기호학파 낙론계 심본선(心本善)의 이론적 구조와 도덕 실천적 의의

유지웅 ( Yoo¸ Ji-woong ) 한국동서철학회 2020 동서철학연구 Vol.0 No.98

성리학의 궁극적 목표는 인간 누구나 도덕적으로 완벽한 인격을 갖춘 성인(聖人)이 되는 것이다. 그리고 성인의 완성에서 가장 중요한 것은 인간 행위의 주체가 되는 심이 도덕을 실천하는 것과 동시에 악의 원인이 되는 것들을 제거하는 노력을 하는 것이다. 성리학에서 인간의 도덕실천과 수양을 강조하는 것은 인간이 성인과 같은 진정한 도덕주체가 되려는 노력을 통해 모든 인간들을 선에 머물도록 함으로써 도덕적 이상 사회를 구현하려는 목적의식이 반영된 것이라 할 수 있다. 17세기부터 19세기까지의 기호학파 낙론계 역시 도덕적 이상사회를 구현하기 위한 다양한 논의를 전개했다. 특히 이 시기에는 미발(未發), 명덕(明德), 허령(虛靈), 지각(知覺)과 같이 심의 구조와 역량을 설명하는 개념에 대한 논의가 활발하게 이루어졌는데, 낙론계는 심에 대한 상세한 논의를 통해 인간이 도덕을 실천할 수 있는 이론적 토대를 마련하고자 하였다. 그 결과 낙론계는 호론과 구별되는 심에 대한 견해인 심본선(心本善)을 주장했다. 성리학에서 인간이 도덕행위를 할 수 있는 근거는 심 안에 도덕원리이자 법칙으로서 성이 내재해 있기 때문에 가능하다. 이는 성리학자 모두가 승인하는 바이다. 하지만 이이 성리설을 계승하는 낙론계는 성의 실재에 대해 확신을 하면서도 이것만으로는 도덕행위를 온전하게 확보할 수 없다는 문제의식이 있었다. 이이 성리설에서 리는무위, 기는 유위하기에 성은 무위한 것이며, 심은 유위한 것이기에 성은 유위한 심에 의해서만 실현될 수 밖에 없다. 구체적으로, 성이 사단과 같은 구체적인 감정으로 나타나기 위해서는 유위한 심의 매개를 필요로 하지 않을 수 없다. 따라서 기호학파 낙론계는 도덕실천주체인 심을 통해서도 도덕실천을 위한 이론적 근거를 확보하고자 하였다. 그러나 이이 성리설에서 전제하는 ‘심시기’를 낙론계 역시 계승하기에 선악이 혼재되어 있는 기를 통해 구성된 심에서 도덕 가능 근거를 확보하는 것은 쉬운 문제가 아니었다. 기호학파 낙론계는 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 기본말론(氣本末論)을 통해 심을 구성하고 있는 기를 일반적인 기질과는 차별적으로 이해하여 이론적으로 심 차원에서 도덕실천 가능 근거를 확보하고자 하였다. 이것이 바로 “심은 기이지만, 심을 구성하고 있는 기는 맑고 순수한 것이기에 심의 본래 선하다”는 ‘심본선’이다. 따라서 이 논문은 심본선의 이론적 배경과 구조, 그리고 심본선이 가지고 있는 도덕 실천적 의의는 무엇인지에 대해 분석한다. 결국 이 논문은 왜 기호학파 낙론계 성리학자들이 “심은 본래 선하다”고 주장하였는가?에 대한 질문에 대답하고 있다. The aim of Neo-Confucianism is to enable all human beings to become sages with morally perfect characters. To attain this perfect character, human beings need constant moral self-cultivation; namely, they must make efforts to eliminate the causes of evil things. Thus, the moral conduct of human beings is dependent on the degree of their will and effort. Neo-Confucianism emphasizes each individual’s moral practice because they aim to create a morally ideal society. The Nak School (洛學), which ran from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, also developed various approaches to create a morally ideal society. Historically speaking, this was the period when scholars had active discussions on concepts closely related to the mind (心), including jigak (知覺, cognition), myeongdeok (明德, bright virtue) and mibal (未發, the unaroused state of the emotions or thoughts). The Nak School aimed to establish a foundation for human beings to put morality into practice by having in-depth discussions on the mind. As a result, they suggested a somewhat distinctive idea, “simbonseon” (心本善). Simbonseon means that the original state of the mind is good because it is made up of the pure element of gi (氣), though the mind is itself gi. As noted by the general teachings of Neo-Confucianism, human nature enables human beings to morally behave. However, while the Nak School was certain about the reality of human nature, they did not think that it alone was enough to create a morally ideal society. It is because nature can only be manifested by the mind since nature is non-active. To be more specific, without the mind, nature by itself is insufficient to actualize morality. Thus, the scholars of the Nak School were deeply interested not only in human nature but also in moral characteristics of the mind. They believed that the mind has a special capacity to spiritually perceive objects. They, therefore, aimed to come up with the argument that human beings can morally behave through the mind. However, as followers of Yi I (李珥), they believed that the mind is linked with gi. Therefore, securing a pure and good state of the mind was not an easy achievement. To overcome this problem, they analyzed the mind from various perspectives. In particular, they secured the pure and good realm of the mind based on the roots and branches in gi. As a result, they suggested “simbonseon”, which means “innate goodness of the mind”. Simbonseon is a pure and good state of the mind, where morality could be put into practice. They presented a structure of the mind that enables human beings to put morality into practice. Accordingly, the theory of simbonseon of the Nak School can be evaluated as overcoming the limitations of the mind linked with gi and providing a moral foundation for human beings in respect of the mind. There has been a wide range of discussions on the Horak (湖洛) debate. Moreover, there were new discussions on Nakron (洛論), motivated by the work on the main figures of the Nak School. However, according to most of the work, Nakron has been understood through the theory of Oeam Yi Kan (巍巖 李柬). What should be noted is that Yi Kan’s Neo-Confucian theory is similar to Nakron, but he is a scholar of the Ho School (湖學), not the Nak School. Therefore, understanding academic characteristics of the Nak School based on the theory of Yi Kan may cause misunderstandings. For example, the ideas of the Nak School can be mistakenly considered to be the same as Oeam’s Neo-Confucian theory. In addition, simbonseon was mentioned several times in the secondary literature on Nakron. However, the structure, the background or the moral meanings of simbonseon has not been fully discussed. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to answer questions as follows: Why do Neo-Confucian scholars of the Nak School advocate that the mind is innately good?

Designed Synthesis of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Optoelectronic Devices

Jiwoong Yang(양지웅) 한국고분자학회 2019 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.44 No.2

Protective effect of branched chain amino acids on hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy in growing rats

( Jiwoong Jang ),( Hea Yeon Yun ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2015 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.19 No.3

[Purpose] The effect of BCAA (branched chain amino acid) administration on muscle atrophy during growth phases is not well known. We investigated whether BCAA administration can prevent the muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension in growing male rats. [Methods] MaleWistar rats were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 7/group): hindlimb suspension and hindlimb suspension with oral BCAA administration (600 mg·kg-1·day-1, valine 1: leucine 2: isoleucine 1). After 14 days of hindlimb suspension, the weight and mRNA levels of the soleus muscle were measured. [Results] BCAA administration prevented a decrease in soleus muscle weight. BCAA administration attenuated atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA expression, which has been reported to play a pivotal role in muscle atrophy. [Conclusion] BCAA could serve as an effective supplement for the prevention or treatment of muscle atrophy, especially atrophy caused by weightlessness.

Ballpoint pen ink analysis for non-destructive document examination using capillary electrophoresis

Jiwoong Seol(설지웅),Sunkyung Jeong,Eunjung Kwon,Doo Soo Chung 한국분석과학회 2023 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.11

Unified Graph Clustering via Learning Robust and Structured Graph

Jiwoong Park,Jin Young Choi 대한전자공학회 2019 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.6

Integrity Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Fuel Channel Mechanical Support for Heavy Water Reactor using CNN

Jiwoong Kim,Morgan Choi,Huinam Rhee,Kyung-Tak Yoo,Jin-Ho Park 대한기계학회 2023 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2023 No.11

Analysis of oil-based ballpoint pen ink using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis

Jiwoong Seol,Sunkyung Jeong,Eunjung Kwon,Doo Soo Chung 한국분석과학회 2023 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.5

Phase Transformation Mechanism of Quantum-Sized Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Jiwoong Yang(양지웅) 한국고분자학회 2023 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.48 No.2

Distribution of MIC value for quinolones in Streptococcus parauberis isolated from diseased fish in Korea

JiWoong Jin,Hye Sung Choi,Sung Hee Jung,MyoungSug Kim 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2014 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.7

Design and Analysis of a Cooperative Multichannel MAC Protocol for Heterogeneous Networks

Jiwoong Lee,Jeonghoon Mo,Tran Minh Trung,Walrand, Jean,So, Hoi-Sheung Wilson IEEE 2010 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY Vol.59 No.7

<P>Many incompatible wireless protocols proliferate in unlicensed bands, creating complex coexistence and connectivity problems. If the trend continues, such problems will continue to exist in future unlicensed bands. We take a different approach to spectrum sharing. Instead of proposing a distinct medium-access control (MAC) protocol for each type of application, we propose a family of parameterized MAC protocols called WiFlex, which can be tailored to different application needs, ranging from wireless sensors to media centers. However, these protocols allow communication and spectrum-sharing coordination among different types of devices. We envision this family to be based on a multichannel physical layer. The contributions of this paper include a novel asynchronous split phase (ASP) protocol with dynamic priority support, even in multiple-collision-domain environments. When links are bidirectional, WiFlex resolves the multichannel hidden-node problem, achieving collision-free data exchange in a multihop environment. ASP provides a mechanism for prioritization and fairness. The performance of the protocol is evaluated through analysis and simulation. The coexistence of heterogeneous devices and the support for different applications with high performance are demonstrated.</P>