20세기 초 만주(滿洲) 한인(韓人)에 대한 중국정부의 정책

박정현 ( Park¸ Junghyun ) 호남사학회 2021 역사학연구 Vol.84 No.-

논문에서는 20세기 초 간도협약과 만몽조약 전후 시기 만주 한인에 대한 중국 정부의 정책이 어떻게 변화되었는지를 연구했다. 1915년 滿蒙條約 체결 이후 중국과 일본은 만주에서 더욱 첨예하게 대립했다. 중국과 일본은 크게 세 부분에서 서로 충돌했다. 1) 한인의 국적문제와 중국 귀화문제, 2) 한인에 대한 재판관할권 적용 범위, 3) 간도지역에 토지 商租權 적용문제였다. 중국은 자국 영토인 만주지역에서 외국인인 한인을 통제해야 했다. 중국정부는 일본과의 외교 마찰을 피하면서 한인들을 회유하고, 통제하는 방식을 고민했다. 그래서 중국정부의 한인政策은 일본과 외교 마찰을 불러일으키지 않는 한도 내에서 법적, 정책적 수단으로 단속했다. 이러한 방식은 눈에 띄는 차별이나 압력을 가할 수 없었다. 하지만 민간에서는 중국인의 한인에 대한 차별과 탄압이 일상적이었다. 만주 현지에서는 지방관리들과 중국인들의 한인에 대한 압박이 현실로 나타났다. 만주 한인문제는 만주사변 전까지 한인과 중국인 사이의 최대 갈등이 되었다 In this paper, we studied how the Chinese government’s policies toward Koreans in Manchuria changed before and after the Gando(間島) Convention and the Manmong Treaty in the early 20th century. After the middle of the 19th century, the migration of Koreans to Manchuria was started due to natural disasters in northern Korea, the exploitation of government officials, and poverty. After the Japan- Korea Treaty, Koreans emigrated to Manchuria to escape poverty and Japanese rule. The Koreans in Manchuria became a problem to be solved among Korea, China, and Japan after the Japan-Korea Treaty. After the conclusion of the Manchuria-Mongolia Treaty in 1915, China and Japan became even more prominent in Manchuria. Due to the ambiguous provisions of the Treaty, China and Japan have argued over the cancellation and application of this treaty. China and Japan collided with each other in three major parts. 1) The issue of naturalization of Koreans to China, 2) The issue of application of jurisdiction to Koreans, 3) The issue of application of the rights of renting land through negotiation to the Gando area. China recognized that naturalizationof Koreans to China, which should effectively govern Koreans, is the best way to do it. Therefore, if possible, China implemented a policy to naturalize many Koreans to China, and Japan desperately prevented the naturalization of Koreans. In addition; Japan tried to hold a court and administrative event for Koreans on behalf of China because of its great influence in Manchuria. As a result; Japan tried to invalidate the Gando Convention and apply the Manchuria-Mongolia Treaty. However; if the jurisdiction and administrative power of China were transferred to Japan; China could no longer maintain the sovereignty of the Manchurian region; and China made efforts to maintain the Gando Convention. In addition; the revocation of the Gando Convention was also affected by the land ownership of the Gando Koreans; and China and Japan argued fiercely over this. China had to control foreign Koreans in its territory; Manchuria. However; the number of Koreans in Manchuria exceeded 1 million in the late 1920s; and it was difficult to unilaterally control it due to diplomatic friction with Japan. While avoiding diplomatic friction with Japan; the Chinese government contemplated how to persuade and control Koreans. Therefore; the Chinese government cracked down on Korean-Americans by legal and policy means as long as they did not cause diplomatic friction with Japan. This method could not create any noticeable discrimination or pressure. However; in the private sector; discrimination and oppression of Koreans by Chinese were commonplace. In Manchuria; local officials and Chinese pressure on Koreans has become a reality. Discrimination against Koreans in Manchuria has aroused the anger of Koreans; and in Chosun; persecution by overseas Chinese has called for protests by the Chinese government. The two problems were raised separately in different regions; but were closely linked to each other Japan used the conflict between Koreans and Chinese to take advantage of Korean colonial rule and the Manchurian issue. The Korean-Chinese issue in Manchuria was the biggest cause of conflict between Koreans and Chinese before the Manchurian Incident.

Synthesis and Characterization of Thermosensitive Nanoparticles Based on PNIPAAm Core and Chitosan Shell Structure

Jung, Hyun,Jang, Mi-Kyeong,Nah, Jae-Woon,Kim, Yang-Bae The Polymer Society of Korea 2009 Macromolecular Research Vol.17 No.4

Noble thermosensitive nanoparticles, based on a PNIPAAm-co-AA core and a chitosan shell structure, were designed and synthesized for the controlled release of the loaded drug. PNIPAAm nanoparticles containing a carboxylic group on their surface were synthesized using emulsion polymerization. The carboxylic groups were conjugated with the amino group of a low molecular weight, water soluble chitosan. The particle size of the synthesized nanoparticles was decreased from 380 to 25 nm as the temperature of the dispersed medium was increased. Chitosan-conjugated nanoparticles with $2{\sim}5$ wt% MBA, a crosslinking monomer, induced a stable aqueous dispersion at a concentration of 1mg/1mL. The chitosan-conjugated nanoparticles showed thermo sensitive behaviors such as LCST and size shrinkage that were affected by the PNIPAAm core and induced some particle aggregation around LCST, which was not shown in the NIPAAm-co-AA nanoparticles. These chitosan-conjugated nanoparticles are also expected to be more biocompatible than the PNIPAAm core itself through the chitosan shell structures.

Atomistic Observation of the Lithiation and Delithiation Behaviors of Silicon Nanowires Using Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Jung, Hyun,Lee, Minho,Yeo, Byung Chul,Lee, Kwang-Ryeol,Han, Sang Soo American Chemical Society 2015 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.119 No.7

<P>For the practical use of silicon nanowires (Si NWs) as anodes for Li-ion batteries, understanding their lithiation and delithiation mechanisms at the atomic level is of critical importance. Here, we report the mechanisms for the lithiation and delithiation of Si NWs determined using a large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with a reactive force field (ReaxFF). The ReaxFF is developed in this work using first-principles calculations. Our ReaxFF-MD simulation shows that an anisotropic volume expansion behavior of Si NWs during lithiation is dependent on the surface structures of the Si NWs; however, the volumes of the fully lithiated Si NWs are almost identical irrespective of the surface structures. During the lithiation process, Li atoms penetrate into the lattices of the crystalline Si (<I>c</I>-Si) NWs preferentially along the ⟨110⟩ or ⟨112⟩ direction, and then the <I>c</I>-Si changes into amorphous Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Si (<I>a</I>-Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Si) phases due to the simultaneous breaking of Si–Si bonds as a result of the tensile stresses between Si atoms. Before the complete amorphization of the Si NWs, we observe the formation of silicene-like structures in the NWs that are eventually broken into low-coordinated components, such as dumbbells and isolated atoms. However, during delithiation of the Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Si NWs, we observe the formation of a small amount of <I>c</I>-Si nuclei in the <I>a</I>-Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Si matrix below a composition of Li<SUB>1.4</SUB>Si ≈ Li<SUB>1.5</SUB>Si, in which the volume fraction of formed <I>c</I>-Si phases relies on the delithiation rate. We also demonstrate that the two-phase structure can be thermodynamically more favorable than the single-phase <I>a</I>-Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Si. We expect that our comprehensive understanding of the lithiation and delithiation mechanisms along with the developed ReaxFF for Li–Si systems will provide helpful guidelines in designing Si anodes to obtain better performing Li-ion batteries.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2015/jpccck.2015.119.issue-7/jp5094756/production/images/medium/jp-2014-094756_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp5094756'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based hair steroid profiling may reveal pathogenesis in hair follicles of the scalp

Jung, Hyun‐,Jin,Kim, Sun Ju,Lee, Won‐,Yong,Chung, Bong Chul,Choi, Man Ho John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2011 Rapid communications in mass spectrometry Vol.25 No.9

<P>A method of steroid profiling, including androgens, progestins, corticoids and sterols, was developed to evaluate the concentrations of steroids as well as the activities of the enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis in hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies of steroids from the hair matrix were improved by ultrasonication for 1 h at 50 °C. The overall recoveries ranged from 71 to 132%, with a limit of quantification for all analytes ranging from 1 to 50 ng/g. The devised method was used to identify the metabolic changes for both male‐pattern baldness (MPB) and the drug efficiency of dutasteride, which inhibits 5α‐reductase. Increased dihydrotestosterone levels and the dihydrotestosterone/testosterone (DHT/T) ratio, which is responsible for the 5α‐reductase activity, were observed in the MPB patients. A dutasteride treatment resulted in decreases in the DHT and 5α‐androstanedione concentrations and DHT/T ratio in the hair samples. Hair steroid profiling reflects the sebaceous status in the scalp and may be useful for monitoring the metabolic responses to both the disease and drug actions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>

Transparent Nanoscale Floating Gate Memory Using Self‐Assembled Bismuth Nanocrystals in Bi₂Mg_2/3Nb_4/3O₇ (BMN) Pyrochlore Thin Films Grown at Room Temperature

Jung, Hyun‐,June,Yoon, Soon‐,Gil,Hong, Soon‐,Ku,Lee, Jeong‐,Yong WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2012 Advanced Materials Vol.24 No.25

<P><B>Bismuth nanocrystals</B> for a nanoscale floating gate memory device are self‐assembled in Bi<SUB>2</SUB>Mg<SUB>2/3</SUB>Nb<SUB>4/3</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> (BMN) dielectric films grown at room temperature by radio‐frequency sputtering. The TEM cross‐sectional image shows the “real” structure grown on a Si (001) substrate. The image magnified from the dotted box (red color) in the the cross‐sectional image clearly shows bismuth nanoparticles at the interface between the Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> and HfO<SUB>2</SUB> layer (right image). Nanoparticles approximately 3 nm in size are regularly distributed at the interface.</P>

스포츠에서 분노의 정당성에 관한 아리스토텔레스주의적 접근

황정현 ( Hwang¸ Jung-hyun ) 한국체육학회 2021 한국체육학회지 Vol.60 No.1

본 연구는 아리스토텔레스의 『니코마코스 윤리학』을 중심으로 스포츠사회에서 운동선수가 지닌 분노의 정당성을 확보하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 분노의 감정에 대한 현대사회의 부정적 통념은 스포츠사회에 그대로 반영되어 있다. 스포츠사회의 규범은 선수에게 분노를 허락하지 않는다. 화가 나는 상황에서 화를 내기보다는 그것을 참는 것이 스포츠맨이 지녀야 할 미덕이며, 이는 곧 훌륭한 선수의 근본이 된다. 그러나 아리스토텔레스의 중용사상은 스포츠에서 분노의 도덕적 수용가능성을 제시한다. 이에 따라, 합리적인 이성적 판단에 의해, 마땅히 분노해야 되는 상황에서, 마땅하게 분노하는 유덕한 선수는 스포츠사회의 정의 구현을 위한 윤리적 주체로서 칭찬의 대상이 된다. 이와는 달리 분노해야 될 때 분노하지 못한 선수는 자존감이 상실되어 존재성을 확립하지 못한 어리석은 사림으로 평가된다. 따라서 스포츠맨십이 강한 도덕적 규범이 되는 스포츠사회에서 중용이 전제된 선수의 분노는 ‘훌륭한 선수’에 대한 조건과 더불어 정의로운 스포츠사회 구현에 대한 인과성을 구명할 수 있는 변인이 될 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study was to secure the legitimacy of the anger of player in the sports society, focusing on Aristotle’s 『Nicomachean Ethics』. The negative conventional perspective of modern society about the feeling of anger is reflected in the sports society as it is. The norms of the sports society do not allow anger to an athlete. It is a virtue of a sportsman to be patient rather than to be angry in an angry situation, which is the foundation of a good player. However, Aristotle’s thought suggest the moral acceptability of anger in sports. Accordingly, a virtuous player who deserves anger in a situation where he deserves anger through rational judgment becomes the object of praise as an ethical subject for realizing justice in a sports society. A player who is not angry, on the contrary, when he has to be angry is evaluated as a foolish man who cannot establish his existence due to the loss of his self-esteem. Therefore, the anger of a player, premised on moderation in a sports society where sportsmanship is a strong moral norm, is considered to be a variable that can investigate the causality of realizing a just sports society as well as the condition for a ‘good player.’

동백림 사건과 김수영, 전쟁체험과 레드 콤플렉스란 ‘공백(空白)’ -박순녀의 「어떤 파리」에 나타난 김수영의 면모를 중심(中心)으로-

김정현(金政炫) ( Kim¸ Jung-hyun ) 한국어문교육연구회 2021 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.49 No.3

본고는 시인 김수영의 이면이라 할 인간 김수영의 개인적 전쟁체험과 레드 콤플렉스(반공 이데올로기)의 문제를 중심으로 김수영 관련 텍스트에서 나타나는 죽음에 대한 심리적이자 내면적인 고통의 양상을 논의했다. 김수영이 겪었던 전쟁체험에서 유래한 죽음과 공포에 대한 심리적 트라우마는 일종의 외상후 스트레스 장애(PTDS)에 준하며, 그의 평생에 걸쳐 영향을 끼쳤다고 판단된다. 전쟁직후부터 사망 당시인 1960년대 후반 텍스트에서도 동일하게 나타나는 ‘선득함’과 ‘추위’의 감정은 그가 전쟁에서 경험한 죽음에 대한 공포가 어떻게 지속적으로 반복되고 있었는지를 드러낸다는 점에서 유의미하다. 이와 관련되어 본고는 1960년대 말 김수영의 내면적 상태와 행적을 자세히 분석하기 위해 「어떤 파리」를 검토했다. 박순녀의 1970년작 「어떤 파리」는 인간 김수영의 상당히 구체적인 면모를 제시하는 자료로 독해될 필요가 있다. 「어떤 파리」 속 홍재이자 인간 김수영의 모습은 “벌레”와 “회복할 수 없는 자기불신”으로 대변된다. 이 ‘말할 수 없는’ 죽음의 공포와 전쟁의 트라우마 그리고 레드 콤플렉스(반공 이데올로기)에 시달리는 김수영의 면모는 그의 시에 나타나는 관념성 그리고 생활의 문제를 해석하는데 유의미한 시각을 제시해 줄 수 있다. 특히 소설의 말미 제시되는 검은색과 빛의 대립은 김수영이 추구하고자 했던 자유의 개념과 밀접하게 관련되어 인식되어야 한다. The study reviews Kim Soo-young’s personal war experience and the issue of the red complex, focusing on the psychological pain of death as Kim Soo-young expressed it in text. The psychological trauma of death and fear Kim Soo-young derived from his experience of war is a kind of post- traumatic stress disorder (PTDS), that affected him throughout his life. The “cold” emotions in his texts in the 50s and 60s show that his war experiences recurred throughout his life, repeating the fear and psychological trauma of death he experienced in war. In this regard, this paper discussed Kim Soo-young’s inner state and behavior in the late 1960s through Park Soon-nyeo’s Some Paris (1970), which provides specific information about Kim Soo-young. Hong Jae and Kim Sooyoung in the novel are presented as “worms” with “unrecoverable self-distrust”. As shown in the novel, Kim Soo-young’s experience of the trauma of war, the red complex, and the fear of death are related to the conceptuality of his poem. In particular, it should be noted that the confrontation between blackness and light depicted at the end of the novel is closely related to Kim Soo-young’s freedom.

북한의 여성·아동·장애인 법제 및 남북 교류협력방안: 북한인권 개선의 관점에서

조정현 ( Cho¸ Jung-hyun ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2021 法學硏究 Vol.29 No.3

북한의 여성·아동·장애인 문제는 노인 문제와 함께 북한 내 취약계층을 대표하는 사안으로 취급된다. 북한은 최근 이 문제들이 인권 문제로 취급되건, 인도지원 내지 개발협력 문제로 취급되건, 상대적으로 UN 등 국제사회와 이를 논의하는 데 있어 나름 적극적으로 응하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 즉, 남한을 포함한 국제사회와 대화 및 협력이 가능한 사안으로 소위 여성·아동·장애인 등 ‘취약계층’ 또는 ‘특별그룹’ 문제를 보고 있는 것이다. 국제인권 차원에서 보면, 북한은 포괄적 내용의 자유권규약 및 사회권규약의 당사국임은 물론, 아동권리협약과 여성차별철폐협약의 당사국이기도 하다. 또한, 최근에는 장애인권리 협약에 새로 가입함으로써, 여성·아동·장애인 인권 문제를 전반적으로 다루는 주요 조약들에 모두 당사국 지위를 가지고 있으며, 관련 국가보고서 제출 및 의견 제시에도 나름 적극적으로 임하고 있다. 또한, 이러한 상호작용을 통해 국내 관련 법제 개선에 있어서도 나름 진전된 모습이 확인된다. 참고로, 한국 또한 상기 북한이 당사국인 국제인권조약 모두에 당사국 지위를 가지고 있어 공통적인 논의의 기준 및 장을 국제적으로 확보하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 북한은 국제인권레짐이 제기하는 북한인권 문제 중 대개 사회권 관련 문제 및 취약계층 문제를 중심으로 긍정적 반응을 보이고 있다. 덜 예민한 문제일 뿐 아니라 국제협력이 절실히 필요한 분야라는 방증일 것이다. 세 차례에 걸쳐 진행된 UN 인권이사회의 북한에 대한 보편적 정례인권검토(UPR)에서도 이를 확인할 수 있다. 또한, 최근 개발협력 분야에서 활발히 논의되고 있는 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)와 관련해서도 북한은 국제회의에 적극 참여하고 있는데, 이러한 국제적 아젠다에도 인권 문제가 직·간접적으로 연결되어 있으며, 여성·아동·장애인 문제도 자연스레 연결될 부분들이 많다. 이 글에서는 세 가지 영역별로 북한과 남한의 관련 법제 및 UN 개별 인권조약 감독기구에서의 공식 논의들을 각각 살펴본 후, UN UPR 및 SDGs 관련 논의들도 종합적으로 검토하면서, 북한의 여성·아동·장애인 법제 관련 남북 간 및 국제적 교류협력방안에 대해 전반적으로 그 가능성을 고찰한다. Women, children, and disabled persons in North Korea - so-called vulnerable groups there - have been dealt with seriously, not only by the UN and international human rights community, but by North Korean authorities itself as well. Those issues are closely connected with various subjects from human rights through humanitarian assistance into development cooperation question. North Korea shows its clear interests and positive reactions both at the universal human rights regime such as treaty monitoring mechanisms on women, children and disabled persons respectively, and also UN Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR), and at the regional and universal Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) discussions, including its Strategic Framework for Cooperation between UN and North Korea 2017-2021. North Korea seems to accept less sensitively economic and social rights areas rather than its notorious civil and political rights issues. The economic and social rights are especially fundamental and vital to the vulnerable groups in North Korea, and are closely related to humanitarian assistance and development cooperation between the two Koreas and also with UN. Our government should pursue and utilize more actively women, children and disabled persons issues in respect of legal, humanitarian, and development cooperation, and ultimately improvement of human rights situation in North Korea.

주민소환제도 개선을 위한 헌법정책적 연구

김정현 ( Kim¸ Jung-hyun ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2020 외법논집 Vol.44 No.4

주민이 선출한 지방자치단체장이나 지방의원을 민주적으로 통제하기 위해서는 주민소환제도를 활성화해야 한다. 따라서 주민소환사유를 제한하는 것은 타당하지 않고, 서명비율과 개표요건을 완화할 필요가 있다. 우선 지방자치단체의 인구에 따른 서명비율로 조정하고, 공직자를 선출한 전회의 선거에서 투표한 인원수를 기준으로 시ㆍ도지사의 경우 직전 선거의 투표인원수의 15%, 시장ㆍ군수ㆍ구청장 및 광역지방자치단체 지방의원의 경우 직전 선거의 투표인원수의 20%, 기초지방자치단체 지방의원의 경우 직전 선거의 투표인원수의 25%로 차등하여 규정하는 방안이 합당하다. 그리고 투표확정요건은 현행처럼 주민소환투표권자 총수의 3분의 1 이상의 투표와 유효투표수의 과반수의 찬성으로 결정하는 것으로 유지하되, 투표자의 수가 직전 선거의 투표인원수의 3분의 1에 미달하는 때에는 개표하지 않는 방식으로 개표요건을 개선하는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 아울러 지방자치단체장의 권한행사정지는 직무집행과정에서 헌법이나 법률을 위반했을 경우로 한정하는 것이 합리적이다. 반면에 대표자의 무능ㆍ부도덕성ㆍ정책실패 등 그 이외의 사유에 대해서는 권한행사를 정지하지 않는 방식으로 개선할 필요가 있다. 끝으로 비용부담이 주민소환의 장애요인이 되지 않도록 주민소환이 가결되었을 경우에는 주민소환투표청구인측이 주민소환투표운동에 지출한 비용을 지방자치단체가 보전해주는 것이 합당하다. 반대로 부결되었을 경우에는 주민소환대상자가 지출한 비용을 보전해주어야 한다. In order to democratically control the heads of local governments or local councilors elected by residents, the recall system should be activated. Therefore, it is not reasonable to limit the reason for recall of residents, and it is necessary to ease the signature ratio and counting requirements. First of all, it is appropriate to adjust the number of signatures according to the population of local governments, and to define the number of votes cast in the previous election as 15% of the votes cast in the previous election, 20% of the votes cast in the previous election in the case of mayors, county heads, and local council members in the metropolitan and provincial governments, and 25% of the votes cast in the previous election. In addition, the requirement for confirmation of voting shall be maintained by a decision of more than one-third of the total number of residents who have the right to recall votes and a majority of the valid votes, but when the number of voters falls short of one-third of the number of votes cast in the previous election, it is proposed to improve the requirement for counting by not counting the votes. In addition, it is reasonable to limit the suspension of the exercise of authority by the heads of local governments to cases where they violated the Constitution or laws in the course of performing their duties. On the other hand, it is necessary to improve the exercise of authority in a way that does not suspend the exercise of authority for other reasons, such as incompetence, immorality and policy failure of the representative. Finally, it is reasonable for the local government to compensate for the expenses spent by the petitioner for the recall of residents in case the recall of residents is approved so that the cost burden does not become an obstacle to the recall of residents. On the contrary, if it is rejected, it should compensate for expenses incurred by the person subject to recall.

A Comparative Study on the Bioethics Consciousness of University Students on the Life-sustaining Treatment Decision Act

Junghyun Kim(Junghyun Kim),Dae-Eun Kim(Dae-Eun Kim),Eunseok Park(Eunseok Park),Dae-Jin Kim(Dae-Jin Kim),Hwanhee Kim(Hwanhee Kim) 한국보건의료윤리학회 2023 한국보건의료윤리학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Background: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on the necessity and direction of education to establish a desirable bioethics view by identifying bioethics awareness of the Life-sustaining Treatment Decision Act among biomedical laboratory science student and nursing students attending K University. Methods: From October 30 to November 5, 2022, the final 279 people (144 in biomedical laboratory science and 135 in nursing) were analyzed through a structured survey of 29 questions. Results: As a result of comparing the presence or absence of learning and the degree of awareness of the life-sustaining treatment decision act, the presence or absence of learning p<.001. There was a statistically significant difference in cognitive degree p<.001. Conclusion: It is suggested that continuous research should be conducted to confirm the perception of biomedical ethics of Biomedical laboratory science students and nursing students and to find the need and direction of education to establish a desirable bioethics.