Classification using the Bezier Curve

Son,Young Nam,Cho,Byung Yup,Yang,Jong Hyun 한국자료분석학회 1999 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.1 No.2

Recently, nonparametric methods of curve estimation have become useful technique in applied statistics. Among the methods, nonparametric regression using various splines have been focused due to its flexibility. However, it is little known about the properties of Bezier spline for nonparametric regression. In this paper, we develop a classifier in classification problem by nonparametric regression using cubic Bezier curve. Various classification methods are compared with the proposed method. The newly developed method which will be called classification using Bezier(CUB) seems to be comparable to existing methods like CART, CUS or neural network classifier in terms of misclassification error rates.

《 難經 》의 臟腑虛實에 따른 鍼灸補瀉法에 關한 硏究 : 體質針 原理에 關한 硏究(Ⅰ)

윤종화,김주경,손성철 대한침구학회 2001 대한침구의학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Obejective : Based on 《sixty-ninth Nan》 (《難經·六十九難》) the interpromoting of the five element's balance method to discuss following "when deficiency than should strengthen mother and when excessive than eliminate son" theories. Method : This strengthening and eliminating method is based on Jang-bu organ's balance method when "east is excessive (liver excessive (肝實 )) and west is deficiency (lung deficiency (肺虛))" then "eliminate the south and strengthen the north "'s method. Results : The seventy-fifth Nan (《難經·七十五難》) explains" son effects mother's excessive and mother effects son's deficiency " theory where it balance method of the inter-overacting five elements controlling Jang-bu organ's differentiations. The eighty-first Nan (《難經·八十一難》) explains strengthening-eliminating method of "lung excessive and liver deficiency." Since there are two different perspective of seventy-fifth and eighty-first Nan, we must compare and discuss to make right point of view. Conclusion : the treatment method in 《Nan kyoung sixty ninth nan》 could be understood as a view of five element constitutional theory (五行體質理論), the treatment method in 《Nan kyoung seventyty-fifth nan》 of eleminating fire and strengthning water in case of liver excess and lung defficiency and the treatment method in 《Nan kyoung eighty-first nan》 of strengthning liver and eleminating lung in case of lung excess and liver defficiency could be understood as a view of the yin-yan constitutional theory (陰陽體質理論).

아미노글리코사이드 사용제한에 따른 병원성 균혈증 유발 그람음성간균의 내성변화 및 임상적 의의

오종택,김신우,손종원,도병훈,한승우,신병철,박지현,이종명,김능수 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.4

목적 : 항균제 오남용으로 인한 내성균의 출현, 약물부작용의 발생 및 약제 비용의 증가는 환자 개인뿐만 아니라 사회적으로 문제가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 항생제의 오남용을 막기 위한 제도의 일환으로 시행한 아미노글리코사이드 사용 제한정책의 비용 효과적인 측면을 조사하고 그람음성간균에 의해 병원성 균혈증이 발생한 환자들을 대상으로 이 정책이 항생제 내성률과 환자 사망률에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 방법 : 930병상 규모의 3차 병원인 일개 대학병원에서 아미노글리코사이드 사용제한정책이 시행된 직후인 2002년 3월에서 9월 사이에 그람음성간균(Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia)에 의해 발생한 병원성 균혈증 환자 60명(실험군)과, 이 정책이 시행되기 전에 입원한 환자들 중 균주별로 같은 수만큼 선별한 병원성 균혈증 환자 60명(대조군)의 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과 : 아미노글리코사이드 사용제한정책이 시행된 시기인 2002년 3월에서 9월 사이에 처방된 아미노글리코사이드 사용량 및 비용을 이 정책이 시행되기 전인 2001년 3월에서 9월 사이와 비교한 결과, 아미노글리코사이드의 사용량(antimicrobial utilization density)은 사용제한 후 225.2에서 130.3으로 42% 감소하였고 약제 비용은 44% 감소하였다. 아미노글리코사이드 사용제한 후 병원성 균혈증을 유발한 그람 음성간균의 이 항생제에 대한 내성률은 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았으며 균혈증과 직접 연관된 사망률도 환자의 나이, 성별, 기저질환 및 원발병소 등을 보정할 경우 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(40.4% vs. 24.1%, P=0.11). 결론 : 아미노글리코사이드를 5일을 초과한 사용 시 감염전문가의 사전 승인을 필요로 하는 사용제한정책은 아미노글리코사이드의 사용량과 비용을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한 이 정책 시행 후 그람음성간균에 의한 균혈증 환자에서 균혈증으로 인한 사망률과 아미노글리코사이드에 대한 내성률은 유의한 차이가 없었다. Objective : To evaluate the effects of an aminoglycoside restriction policy on expenditures for aminoglycosides, antimicrobial resistance rates and clinical outcome of nosocomial bacteremia caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Methods : Starting in February, 2002, a prior consultation with an infectious disease specialist for using aminoglycoside antibiotics over 5 days was required in a 930-bed university hospital. In retrospective analysis of medical records 7 months after initiation of the aminoglycoside restriction policy, sixty cases of clinically relevant nosocomial bacteremia caused by GNB were found. These bacteremic patients were compared with sixty, species-matched, control patients with nosocomial Gramnegative bacteremia before the policy for total expenditures for aminoglycosides, susceptibility to antibiotics and clinical outcomes of bacteremia. Results : During the same period of 7 months before and after the restriction policy, total expenditures for aminoglycosides decreased by 44% in cost (from 465,030,841 Won to 259,618,337 Won) and the antimicrobial utilization density of aminoglycosides decreased by 42% (from 225,2 to 130.3). On the other hand, the patterns of antibiotic susceptibility and bacteremia-related in-hospital mortality rates after the policy did not show a significant change, compared with those before the policy. Conclusion : Antibiotic restrictions are among the most popular methods to diminish the practice of antibiotic overuse in hospitals. In this study, requirement for prior approval of aminoglycoside use over 5 days led to a significant decrease in the amount and cost of total aminoglycosides without a significant change in susceptibility patterns and bacteremia-related mortality rates.

뇌실외 배액술 시행과 관련된 뇌실염 : 원인균주와 경험적 치료약제의 적절성

도병훈,김신우,오종택,손종원,하상우,이응갑,장현하,이종명,김능수 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.2

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌실외 배액술을 시행한 신경외과 환자들에서 뇌실염 발생 빈도, 원인균주와 감수성 추이 및 경험적 치료로 사용되는 항생제인 ceftazidime과 vancomycin의 적절성 여부에 대하여 조사하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2000년 12월부터 2003년 10월까지 EVD를 시행한 경북대학교병원 신경외과 입원환자 340명 중 뇌실염이 발생한 39명을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과 : 340명 중 39예 (11.5%)에서 뇌실염이 발생하였고 이들 가운데 4명이 뇌실염과 연관하여 사망하였다(10.3%). EVD 시행일로부터 뇌실염 발생까지는 평균 8.4일이었다. 원인균은 33예(87.1%)에서 확인되었으며 Aci-netobacter (19예, 45%), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (9예, 22%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (9예, 22%) 등의 순이었다. 가장 많이 동정된 Acinetobacter 19예 중에서 8예(42.1%)가 ceftriaxone에 내성을 보였으며 현재 경험적으로 널리 사용되는 ceftazidime에 대해서는 11예중 3예(27%)가 내성을 보였다. 결론 : 최근 EVD 시행과 관련된 뇌실염 뇌실염 최근 그람음성 non-fermenter 특히 Acinetobacter에 의한 경우가 증가하고 있으며, 이들 그람음성 non-fermenter는 현재까지 경험적으로 사용되는 ceftazidime에 점차 내성을 보이고 있다. 경험적 치료제에 대한 성공률을 높이기 위해서는 각 병원별 내실염의 원인균주의 감수성에 대한 검사가 필요하겠다. Purpose : To investigate the etiologic microorganisms of external ventricular drain (EVD)-related ventriculitis and the appropriateness of using ceftazidime and vancomycin as an empiric therapy in neurosurgical patients with EVD-related ventriculitis. Materials and Methods : Retrospective analysis of 39 patients with EVD-related ventriculitis among 340 neurosurgical patients to whom EVD had been placed during December 2000 and October 2003 at Kyungpook National University Hospital. Results : Thirty-nine EVD-related infections (39/340, 11.5%) occurred and the attributable mortality rate was 10.3% (4/39). The average duration from the ventricular catheter placement to the development of ventriculitis was 8.4 days. All patients with EVD infection had fever and 89.7% (35/39) of the patients showed nuchal rigidity. The positive culture rate in CSF was 87.1% (34/39) and the frequency of individual organism is as follows : Acinetobacter 45% (19 cases), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus 22% (9 cases), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 22% (9 cases), Enterococcus 5% (2 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae 3% (1 case), non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli 3% (1 case). The polymicrobial infection rate was 15.4% (6/39). Among 19 cases of Acinetobacter infection, 42.1% (8/19) of the strains showed resistance to ceftriaxone and 15.7% (3/11) to ceftazidime. However, all cases were sensitive to meropenem. Conclusion : These findings show that the major etiologic organisms causing EVD-related ventriculitis have recently changed to Gram-negative non-fermenters, especially Acinetobacter. Because Gram-negative non-fermenting rods resistant to ceftazidime are increasing, an immediate change from ceftazidime plus vancomycin, the widely accepted empiric antibiotic therapy, to meropenem plus vancomycin should be considered when clinical symptoms and signs show no improvement or even deterioration.

천안시 도로변의 NO₂및 SO₂오염도 측정에 관한 연구

손부순,염윤기,김종오,문정숙 한양대학교 환경및산업의학연구소 2000 環境과 産業醫學 Vol.9 No.1

This study's goale to find out the degree of the air pollution caused by vehicle emissions and to collect basic data for alternative plan in the improvement of the quality of the air by searching for the quality of the air around the road(in front of Chunan station, Terminal intersection, at Bangiugan five forked road, Chunanro intersection) in Chunan. NO2 and SO2 were measured as a object for this study in winter time and in summer time respectively. There has been an rapid increase in population and industrial complex has been built up in Chunan area. Therefore an increase in the number of vehicles and the use of domestic fuel has followed by that. So more studies of that and the effort for the improvement in the quality of the air will have to be made.

法의 支配의 憲法保障制度

孫鐘奐 啓明大學校 産業經營硏究所 1985 經營經濟 Vol.18 No.1

This article has been attempted to find the connection between the rule of law and the system for the protection of the constitution. The Rule of law which forms a fundamental principle of the constitution, has three meanings, or may be regarded from three different points of view. It means, in the first place, the absolute supremacy of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power, again equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law courts, lastly the constitution is the result of the ordinary law of the land. If we want to understand what the nature of the rule of law means, we must try to trace its influence throughout some of the system for the protection of the constitution. The best mode of doing this is to examine with care the manner in which the rule of law relates to the protection of the constitution with the right to personal freedom. Accordingly, this paper deals with the idea and systematic contents of the rule of law, and the system of parliamentary constitution.

現代法治行政의 構造

孫鐘煥 啓明大學校 社會科學硏究所 1986 한국사회과학연구 Vol.4 No.-

The kernel of the whole subject of administrative law is the control of power within its lawful compass. The law is employed not just to disqualify unlawful excercise of power, but also to compel the performance of legal duties which have been neglected. The purpose of this paper therefore, is to attempt to provide an overall view of the subject, setting all the parts or administrative law in their proper place and in relation to each other. It aims to stress the main function of administrative law, which is the control of power, and the maintenance of a fair balance between the competing interests of the administration and the citizen. In this paper it is proposed to examine the part in our law played by special tribunals and procedures. They are an important part of our modern administrative and legal system. But they, as well as all other inferior institutions in the state, always remain subject to the overall power of judicial review in the ordinary superior courts. This is not to say, however, that the purpose of administrative law is to stifle administration. By the proper exercise of the court's supervisory power illegar power is excised, but this loaves the legal use of power untouched. Thus the practice of administrative law should lead to the assistance of good administration, and positively to encourage administrative powers only to be validly exercised.

인터넷을 활용한 영어교육

손장진,김종복 신영어영문학회 2000 신영어영문학 Vol.16 No.-

Computers have an impact on almost every aspect of our lives. So education must change with the current of the times. The internet has become one of the most frequently discussed topics nowadays. English education using the internet has excited English language learners and teachers. The purpose of this study is to discuss how we teach English using the internet. The internet brings a lot of information into the classroom. So if instructors teach English using the internet, teachers and students have a feeling of satisfaction. The internet serves as a teaching tool with which language teachers can develop a variety of teaching methods. Also, as students gain interest in the internet, they will improve their skills in English reading, listening, writing and speaking. Students were divided into two parts, which were low level learners and high level learners. Internet English was taught to each group of learners. The high level learners achieved better marks than the low level learners. But, the low learners developed more interest in English. The internet can play an important role for English learners, and it will without a doubt be essential in facilitating the learning of English.

저수지 유입하천의 유역형태에 따른 저수지 오염도 비교

손창선,최이송,박재영,오종민 경희대학교 2004 環境硏究 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

This study was carried out to understand, compare and analyze pollution of seven reservoirs in Suwon area divided into three areas, urban area(UA), mixed area of urban and non-urban area(MA) and non-urban area(NA), with drainage area shape of inflow stream. The result of comparison and analysis about COD concentration of three areas was that the pollution level of urban area and mixing area were high as 10.1 mg/L and 10.9 mg/L respectively, but non-urban area was relatively low as 6.9 mg/L. The reason of these results is thought that the sewage and industry sewage flowed in stream from urban area were flowed in reservoirs finally and made increase the pollution level of reservoirs. The result of this study meant that the contribution rate of point sources in pollution sources of reservoirs in Suwon area was higher than that of non-point sources when excluding duration of rainfall and showed that we needed to enhance management for point source of UA to improve the water quality in reservoirs.

안면비대칭을 동반한 Angle Ⅲ급 부정교합자의 안모형태에 관한 두부방사선계측학적 연구

손우성,강정숙,김미경,김종렬 대한치과교정학회 1994 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.24 No.4

The purpose of this was three-fold: i) to investigate the degree of asymmetry in Angle's Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients and normal adults; ⅱ) to determine the nature of difference existed between two groups; and ⅲ) to investigate the correlationship between the degree of asymmetry and ANB and overbite in Angle's Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients. The subjects consisted of 25 Angle's Class Ⅲ malocclusion patients and 25 normal adults and the mean ages were 22.0 and 24.5 years, respectively. Their posteroanterior and lateral cephalograms were traced and analysed with three-dimensional approach. The results were as follows: 1. Asymmetry of Angle's Class Ⅲ malocclusion group was significant in all regions except cranial base. Their horizontal asymmetry was seen in mandibular angle, maxillary and mandibular midline and menton. Vertical asymmetry was observed in maxillary lst molar and mandibular shape and anteroposterior asymmetry in mandibular angle. 2. Nine variables indicating asymmetry were selected and each variable had similar discriminant score. 3. There was a little correlationship between ANB and asymmetric variable(MSR-B6) and its correlation coefficients was 0.3564. 4. There was no significant correlationship between overbite and asymmetric variables.