The role of FGF-2 in smoke-induced emphysema and the therapeutic potential of recombinant FGF-2 in patients with COPD

Kim, You-Sun,Hong, Goohyeon,Kim, Doh Hyung,Kim, Young Min,Kim, Yoon-Keun,Oh, Yeon-Mok,Jee, Young-Koo Nature Publishing Group UK 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.11

<▼1><P>Although the positive effects of recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 (rFGF-2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been implicated in previous studies, knowledge of its role in COPD remains limited. The mechanism of FGF2 in a COPD mouse model and the therapeutic potential of rFGF-2 were investigated in COPD. The mechanism and protective effects of rFGF-2 were evaluated in cigarette smoke-exposed or elastase-induced COPD animal models. Inflammation was assessed in alveolar cells and lung tissues from mice. FGF-2 was decreased in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Intranasal use of rFGF-2 significantly reduced macrophage-dominant inflammation and alveolar destruction in the lungs. In the elastase-induced emphysema model, rFGF-2 improved regeneration of the lungs. In humans, plasma FGF-2 was decreased significantly in COPD compared with normal subjects (10 subjects, <I>P</I> <I>=</I> 0.037). The safety and efficacy of inhaled rFGF-2 use was examined in COPD patients, along with changes in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function. A 2-week treatment with inhaled rFGF-2 in COPD (<I>n</I> = 6) resulted in significantly improved respiratory symptoms compared with baseline levels (<I>P</I> <I><</I> 0.05); however, the results were not significant compared with the placebo. The pulmonary function test results of COPD improved numerically compared with those in the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. No serious adverse events occurred during treatment with inhaled rFGF-2. The loss of FGF-2 production is an important mechanism in the development of COPD. Inhaling rFGF-2 may be a new therapeutic option for patients with COPD because rFGF-2 decreases inflammation in lungs exposed to cigarette smoke.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Lung disease: Inhaling a protein might help</B></P><P>Studies on the role of the protein ‘fibroblast growth factor-2’ (FGF-2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suggest that inhaled FGF-2 could help treat the emphysema linked to smoking. Researchers in South Korea led by Young-Koo Jee at Dankook University, Cheonan, and Yeon-Mok Oh at the University of Ulsan, Seoul, studied the role of the reduced FGF-2 levels found in mice with lung inflammation caused by exposure to cigarette smoke. They also uncovered details of a protective effect of inhaled FGF-2, identifying specific cellular and lung structure changes attributed to the administered FGF-2. Reduced FGF-2 levels were also found in patients with COPD. Initial trials revealed some improvement in patients treated with FGF-2, but not at a statistically significant level. Nevertheless, the authors suggest their results justify further investigation of the protein’s therapeutic potential.</P></▼2>

임부의 연령에 따른 보완대체요법에 관한 인식 태도 경험 비교 연구

김연진,김지연,노경민,신혜리,유예지,이지민,장희조,정아인,최소정,강숙정,이향연,민혜영 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2016 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.50

Purpose: This study aims to test if the age of pregnant women affects the perception, experience, and attitude towards complementary alternative therapy (CAT), by investigating the perception, experience, and attitude of pregnant women under the age of 35, and above 35 (Advanced Maternal Age). The study will 1) find the general characteristics of pregnant women under and over the age of 35 2) compare the perception, behavior, and experience of pregnant women under and over the age of 35, and 3) find the comparison of the perception, behavior, and experience according to the general characteristics of pregnant women under and over the age of 35. Method: The subjects of this study are composed of 44 women under the age of 35 and 44 women above the age of 35, totaling 88 pregnant women visiting midwiferies, obstetrics and gynecology, and baby fairs in Seoul and Gyeong-Gi area. Data for this study was collected from November 28, 2015 to January 6, 2016 for 40 days. The collected data analyzed mean, standard deviation, t test, ANOVA, and chi-square by using SPSS 23.0. Result Results show that there is a significant difference in the perception, attitude, and experience of the two-sample groups in the use of CAT. The question of “what is most necessary when applying CAT in a hospital clinical environment” for the perception criteria came out with the results of t=9.980, p<.05. For the attitude, results showed that the answers of pregnant women under the age of 35 displayed a more positive attitude towards CAT. (t=2.421, p<.05) Lastly, in the experience section, pregnant women under the age of 35 showed more CAT use than the other sample group. Conclusion Results have shown that there is a difference in the perception, behavior, and experience between the two sample groups. Therefore further research on the efficacy and the adverse effects of CAT needs to be done.

C_57BL/6계 생쥐와 Nude계 생쥐의 오금림프절내 림프소절 및 종자중심의 분포에 관한 3차원적 연구

지연근,이원규,안희경 慶熙大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

This study was aimed to clarify the distribution of lymph follicles and germinal centers in the lymph nodes of the C_57BL/6 and nude strain mice. Male adult mice were used in this study. After animal were sacrificed, the right popliteal lymph nodes were removed and fixed in Zenker-formol solution for 3 hours and embedded in JB-4 resin. One of every two section, cut 3㎛ in thickness serially, was stained with May-Gru‥nwald and Giemsa solution. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. The number of lymph follicles per popliteal lymph node was average 11.25 C_57BL/6 mice but, the number of lymph follicles in nude mice was 20.25. In C_57BL/6 mice major distribution(8.5) of the lymph follicles situated in peripheral cortex overlying the unit(PCOU). In unde mice major distribution(14) is peripheral cortex beyond the unit(PCBU). 2. The thickness of most lymph follicles was between 0.01-0.19 mm in C_57BL/6 mice. But in nude mice the thickness of most of lymph follicles was between 0.20-0.39mm 3. The number of lymph follicies contained germinal center was 8.75 in nude mice. But C_57BL/ 6 mice was not observed germinal centers. 4. The average number of deep cortex is 1.5 and shape is semiovoid in C_57BL/6 mice. Spherical shaped deep cortex was observed and the number of that is one in nude mice. In stained section low density deep cortex was observed in nude mice specifically. 5. The size of lymph follicle in C_57BL/6 mice is 0.405mm and in nude mice 0.795mm

보릿짚의 수분함량 및 수확시기가 소각시 대기오염물질 발생에 미치는 영향

고지연,강항원,이재생,김춘송,박성태,김복진 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.2

영남지방 벼-보리 이모작답에서 가장 널리 시행되고 있는 보릿짚 처리방법인 소각이 대기환경에 미치는 영향을 소각시 발생하는 온난화가스, 대기오염가스 및 분진발생량을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 보릿짚 소각시 온난화가스 발생량은 CO₂376.8, CH₄ 1.56, N₂O 0.05 kg/10a 로서 CO₂의 발생량이 가장 많았으며, 대기 오염가스 중에는 유기물의 불완전 연소시 배출되는 CO발생량이 28.8 kg/10a로서 가장 많았다. 그 외 SO₂ H₂S, NH₃, NO등의 질소 및 황 함유 유해가스도 소량 발생되었고 발생된 PM 10 분진의 대부분은 인체에 미치는 영향이 PM 10보다 큰 PM 2.5로 이루어져 있었다. 또한 수확시기가 빠르거나 수분함량이 높은 보릿짚일수록 온난화가스 및 대기오염 가스의 발생량이 증가하고 소각 연기내 PM 10 분진중 PM 2.5의 미세분진 비중이 높았다. 수확적기로 알려진 출수 40일 이후의 보릿짚은 출수 후 40일된 보릿짚 소각시 발생하는 대기오염가스 발생량과 큰 차이가 없었다. This study was carried out to determine impacts of burning of barley straw produced from rice-barley double cropping paddy field on air quality by investigating emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O), air pollution gases (CO, SO₂, H₂S, NH₃ and NO) and particulate matters (PM 10 and PM 2.5). When the barley straw at a rate of 4.5 t/ha was burned at open status, the emitted GHGs amounts were CO₂ 376.8 kg/10a, CH₄ 1.56 and N₂O 0.06. The amount of CO emission was the largest among air pollution gases. These results showed that the range of 45~55% of total C in barley straw was emitted as CO₂-C, followed by CO-C (6.4~5.9%) and CH₄-C (0.5~0.7%). As far as moisture content in barley straw is concerned, the higher moisture content that the barley straw contains, the larger amount of air pollution gases and the higher portion of PM 2.5 in PM 10 were emitted when it burned. In case of harvesting time of barley straw, emission amounts of greenhouse, air pollution gases and PM 2.5 portion in PM 10 had tendency to increase when earlier harvested barley straw was burned.

버스운전자의 입자상 물질 및 가스상 물질에 대한 노출평가

정지연 용인대학교 자연과학연구소 2008 自然科學硏究所論文誌 Vol.13 No.1

This research project has been carried out to assess the bus drivers exposure of particulate matter(total and respirable, diesel exhaust and gases(CO, NO, NO2) during driving The geometric mean exposure concentration of total, and respirable particulate was 142.1± 1.3㎍/㎥(GM±GSD), 87.4±1.7㎍/㎥(GM±GSD), respectively. The respirable proportion in total particulates during bus driving was much higher than that of manufacturing industry. The mean exposure level of nitrogen monooxide and dioxide was 627.7 ppb, 190.0 ppb. In case of carbon monooxide exposure level was higher during the rush hour time than any other time, but the time weight average exposure level was 1.9 ppm. The exposure level of diesel exhaust material by analysing a elemental carbon was 23.0±2.2㎍/㎥(GM±GSD). The drivers exposure level of particulate matters and gases should be affected by not only bus exhaust itself but also pollutants concentration level of ambient air on driving roads.

실내공기 오염물질의 국내ㆍ외 사무실 농도비교

정지연 용인대학교 자연과학연구소 2011 自然科學硏究所論文誌 Vol.16 No.1

This article describes comparative results of offices air pollutants levels in Korea, Japan, and USA. The Geometric mean level (58.9 ug/m3) of PM10 concentration in Korea offices was higher than those of Japan (20 ug/m3) and USA (11.4 ug/m3). The indoor PM2.5 concentration was highly correlated with indoor PM10 concentration than outdoor PM10 concentration. The range of carbon dioxide in office was 639 ∼ 786 ppm, which was not statistically different with those of USA and Japan. The geometric mean concentration of formaldehyde in office, a suspected carcinogen was 0.032 ppm, which was about five times higher than outdoor level (0.032 ppm). The levels of office air pollutants were affected with not only indoor sources but also outdoor sources.

동아시아의 핵문제 : 북한과 일본의 사례분석 In the case of the North Korea and the Japan

김지연 현대일본학회 2003 日本硏究論叢 Vol.18 No.-

1990년대 초반 북한의 핵시설을 사찰한 국제원자력기구는 플루토늄 추출 사실을 확인했고 이 문제는 미북간 고위급 회담으로 논의되었다. 북한은 플루토늄의 보유여부를 애매하고 불확실하게 처리하여 국제제재를 피하면서 미국과의 협상의 주도권을 잡았고, 미국은 북한의 핵문제를 핵비확산원칙으로 해결하려 했으나, 북한이 과거 핵을 규명하지 못했다. 미북간 고위급 회담은 1994년 10월 제네바 미북핵합의로 일단락되는 양상을 띠었다. 이와 더불어 일본은 1990년대의 일본의 플루토늄 상용화로 상징되는 핵연료 리사이클을 추진했다. 1950년대 중반 에너지 안보적 필요에서 핵에너지 이용을 시작한 일본은 독자적인 재처리시설을 추진하여 1987년 미일원자력협상에서 30년간의 상대적으로 자유로운 재처리승인을 미국으로부터 얻어냈다. 일본은 재처리한 플루토늄을 에너지생산에 이용하는 핵연료 리사이클을 고속증식로와 프루서멀(플루토늄의 경수로 이용)을 통해 추진하고 있으나 1995년 고속증식로 몬주사고 이후 고속증식로의 개발이 불투명하고 프루서멀도 안전성의 문제가 제기되고 있다. 일본의 핵연료 리사이클은 전세계적인 핵에너지 이용경향과 상반되고 경제성과 안전성 모두가 검증되지 않았고 그에 따른 플루토늄의 증식이 예상된다. 북한의 핵개발 과정에서 나타난 플루토늄 보유와 일본의 핵연료 리사이클 과정에서 나타난 플루토늄의 증식은 동북아의 안보에 위협이 되고 안보딜레마 논리와 같이 주변국가의 적극적 대응을 유발할 수 있다. This paper aims at the analysis of the reality of the nuclear proliferation in the East Asia, especially in the case of the North Korea and Japan. In 1990 North Korea's nuclear development has emerged as serious security problem for the South Korea and the threat of peace of East Asia. Pyongyang's attempt to develop nuclear weapons was sufficient to rock the NPT system and become a major source of tension between North Korea and international community. Intending to use nuclear energy for both peaceful as well as military uses, North Korea began to develope the research in the nuclear energy. In 1994, by the Geneva accord North Korea promised to accommodation the IAEA safeguards, to freeze construction of graphite moderated reactors and to freeze operation of a controversial 5 MW reactor. In Fact, many Japanese leaders did want to keep a nuclear weapons options open and promoted a plutonium-based autonomous nuclear fuel recycle not only economic reasons, especially energy security but also because it can be readily converted to a military nuclear program. The continuance of the American nuclear umbrella over Japan will not, in itself, assure a non-nuclear Japan unless it is accompanied by meaningful U. S. and Russian leading to a global process of nuclear disarmament.

활동 및 자료형태가 중학생의 영어 쓰기, 연결어 사용 및 태도에 미치는 영향 : 중학교 2학년을 중심으로

권지연 이화여자대학교 교육대학원 2006 이화교육논총 Vol.16 No.-

The importance of communicative competence in English has been emphasized much more than before and recent English curriculum has focused on developing practical English skills in this era of globalization. Korean students have a need to improve their English writing skill. However, it is difficult for students to find opportunities to write in English both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Recent research has shown that writing through communicative activities is effective at improving not only the communicative competence, but general English abilities. It has also shown that the types of materials, picture or word, in writing have important effects on the learner writing. Therefore, this study is mainly concerned with types of materials and writing activities in EFL writing classes. This study aims at examining the effect of writing activities and materials on the English writing abilities, the use of connectives and the attitudes of students after training. For the purpose of this study, the experiment was carried out over 8 weeks using 280 Korean middle school students in 2nd grade. Students were divided into three groups, which were Jigsaw A, Jigsaw B and individual group, according to the types of writing activities and each group is divided again into the picture and word group according to the types of materials. Jigsaw A is a two-way information gap activity including both expert and home groups. Jigsaw B is also a two-way information gap activity, but excluding the expert groups. During the writing training, students wrote additive and adversative writings, sequential writings and causal writings as well as pre- and post-writing. Data for the research was collected from students' writings from groups and individuals, the evaluations for students' understanding of connectives, classroom observations, students' questionnaires and interviews. According to the results of the study, we were able to identify several trends. First, the types of writing activities showed meaningful differences of the writing abilities except additive and adversative writings, It is expected that more negotiations of meaning through 2 phases of group activities, expert and home group, resulted in these differences. In contrast, the types of writing activities didn't show meaningful differences of the use of connectives. So it was believed that Jigsaw A activities including expert and home groups had a positive effect on the writing abilities. Second, the effect of types of materials did not show meaningful differences from comparing pre- and post-evaluation of connectives. However, the analysis of the frequency of connectives in each text proved meaningful differences according to the types of materials. The picture materials in sequential writings and causal writings had positive effects on the frequency of connectives. Therefore, it is expected that the pictures made learners understand the whole story more easily and improve the abilities of organizing a story. Third, the types of writing activities and materials had a positive influence on the students' attitude about English writing, cooperative writing and cooperative learning as well as motivation and confidence of writing. It is expected that Jigsaw A groups were particularly effective in their writings and showed more confidence through the training. Finally, there were certain differences from classroom observations, students' questionnaires and interviews. There were different kinds of writing features between writings from pictures and those from words. From students' interviews, higher level students in Jigsaw A and Jigsaw B felt more responsibilities as leaders of their own group. However, lower level students were inclined to depend on higher level students, It is expected that the types of writing activities and materials have different effects according to the level of students. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that the types of writing activities and materials result in the meaningful differences, In particular, jigsaw A groups and picture groups make positive effects on student writings and the use of connectives, In addition, Jigsaw activity including an expert group and a home group is expected to be more helpful for those students who have few writing opportunities in EFL classrooms. However, high level students felt burdened as leaders in jigsaw group, so the teacher should manage those problems by encouraging low level students. For the material, pictures should be selected as meaningful inputs to students to make them interact more actively. Therefore, more helpful instructions to encourage more interaction between students, are required for effective writing activities.

安東多目的댐의 機能과 役割

孫鍊圭,尹志洪 安東大學附設 安東文化硏究所 1989 安東文化 Vol.10 No.-

Andong Dam has a wonderful functions. That is flood control. electric power production, irrigation water, living water, industrial water, shipping transportation, sightseeing tourist facilities, fish conservation, quicksand control, and control of the sea water invasion. Among these, function of flood control is 110×10 exp (6) ㎥/year, Supply service of living and industrial water is 450×10 exp (6) ㎥/year and Electric power service is 158×10 exp (6) kwh/year. But after construction Andong Dam. It is difficult problems in this area that ecological adaption, meteological phenomenon, influence of farm productions and human bodies.

Ceromer crown의 교합면 두께에 따른 압축 파절 강도의 비교

김지연,양홍서 전남대학교 치과대학 2001 구강과학 Vol.13 No.2

This study investigated the compressive fracture strength of Targis ceromer crown by the difference of occlusal thickness on a maxillary first premolar. Control group was a castable IPS­Empress all­ceramic crown with occlusal thickness of 1.5mm constructed by layered technique. Experimental groups were Targis crowns having different occlusal thicknesses of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm, respectively. The classification of Targis group is T10, T15, T20, T25 AND T15N (for no­thermocycling and occlusal thickness of 1.5mm). Ten samples were tested per each group. Except occlusal thickness, all dimension of metal die is same with axial inclination of 10˚and marginal width 0.5mm chamfer. All crowns were cemented with Panavia F and thermocycled 1,000 times between 5℃ and 55℃ water bath with 10 sec dwelling time and 10 sec resting time. The compressive fracture strength was measured by universal testing machine. The results were as follows: 1. Fracture strength was increased as the occlusal thickness increased : compressive fracture strength of Group T10, T15, T20, T25 was 66.65±4.88 kgf, 75.04±3.01 kgf. 87.07±7.06 kgf and 105.03±10.56 kgf, respectively. 2.When comparing material, Targis crown had higher fracture strength than IPS ­ Empress crown : the mean compressive strength of group T15 was 75.04±3.01 kgf and the value of group Control was 37.66±4.28 kgf. 3. Fracture strength was decreased by thermocycling : the compressive fracture strength of T15 was 75.04±3.01 kgf, which is lower than 90.69±6.88 kgf of group T15N. 4. The fracture line of crowns began at the loading point and extended along long axis of tooth. IPS-Empress showed adhesive failure pattern whereas Targis had adhesive and cohesive failure. In the SEM view, stress was distributed radially from loading point and the crack line was more prominent on Targis crown.