetry while he was imprisoned in Japanese military police station(囚在日憲兵所口號)」 is a poem written while in a military police station, it shows his determined will to struggle even if he dies and not to survive wretchedly. 「Tell all over the country comrades before his death(告訣八域同志)」 is written in the prison to bid his last farewell to comrades from all over the country, it describes the cause of raising an army, the period of armed struggle, the record of struggle, the arrested situation, the feeling faced by the death penalty, and the ideology of struggle. In this article, he said that the cause of raising an army was that he could not stand the turbulence of conscience at a time when traitors were killing faithful and good people for no reason. He also said that he raised an army twice in 13 years, fought about 30 times, and killed more than 100 Japanese invaders. Lee Kang-nyeon had a serious sense of crisis about the situation in which humanity had disappeared, and he raised an army by being turbulent of conscience. Also, he was proud of dying for his country for the loyalty of Johnhwa Yangi(Revere China and expel the foreigners, 尊華攘夷) and he asked the remaining comrades to strengthen moral principles. This is the his consciousness of Wijung Chuksa(Protect Righteousness and Expel wickedness, 衛正斥邪). In 『Ungang-yugo(雲岡遺稿)』, 15 manifestos are presented. His manifestos are based on clear ideology of Wijung Chuksa(Protect Righteousness and Expel wickedness, 衛正斥邪). They are the manifestos of encouraging military, weapons and military funds, of scolding Ito Hirobumi(伊藤博文) severely, the persuasion of criticizing sharply Iljinhoe(一進會) which had done all kinds of atrocities as informer of Japan, the notification of accusing Japanese invasion and informing the validity of liberation to consular offices of each country, and the article of informing the discipline of the army. Among them, for the purpose of recruiting the army has typicality as a manifesto.

A Quantitative A naly sis of the Fire Hazard Generated from Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Sungwook Kang(Sungwook Kang),Kyu Min Lee(Kyu Min Lee),Minjae Kwon(Minjae Kwon),Ohk Kun Lim(Ohk Kun Lim),Joung Yoon Choi(Joung Yoon Choi) 한국화재소방학회 2022 International Journal of Fire Science and Engineer Vol.36 No.2

There is a lack of information on (i) the potential fire load of new green-technology vehicles, (ii) flame spread behavior, (iii) thermal impacts on high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels (HSVs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during fuel cell electric vehicles fires (FCEVs), and (iv) thermal damage to adjacent vehicles and upper structural members during FCEV fires occurring in civil structures, such as underground spaces, multi-story parks, and tunnels. In view of this, a full-scale fire test was conducted in this study to quantitatively assess the fire risk of hydrogen FCEVs. Large-scale cone calorimetry was used to quantify the thermal intensity released from the FCEV fire. The flame spreading behavior through an FCEV with HSVs and LIBs was observed using the thermocouples installed. Changes in the temperature and irradiance around the FCEV fire were also measured using an instrumented test rig. The peak heat release rate, total heat released, and fire growth rate were observed to be 5.99 MW, 11.8 GJ, and 0.0055 kW/s², respectively. The temporal point of hydrogen gas release from the HSVs' thermal pressure relief device (TPRD) was estimated to be 16.2-26.2 min. The initiation of thermal runaway of LIBs was deduced from the temperature-time profiles of the LIB modules and their metal housing approximately 22.2 min after HCEV ignition. Moreover, FCEV fires could thermally impair adjacent upper structural members by 800 ℃ combustion gas for at least 13 min and emit a median heat flux of 27.2 kW/m² (peak heat flux of 76.5 kW/m²) to adjacent vehicles. The measurements and findings obtained from this study can contribute to the evaluation of and further studies on newly emerging fire hazards.