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THE POLITICS OF CHINA'S POPULATION GROWTH
Ma, Jisen the Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam Un 1998 인문과학연구 Vol.4 No.-
This article reviews the significant change taking place in the Chinese population, and the politics behind high and low population growth rates. Before 1949, both the birth rate and the mortality rate were high; the annual increase rate was 2.6 per thousand between 1840-1949. The situation changed after the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came to power. War diminished and the living conditions of the people improved somewhat, which resulted in a transformation of the model of the population to one of high birth rate, low mortality rate, and high growth rate. The total population on the mainland increased from 540 million to 892 million from 1949 to 1973. This drastic increase resulted from a policy pursued by the Mao Zedong regime that relied on a large number of workers to achieve its political goals. Ma Yinchu, and economist who advised on family planning policy, was persecuted. In 1958, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward, trying to push production upward by highlighting political and class struggle. The campaign led to widespread famine with abnormal deaths in the tens of million, followed by a sharp increase of births. Not until the 1970s did China begin earnestly to implement a national policy of family planning. After carrying out the policy for more than 20 years, China has checked the drastic growth of the population and realized a population reproduction model of low birth rate, low birth, low mortality rate, and low growth rate. The policy has played an important role in the improvement of the living conditions of tile Chinese people, ensuring much larger production per capita. Based on scientific investigations, China plans to keep its population within 1.6 billion by 2050 or even earlier. The population issue has been included in China's socioeconomic development project. The people are encouraged to "have fewer births for more rapid improvement of welfare." Now the Chinese government is striving for a sustainable development of both the population and the economy.
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Zhengchao Wang,Yanqing Wu,Liyun Chen,Qianping Luo,Jisen Zhang,Jiajie Chen,Zimiao Luo,Xiaohong Huang,Yong Cheng,Zhenghong Zhang 생화학분자생물학회 2012 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.44 No.10
Echinomycin is a small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia- inducible factor-1 DNA-binding activity, which plays a crucial role in ovarian ovulation in mammalians. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-mediated endothelin (ET)-2 expressions contributed to ovarian ovulation in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during gonadotropin-induced superuvulation. By real-time RT-PCR analysis, ET-2 mRNA level was found to significantly decrease in the ovaries after chinomycin treatment, while HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression was not obviously changed. Further analysis also showed that these changes of ET-2 mRNA were consistent with HIF-1 activity in the ovaires, which is similar with HIF-1α and ET-2 expression in the granulosa cells with gonadotropin and echinomycin treatments. The results of HIF-1α and ET-2 expression in the granulosa cells transfected with cis-element oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) under gonadotropin treatment further indicated HIF-1α directly mediated the transcriptional activation of ET-2 during gonadotropin- induced superuvulation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that HIF-1α-mediated ET-2 transcriptional activation is one of the important mechanisms regulating gonadotropin-induced mammalian ovulatory precess in vivo. Echinomycin is a small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia- inducible factor-1 DNA-binding activity, which plays a crucial role in ovarian ovulation in mammalians. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-mediated endothelin (ET)-2 expressions contributed to ovarian ovulation in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during gonadotropin-induced superuvulation. By real-time RT-PCR analysis, ET-2 mRNA level was found to significantly decrease in the ovaries after chinomycin treatment, while HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression was not obviously changed. Further analysis also showed that these changes of ET-2 mRNA were consistent with HIF-1 activity in the ovaires, which is similar with HIF-1α and ET-2 expression in the granulosa cells with gonadotropin and echinomycin treatments. The results of HIF-1α and ET-2 expression in the granulosa cells transfected with cis-element oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) under gonadotropin treatment further indicated HIF-1α directly mediated the transcriptional activation of ET-2 during gonadotropin- induced superuvulation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that HIF-1α-mediated ET-2 transcriptional activation is one of the important mechanisms regulating gonadotropin-induced mammalian ovulatory precess in vivo.
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Xu Jie,Li Rui,Li Hui,Qin Xuan,Zhou Jisen,Yang Jianbo 한국물리학회 2023 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.82 No.3
Given the considerable overlap of the water-pumping-injection single-sphere neutron spectrometer (WSNS) response functions, a Cs2 6 LiYCl6:Ce(CLYC) detector, which can record both neutrons and gamma-rays, is used to detect thermal neutrons moderated by water in each shell layer of the WSNS and 2.223 MeV prompt gamma-rays emitted from the (n, γ) reaction between thermal neutron and hydrogen in water to construct an n–γ response matrix jointly, and then the inversion neutron energy spectrum by the response matrix. Firstly, the n–γ response matrix of WSNS is calculated from 10–9 to 20 MeV using the Monte Carlo FLUKA code. Subsequently, the resolving power of the n–γ response matrix is determined in the range of 10–8 to 10 MeV using the approach of Backus and Gilbert. Compared with the neutron response matrix, the resolving power of the n–γ response matrix is improved by 4% on average in the whole energy range. Finally, the neutron spectra of Pu–Be source and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) feld are unfolded by the self-adaptive diferential evolution neutron spectrum unfolding algorithm (SDENUA). The spectrum quality factor (QS) of Pu–Be and BNCT obtained by the n–γ response matrix is 0.2155 and 0.3087, respectively, which is reduced by 38.64% and 69.09% compared to the neutron response matrix.
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