除草劑를 利用한 이태리포풀러 苗圃床의 雜草防效果

鄭丞根,金洪殷,李喆求,李明煥 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1989 農業科學硏究 Vol.7 No.2

This experiment was conducted to screen useful herbicides for Populus euramericana Gainer nur-sery at the Chungbuk Forestry Experiment Station in 1988. Soil surface treatment of 11 herbicides was made on May 19 after planting Populus euraneicana G. cuttings. Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scopp, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino, Portulaca oleracea L., Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertner and Echinochloa crusagali (L.) Beauv. var. praticola Ohwi were dominant weeds in the nursery. Among herbicides tested, alachlor G, alachlor+pendimethalin G, Metolachlor+prometryn EC and oxyfluorfen EC were effective to control both grasses and broad-leaf weeds effectively, but the falter two chemicals resulted in severe damage to Populus euramericana. The growth of cuttings measured by basal diameter and height showed no significant difference among treatments and he-rbicides except oxyfluorfen. Significant correlations were observed between weed coverage 2 weeks after herbicide treatment and number of weeds 1 month and 3 months after herbicide treatment. Also, number of weeds after 1 month was significantly correlated with that of 3 months after herbicide treatment.

관상동맥 조영술상 정상인 고혈압환자에서 관상동맥 혈류 예비력의 결정인자

고종훈,윤명호,최소연,탁승제 관동대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 2005 關東醫大學術誌 Vol.9 No.1

Background ; Several studies were reported that reduction of coronary flow reserve(CFR) might lead to myocardial ischemia in the absence of epicardial coronary stenosis. In addition left ventricular hypertrophy might be associated with impairment of coronary flow reserve. The aim of the this study was to assess whether relation exists between CFR and left ventricular mass index(LVMI) and to evaluate the major determinant factors of CFR. Method ; We studied 32 inpatients with hypertension and normal coronary angiogram. Control group consised of 19 subjects(M:F=10:9, mean age 52.6±9.7), group Ⅰ included 14 subjects (LVMI is below 125mg/m2,M:F=6.8 mean age 55.3±14.6) and group Ⅱ consist of 18 subject (LVMI is exceeded 125mg/m2,M:F=5:13 mean age 55.8±9.4). We measured the left ventricular mass(LVM) by M-mode echocardiogram using Devereus and Reichek's method. Left ventricular mass index was calculated as LVM / BSA. We measured average peak velocity at baseline(B) and at adenosine induced hyperemie(H) at the proximal segment of left anteriror descending artery(LAD) using a 0.014 inch 15MHZ doppler wire, CFR was calculated as the hyperemic/baseline(H/B) average peak velocity ratio. Result : 1) There was no significant difference In heart rate, systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure between the two hypertensive groups. 2) The B-APV was significantly increased in hypertensive group compared to the control group(14.4±4.7./21.7.±7.5/23.1±8.1cm/sec p<0.05). 3) CFR was significant reduced in groupⅠand groupⅡ than in the control group (3.2±0.4/2.53±0.6/2.38±0.7 p<0.05). Conclusion ; In hypertensive patients with angiographicaly normal coronary arteries, coronary flow reserve was significantly reduced than normal control group. and CFR was mainly determinant by baseline average peak velocity and not by left ventricular mass index.

질소고정 생물의 근원으로서의 woody debris

이명종,Li, Ching-Yan,Jr, Kermit Cromack 강원대학교 삼림과학연구소 2000 Journal of Forest Science Vol.16 No.-

많은 산림의 임상에는 특유의 분해과정에 있는 목질의 도복고사목이 존재하며, 이는 식물, 동물의 서식처가 되고 미생물의 다양성을 제공한다. 분해급 III-V의 Douglus-fir의 목질부 시료를 넣은 리치튜브에 물오리나무(Alus hirsuta)와 루브라오리나무(A. rubra)를 파종하고 온실에서 재배 실험한 결과, 두 수종 모두 근류가 형성되어 분해중인 도복고사목에 감염성 Frankia가 존재함을 시사하였다. 압열멸균한 시료에선 생육이 매우 불량하였고 근류가 형성되지 않았다. 도복고사목 내의 Frankia의 존재로 목질 유기물이 공생 질소고정 균의 근원이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 산림생태계 내의 목질 유기물이 산림이 장기 생산력에 기여하는 系의 구조적 다양성과 생물적 다양성을 창조하고 유지시킨다는 것을 시사한다. Fallen and decomposing woody debris are conspicuous features of the forest floor in many natural forests. They provide habitats for plants, animals, and a diversity of microorganism. Seeds of Alus hirsuta and Alus rubra were sown in leach tubes containing Douglas-fir woody debris of decay class III-V. In greenhouse studies, wood samples induced effective nodule formation in Alus hirsuta and A. rubra, indicating that the fallen trees contained infections and effective Frankia. Alder on sterilized wood substrates grew poorly and did not nodulate. The preserve of infective Frankia in dead, fallen trees suggests that woody debris is a source of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organism. The results suggest that coarse woody debris create and maintain structural and biological diversity that contributes to forest long-term productivity. Key words : woody debris, Alus hirsute, A. rubra, Frankia, biological diversity long-term productivity

광조사 방식이 복합레진의 중합과 누출에 미치는 영향

박종진,박정원,박성호,박주명,권태경,김성교 大韓齒科保存學會 2002 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.27 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light irradiation modes on polymerization shrinkage, degree of cure and microleakage of a composite resin. VIP^™ (Bisco Dental Products, Schaumburg, IL, USA) and Optilux 501^™(demetron/ Kerr, Danbury, CT, USA) were used for curing Filtek^™ Z-250(3M Dental Products, St. Paul., MN, USA) composite resin using following irradiation modes: VIP^™ (Bisco) 200mW/cm^2 (V2), 400mW/cm^2 (V4), 600mW/cm^2 (V6), Pulse-delay (200 mW/cm^2 3 seconds, 5 minutes wait, 600mW/cm^2 30seconds, VPD) and Optilux 501^™ (Demetron/Kerr) C-mode (OC), R-mode (OR). Linear polymerization shrinkage of the composite specimens were measured using Linometer (R&B, Daejeon, Korea) for 90 seconds for V2, V4, V6, OC, OR groups and for up to 363 seconds for VPD group (n=10, each). Degree of conversion was measured using FTIR spectrometer (IFS 120 HR, Bruker Karlsruhe, Germany) at the bottom surface of 2 mm thick composite specimens. V2, V4, V6, OC groups were measured separately at five irradiation times (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 seconds) and Or, VPD groups were measured in the above mentioned irradiation modes (n=5, each). Microhardness was measured using Digital microhardness tester (FM7, Future-Tech Co., Tokyo, Japan) at the top and bottom surfaces of 2mm thick composite specimens after exposure to the same irradiation modes as the test of degree of conversion(n=3, each). For the microleakage test, class V cavities were prepared on the distal surface of the ninety extracted human third molars. The cavities were restored with one of the following irradiation modes: V2/60 seconds. V4/40 seconds, V6/30 seconds, VPD, OC and OR. Microleakage was asessed by dye penetration along enamel and dentin marigns of cavities. Mean polymerization shrinkage, mean degree of conversion and mean microhardness values for all groups at each time were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, and using chisquare test for microleakage values. The results were as follows: ·Polymerization shrinkage was increased with higher light intensity in groups using VIP^™(Bisco) : the highset with 600mW/cm^2, followed by Pulse-delay, 400mW/cm^2 and 200mW/cm^2 groups. The degree of polymerization shrinkage was higher with Continuous mode than with Ramp mode in groups using Optilux 501^™ (Demetron/Kerr). ·Degree of conversion and microhardness values were higher with higher light intensity. The final degree of conversion was in the range of 44.7 to 54.98% and the final microhardness value in the range of 34.10 to 56.340. ·Microleakage was greater in dentin margin than in enamel margin. Higher light intensity showed more microleakage in dentin margin in groups using VIP^™ (Bisco). The microleakage was the lowest with Continuous mode in enamel margin and with Ramp mode in dentin margin when Optilux 501^™ (Demetron/Kerr) was used.

선진산업국의 기업복지 발달과정에 관한 연구

김의명,강종수 大邱大學校 社會科學硏究所 1999 社會科學硏究 Vol.6 No.3

본 연구는 일차적으로 미·영·독·일 등의 공업화가 일찍 시작된 선진산업국의 기업복지 발달과정을 시대사적으로 검토하고 각 단계에서의 역사적 의미와 성장요인들에 대해 살펴보고, 다음으로 이러한 시대사적인 발달과정에 영향을 미친 분석적 요인들과 그 배경에 관해 검토해 보고자 시도되었다. 일반적으로 기업복지는 비록 국가에 따라 공업화의 진행정도가 다름에도 불구하고 초기 자본주의 단계에서는 노동복지에 대한 국가의 개입정도가 미약하고 노동자계층의 조직화정도 역시 미약하여 사용자의 온정적·자혜적 성격으로 혹은 일부 노동통제적 성격으로 기업복지가 제공되어 오다가, 국가가 개입의 필요성을 인식하고 입법적 강제를 통해 서서히 소극적 보호가 진행되면서 근로자 역시 단결의 방법을 통해 내부 역량을 강화하고 대외적으로 복지요구를 확대해 갔다. 독점자본주의기를 끝마치면서 정치·경제가 급속히 발달하면서 기업복지 역시 공공복지와 자주복지 사이에서 상대적인 중요성을 더욱 부각시키면서 다종 다양하게 발달하게된 전기가 되었는데 노동운동이 확고하게 자리를 잡게 되자 더 이상 사용자의 은혜적인 시혜가 아닌 단체교섭의 장으로 끌어들임으로써 권리화하는 계기가 되었고 사용자 역시 기업복지비를 노동비용으로 인식하여 노동생산성의 개념과 결부하여 고려하게 되었다. 더욱 발달된 단계에서는 공공복지와 상대적으로 미약해진 자주복지사이에서 상호 일정한 관계내에서 조화로운 역할분담으로 이어지는 성숙기로 접어들게 되었다. 이러한 과정속에서 기업복지는 초기의 열악한 근로조건과 저임금에 대한 사용자의 온정주의와 인도주의에 의해 근로자에게 단순한 노무관리적 차원에서 일방적으로 제공되어 왔으나 국가의 복지정책 및 노동정책의 방향, 노동운동의 방향과 단결력의 정도, 사용자의 인식과 경영전략, 산업의 필요와 다양한 근로자계층의 출현, 노동시장에서의 수급상황과 경기순환 등의 요인들이 서로 상호 복합작용을 하면서 꾸준히 발달하면서 그 대상과 수혜의 범위를 확대해 오고 있다.

기관지천식 환자의 정신신체의학적 특성 : Focused on Alexithymia 감정표현불능증을 중심으로

이종명,김상헌,임효덕 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구는 감정표현불능증적 성격 경향이 정신신체질환을 가진 환자들의 고유한 성격적 특성인지를 알아보기위해, 단일 신체 질환인 기관지천식 환자군에서 지금까지 알려진 여러 가지 도구들을 사용하여 감정표현 불능증을 중심으로 한 정신신체의학적 특성들을 확인해보고자 하였다. 정상군(30명), 기관지천식 환자(30명), 정신분열증 환자(30명) 그리고 신경증 환자(33명)를 대상으로 하여 각 장애를 가진 환자들의 감정표현불능증적 경향을 알아보기 위하여 정신의학적 면담과 BIQ, MMPI-A, TAS, 주제통각검사를 실시하였고, 각 군의 특징적인 성격 경향 그리고 내재하는 정신병리를 확인하기 위하여 MMPI와 SCL-90-R을 시행하였다. MMPI와 SCL-90-R에서 각 군은 정상 범위안에 있었는데, 신경증 환자군의 정신병리의 수준이 가장 높았고 정상군이 가장 낮았다. 기관지천식 환자군과 정신분열증 환자군은 양 극단 사이의 중간 수준을 보여주었다. BIQ 평균점수에서 기관지천식 환자군이 정상군에 비해 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 다른 군간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. MMPI-A 평균점수 및 TAS 전체 합산 점수 모두에서 각 군은 정상군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 주제통각검사에서 신경증 환자군은 가장 많은 정동 어휘를 기록하였지만 정상군과는 유의한 차이가 없었는데 비해, 기관지천식 환자군과 정신분열증군 환자군보다 유의하게 많은 정동 어휘 수를 기록하였다(p<0.0001). 즉 기관지천식 환자군은 감정표현불능증적 경향이 주제통각검사에서는 신경증 환자군에 비해서 유의하게 많고(p<0.001), BIQ에서는 정상군에 비해서 유의하게 많은 것으로 나타났으나(p<0.05), TAS, MMPI-A 검사 상에서는 정상군을 포함한 다른 대조군들과 유의하게 구분되지 않았다. 이러한 소견에 따라 본 연구는 감정표현불능증이 기관지천식 환자군만의 특징적 성격 특성이라는 추정에 대한 확실한 답을 얻지는 못하였지만, BIQ는 정상군과 정신신체질환군을 변별하는 데, 그리고 주제통각검사는 신경증군과 정신신체질환군간의 관계를 변별하는 데에는 유용함을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 대상의 수가 적고 보다 다양한 정신신체질환을 대상으로 하지 못하였다는 제한점을 가지고 있지만, 다음과 같은 4가지 연구 방향을 결론 내릴 수 있을 것이다. 첫째 향후 정신신체의학 연구에 있어서 다양한 집단 속에 존재하는 감정표현불능증을 감별해내는 데 있어서 각 도구들이 가진 특정한 변별 특이성을 고려하여 단일 도구가 아닌 각 도구들의 집합체를 종합적으로 이용해야 할 필요성, 둘째 향후의 연구로서 대규모 임상연구에 의한 정신신체질환과 정신병적 상태와의 관련성에 관한 연구, 셋째 외국 검사 도구들의 국내 임상에의 적용 과정에서 보다 철저한 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증과 한국화에 대한 연구 그리고 국내 독창적인 도구의 개발, 넷째 감정표현불능증적 경향이 실재로 정신신체질환에만 특정적으로 존재하는 성격적 소인이 아닐 가능성과 이런 방향으로의 국내 정신신체의학 연구 등이 그것이다. 앞으로 다양한 정신신체질환에서 감정표현불능증과 다른 정신과적 질환과의 관계에 대한 다각도의 연구와 함께 한국적인 상황에서 감정표현불능증을 평가하는 보다 신뢰성 있고 타당성 있는 도구의 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. This study is designed to evaluate psychosomatic characteristics, especially alexithymic tendency, of the patients with bronchial asthma and to determine whether alexithymia is a unique personality characteristic of the patient with classical psychosomatic disorder, using various methods developed for measurement of alexithymia. Thirty normal healthy persons, thirty patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma, thirty schizophrenic patients, and thirty-three neurotic patients were studied to assess differences in alexithymic tendency using the methods of thirty minute psychiatric interview, BIQ, MMPI-A, TAS and TAT. They were also assessed by MMPI and SCL-90-R to evaluate general personality traits and underlying psychopathology. All the groups were in the normal range of the scores of MMPI and SCL-90-R. The neurotic patients showed the highest level of psychopathology, and the normal group the lowest in both inventories. Bronchial asthma and schizophrenic patients, were between the highest and the lowest extremes of the scores. The mean score of BIQ in the bronchial asthma group was significantly higher than that in the normal group(p<0.05) and no difference was found among the other groups. The mean scores of MMPI_A and the total scores of TAS showed no difference among all the groups. In TAT the neurotic patients scored the highest in affect word counts and showed significantly higher counts than ther bronchial asthma patients and schizophrenic patients(p<0.0001), while they showed no significant difference with normal persons. That is, in TAT the group of bronchial asthma had more alexithymic tendency than that of the neurotic patients(p<0.0001), and in BIQ it had more alexithymic tendency than that of normal(p<0.05). Bronchial asthma patients were found to express less emotional words than normal persons and neurotic patients, but were not differentiated any more from groups of the schizophrenic, neurotic, and normal by TAS and MMPI-A. The authors with the inconsistent results of this study, could not confirm the assumption that alexithymia is the personality characteristic of patients with classical psychosomatic disease. But we found that BIQ was useful in discriminating between the groups of normal and psychosomatic disease, and TAT was useful in discriminating between the groups of neurosis and psychosomatic disease with alexithymia construct. This study has some limitations in the number of subjects and the diversity of psychosomatic diseases, but in spite of those limitations the findings of this study suggest some considerations are needed for further investigation. They are as follows: First of all, a study on the need of the combination of multiple tools in consideration of the specific discriminating ability of each tool ; secondly, a clinical study on the relationship between pychosomatic diseases and the psychotic state in a large population ; thirdly, a study on the applications of foreign tools in the Korean culture and on the problem of the validity and reliability of such tools ; and a study is needed on the possibilities that alexithymic tendecy is not a specific predisposing factor of personalities with psychosomatic disorder. It is thought that more variegated studies on the relationships between diverse psychosomatic diseases and alexithymia, and on the development of reliable tools with validity in the measurement of alexithymia in the context of the Korean culture should be taken in further investigations.

念臺 劉宗周의 人間學形成過程

劉明鍾 東亞大學校 大學院 1986 大學院論文集 Vol.11 No.-

1. Forword The second half of Ming dynasty enjoyed two philosophical doctrines, one developed by Yangming Wang Shou Zen based on mental rationalism and the other originated by his friend, Kanuchuan Chan Juo shui rooted in the principle of "perceiving natural law wherever one is situated (sui chu ti jen tien li)." After, a few exchanges between each other, radical Yangming followeres such as Wang Lung Hsi and Chowu Li Zhi leant toward enlightemnment to which Tunglin School and Nientai(Jishan) Yu Tsung Chou severely objected. Even though Nientai finished his life with Ming Dynasty, his disciples like Huang Tsung Hsi, who cultivated a democratid political principle, well succeded his doctrines to the early age of Ch'ing Dynasty Nientai's philosophy is mainly composed of self-government and sincerity. 2. Nientai's Theory of Self-Government As Nientai took main interest in the establishment of self identity, he began to propose a theory of self-control at 48. He saw one's mind is uled by "individual self" and self-government is a training for the self. 3. Nientai's Theory of Sincerity At his age 59, he started to issue a theory of sincerity. According to him. though individual self somewhat implies an identical being. will power as well as authentically true and pure sincerity are nearer to self identity in practical sense. In other words, based on rational Yangming doctrines, he produced a theory ofr sincerity as a practical way of ethics. 4. Conclusion Nientai preceived individual self and sincere will as mind's ruler and its practical identity respectively. Though similar to will, individuality and true mind, his "heaven" means a whole set of natural beings rather than a transcendental being. To be short, Nientai was a philosopher who led his life to probe for an establishment of human identity.

부산 금정산일대 용천수, 지하수 및 지열수의 지화학적 특성

조명희,함세영,한석종,성익환,이병대,조병욱 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 1999 環境硏究報 Vol.17 No.1

Spring, groundwater and thermal water from the area and the vicinity of Mt. Geumjeong and Mt. Baekyang, Pusan city, has been sampled and analyzed for major and minor elements. According to the Piper diagram, spring water belongs to Ca^2^+-HCO_3^- and Na^+-HCO_3^- types, groundwater to Ca^2^+-HCO_3^- type, and thermal water to Na^+-CI^- type. Based on the phase stability diagrams of [Ca^2^+I/[H^+]^2, [Mg^2^^+I/[H^+]^2, and [Na^+I/[H^+] vs. [H_4SiO_4], spring water, groundwater and thermal water are mostly in equilibrium with kaolinite. The result of factor analysis shows three factors (factor 1,2 and factor 3) for the spring water, the groundwater and the thermal water which are represented by the influence of the dissolution of feldspar, calcite, anthropogenic sources (domestic and industrial wastes) and salt water.

嶺湖南 農謠의 比較 硏究 : Special Reference to the Ballads of Peasants

林鍾明 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1982 연구논문집 Vol.24 No.1

In this study, 1 have tried to seek the essence and the particularity pf themusic of traditional areas of culture of our country; especially that of the balladform in dialects of provincial areas from my historical point of view, 1 have hadto give my special interest to classify the whole fields of ballads to those ofYong-nam (Kyong-sang province) and Ham-do (Honam province) which aregenerally called respective Silla culture and Baik-je culture. My aim was to analyse to analyse tile cultural meaning of the relation betweenthe characteristics of each of them. As far as possible main focus is to seek thereality of the original form based on the melody of peasants's ballads of eacharea and to analyse the unrefined ballad forms of singers whose status areindigenous peasants. My study of the peasants's ballads of Young-Haiti province are the following 10 items; 1) The Song of the field sung by peasants; 2) The Song of Bang-ge; 3) The Song of Ji·jom-i; 4) Yhe Song of "Kwai. ji-na tching-tching" 5) The Song of the field on Tong-yong (Kyong-sang Nam-do) 6) The Song of Dob-so 7)'01-ool-ro Sang-sa-diya' 8)'Ol-rol-ro Sang-sa-diya' 9) Maiden's Song of'Sang-ju' 10) The Song of Thrashing Nine melcdies of them, there appeared the la-sol-mi the swift declining soundpattern (stammering-the author) Which seemed the peculiarity of the melody ofthe traditional ballads in Kang-won province ; hut the sound pattern with solwhich lacked in the ballads of Kang-won province as follows; Mi-sol-mi (five ballads); Do-La-sol (two ballads); Sol-Mi-La (One ballads) Sol-Mi (4 ballads) La-Sol (4 ballads) In short, I have found out the fact that among above-mentioned the ballads,which belong to the pedigree of Ge-myon melody we have the independent soundabove-mentioned three ballads differed from others which have a special role inthe lyrical ballads of Yong-nam area. From the same point of view, I treated the following 8 ballads of peasants inHo-nam area; 1) The Song of Jol-sa; 2) The Song of the field; 3) The Song of fang-wen-jill; 4) The Song of the funeral trigger; 5) The Song of Doong-dang-ghi; 6) The Song of the Bellows (Pul-moo); 7) The Song of Mul-re (Moulin); 8) Ei-sao; In the analysis of those ballads, I have found that the so. und 'Si'with theshort sound of imitation in front of 'Do: the traditional one, takes a special roleas 'Do', (id case of five ballads above mentioned); and therefore from thisphenomena, I have concluded that the sound 'si', in the score of the traditionalballads belongs to a kind of a living sound; a 'moving sound'; which is acharacseristic in Korean music; and this kind of sound haying no sound qualityand derived from "bending strain" (꺽는목), the peculiar diction; instead of"swerving strain" (꺽인목). I concluded, too, that we ought to mend to thebending sound from the 'Do', the lowering rhythmic pattern, instead the "Si" with the short imitating sound in front of "Do', -if 'Si' is the rhythmic sound. "Si" too, will become bending sound'-then the aspec of Kemyon melody ofMan-do will appear apparently. In the 'Sonig of the field', there appeared the melodies of Kyong-gi Ballads,but they have some nuance of 'Nam-do (Southern Area) Ballads' which hassome particularities in the melody of 'Mi' or 'Si' with 'twisting strain' prevailed in the area of Nam-do; meanwhile in the 'song of the Bellows', they have nearlya perfect melody: From those aspect above mentioned, I have had a specialinterest to the aspect of relation of culture between the two areas. In conclusion I have urged the necessity of re-classificati. ons of the KoreanBallads based on the Musical standard apart from the traditonal classifications of literary aspects only. I have delivered my idea on the classification of the areas of the Ballads inKorea as follows: <표> 원문 참조

커미트먼트의 유형이 조직에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

하종명 진주여자전문대학 1995 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

It appears that low levels of commitment are largely dysfunctional for both the individual and the organization : individual career advancement may be severely hampered, while the organization may suffer from an unstable, disloyal work force. The advantages of moderate levels of commitment generally outweigh the disadvantages. The work force is more stable and satisfied without being consumed by the organization. Individuals are able to adjust to behavioral settings by varying their degrees of commitment according to the perceived attractiveness and the requirements of the settings. At high levels of commitment, it appears that the costs of commitment outweigh the advantages. Individuals may advance more rapildly in their careers, and the organization's production demands may be met with greater ease. In brief, the commonly assumed linear relationship between commitment and desirable consequences should be questioned. An inverted U-shaped curve between thse variables with an apes at a moderate level of commitment may be a more accurate description of the relationship. Individual and organizational needs appear to be in balance with moderate levels of commitment.