EU의 反덤핑法에 관한 硏究

서헌제 中央大學校 法學硏究所 1993 法學論文集 Vol.18 No.-

한국산 자초 적색소의 분리 및 확인

이제헌,오문헌,이희봉 한국식품영양학회 2000 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.13 No.4

한국산 자초 적색소의 추출조건과 적색소를 확인한 결과 자초에서 색소성분의 추출은 지용성 용제가 물에 비해서 추출력이 좋으며 특히 95% 에탄올이 적색소 추출에 효과적이었다. 적색소 성분의 추출은 침출 시간에 관계없이 비교적 고른 추출력을 보였으며 40℃이하에서 20분 정도 추출하면 적색소가 충분히 추출되었다. 한국산 자초뿌리의 적색소 성분을 분리하여, IR, NMR. GC/MS로 확인한 결과 대부분이 acetylshikonin으로 동정되었다. Conditions of isolation for the red color pigments from the Korean Lithospermum erythrorhizon were investigated and identification of the red pigment was analysed. Non-polar solvents were more effective than water. Especially, 95% ethanol was observed as optimum solvent for the pigments extraction. About 20 minutes at 40℃ with 95% ethanol was enough for the extraction of the red pigments. The major pigment was analysed as acetylshikonin by TLC, IR, NMR and GC/MS.

배열 안테나를 사용한 디지털 비디오 방송용 OFDM 수신기의 성능평가

전제훈,노현민,변건식 東亞大學校附設 情報技術硏究所 2004 情報技術硏究所論文誌 Vol.12 No.1

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) is becoming the chosen modulation technique for wire and wireless communications with fast data rate because of good spectral effciency and sufficient robustness of fading channel. Digital Video Broadcating is using OFDM to modulate. But Digital Video Broadcating has performance degradation in moving reception according to DOA(Direction of Arrival). The purpose of this paper is to improve reception performance using array antenna in environment with doppler effect.

Mycophenolic Acid가 PDGF에 의해 증식 유도된 흰쥐 혈관평활근 세포에서 NAD(P)H Oxidase, 세포내 활성산소족 및 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases에 미치는 영향

박제현,하헌주,김명수,허규하,김유선 이화여자대학교 약학연구소 2004 藥學硏究論文集 Vol.- No.14

Background: Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays an important role in the development and progression of chronic allograft vasculopathy as in atherosclerosis. We already reported that mycophenolic acid (MPA) inhibited VSMC proliferation, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in human VSMCs. In this study, we examined further molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-proliferative effect of MPA in rat VSMCs. Methods: Primary rat VSMCs were stimulated with PDGF-BB 10 ng/mL in the presence or absence of MPA and various kinds of cell signaling inhibitors. Cell proliferation was assessed by [H³]-thymidine incorporation, NAD(P)H oxidase subunits mRNA expression by RT-PCR, dichlorofluorescein-sensitive cellular ROS by FACS, and the activation of PDGF receptor-β (Tyr 751), racl, and MAPK by Western blot analysis. Results: PDGF increased cell proliferation and cellular ROS, activation of PDGF receptor-β (Tyr 751), racl, expression of p22phox and MOX1 mRNA, ERK 1/2, and p38 MAPK, compared to control. MPA inhibited up-regulation of racl phosphorylation, p22phox and MOX1 mRNA expression, cellular ROS, and phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK. However, MPA did not affect PDGF receptor-β (Tyr 751) activation. Wortmannin, diphenyleniodonium (DPI), trolox, and NAC, each inhibited PDGF-induced ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. PD98059 and p38 MAPK inhibitor also inhibited PDGF-induced cell proliferation. Conclusion: These results suggest that MPA inhibits PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation through inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent cellular ROS leading to ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. 배경 : 혈관평활근 세포의 증식은 장기이식 후 발생하는 혈관경화증이나 동맥경화증의 발생과 진행에 중요한 역할을 한다. Mycophenolic acid (MPA)는 강력한 면역억제제로서 혈관평활근 세포의 증식도 억제한다. 본 연구는 사람의 혈관평활근 세포에서 MPK가 세포증식에 관여하는 신호전달계인 활성산소족과 mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK) 활성화를 억제하는 기존의 연구결과를 바탕으로, PDGF에 의해 증식 유도된 흰쥐 혈관평활근 세포에서 MPA가 세포의 증식을 억제하는 기전을 검색하였다. 방법 : 일차 배양한 흰쥐 혈관평활근 세포를 PDGF-BB 10 ng/mL로 자극하였고, MPA를 비롯한 여러 종류의 신호전달 억제제는 PDGF를 투여하기 1시간 전에 투여하였다. 세포증식은 [H³]-thymidine incorporation으로, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit의 mRNA 표현은 RT-PCR로, dichlorofluorescein에 민감한 세포내 활성산소족은 FACS 방법으로, 그리고 PDGF 수용체-β (Tyr 751), racl 및 MARK 활성하는 Western blot으로 각각 분석하였다. 결과 : PDGF는 PDGF 수용체-β (Tyr 751)의 활성화 및 NAD(P)H oxidase subunit 중 racl의 활성화와 p22phox와 MOX1의 mRNA 표현을 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가시켰다. MPA는 PDGF 수용체의 활성화에는 영향을 주지 않았으나, racl의 활성화, p22phox와 MOX1의 mRNA 표현의 상향 조절, 세포내 활성산소족, 그리고 ERK 1/2와 p38 MAPK의 활의한 EFK 1/2와 p38 MAPK 활성화와 세포 증식을 억제하였다. PD98059와 p38 MAPK 억제제는 PDGF에 의한 혈관평활근 세포의 증식을 억제하였다. 결론 : 본 연구결과는 MPA가 NAD(P)H oxidase를 억제함으로써 세포내 활성산소족 생산과, MAPK 활성화를 억제함으로써 PDGF에 의하여 유도되는 혈관평활근 세포의 증식을 억제함을 시사하였다.

한국 프로야구 감독의 지도유형과 팀 성적과의 관계

이제홍,김영운,이정훈 순천향대학교 기초과학연구소 2007 순천향자연과학연구 논문집 Vol.13 No.2

To analyze how the leadership of Korean professional baseball coaches influenced the performance of their teams between 1982 and 2002, 11 coaches with above-average length of experience (4.84 years) out of 32 coaches of professional teams were examined and analyzed. The following lists the findings: 1) The teams led by charismatic leaders were mostly showing good performances. 2) The teams led by individually considerate leaders were evenly distributed on ranking, but not many teams had individually considerate leaders. 3) The teams led by intellectually stimulating leaders were evenly distributed on ranking and many teams had intellectually stimulating leaders. 4) Nu teams were led by conditionally rewarding leaders. 5) The teams led by exceptionally managing leaders were generally showing poor performance.

한국산 자초 적색소의 안정성에 관한 연구

이제헌,이희봉 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2003 農業科學硏究 Vol.20 No.-

Stabihities to heat, pH, light were investigated about isolated red color pigment from the Korean Lithospermum erythrorhizon The extracted pigment, acetyshikonin was stable heating at 40~80℃ for 1~2 hours, but it was specially unstable on the storage above 55℃ The extracted pigment, acetylshikonin was stable on the sunlight under the red and green filters but unstable under the yellow and blue filters The extracted pigment, acetylshikonin was stable under the pH of 4~8 but unstable under the pH above 10 The extracted pigment, acetylshikonin was stable under the KCI and NaCl at concentration of 10 ^1Mole. The pigment was very unstable under the CaCl_2, FeCl_3, CoCl_2, AlCl_3 and MnCl_2 at concentration of 10 ^1Mole. The red pigment, acetylshikonin was stable under citric acid and acetic acid at concentration of 1 Mole Especially, acetic acid was effective for the stability of the pigment

혼합방식을 사용한 OFDM의 PAR 경감방식의 성능 해석

장은영,전제훈,김성곤,변건식 동아대학교 정보기술연구소 2003 情報技術硏究所論文誌 Vol.10 No.2

OFDM should be used for the fourth generation communication for high speed communication. Because of high spectral efficiency and high tolerance to fading channel, OFDM is applied to many high speed wire and wireless communication such as DAB(Digital Audio Broadcast), DVB(Digita1 Video Broadcast), IMT 2000 etc. Inter-modulation, however, is derived from PAR(Peak to Average Power Ratio) of OFDM signals. The paper describes PTS(Partia1 Transmit Sequence) and SLM(Se1ect Mapping) of an existing methods which can reduce PAR. And then this papers proposed the new method that is called "Combine method". The method proposed in this paper is to combine PTS and SLM. As a result of the simulation, Combine PAR method is better than the existing methods.

소아ㆍ청소년기에 발병한 탈모증의 정신의학적 특성

이길홍,이헌재,이창훈 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.2

연구목적: 소아 청소년기에 조기 발병한 탈모증과 성인기에 발병한 탈모증 환자들의 개인적 특성이나 탈모 양상, 정신의학적특성, 동반신체질환 및 치료 방법에 관한 비교 분석을 통해 조기 발병탈모증의 치료 및 예방지침을 수립하기 위해 본 연구를 시도하였다. 방법: 1998년 1월부터 1999년 6월까지 중앙대학교 용산병언 피부과에 내원하여 정신과로 의뢰된 탈모증 환자 93명(남 40명, 여 53명) 중에서 소아 청소년기에 발병한 31명(남 14명, 여 17명)을 연구대상 집단으로 선정하였고, 성인기에 발병한 탈모증 환자 62명(남 26명, 여 36명)을 대조군으로 선정하여 양군간의 임상 양상의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSSWIN 9.0V 프로그램을 통해 자료 처리를 하였고, 집단간의 차이는 교차 분석 및 t-검정을 통해 비교 분석 하였다. 결과: 1) 조기에 발병할수록 가을에 출생하고, 환자나 부모의 사회 경제 수준의 높으며, 형제수가 적다. 2) 조기에 발병할수록 전신성 탈모가 많고, 탈모 과거력이 있으며, 3회이상 재발하고, 탈모 정도가 심하며, 탈모기간이 2년 이상 장기간이고, 첫 탈모부위가 두정부이며, 탈모부위가 두군데 이상이고, 치료를 해도 변화가 없거나 악화되고, 치료를 자의 중단하거나 효과가 없어 중단한 경우가 많다. 3) 조기에 발병할수록 가정내 적응이나 인간관계에서 적응상의 어려움을 겪으며, 입시 부담이나 학교생활에서의 변화로 인해 학교 스트레스를 경험한 비율이 높다. 4) 조기에 발병할수록 불안장애가 많고, 불안증상과 우울증상을 많이 호소하며, 인격장애가 있을 때 탈모가 촉진되고, 특히 히스테리성인격이나 의존성인격을 지닐수록 조기에 탈모가 발생한다. 5) 조기에 발병할수록 지루성피부염등 동반 피부질환이 많고, 정신과약물인 alprazolam을 복용하고 있으며, polytar나 tretinoin을 처방한 비율이 높다. 결론: 일차 진료의사인 피부과 의사들은 공존하는 정신장애에 대해 깊은 관심을 갖고, 청소년기 이전부터 조기에 탈모증의 공동 치료 계획을 세워야 한다. Objectives: There have been growing interests about alopecia occured during childhood and adolescence in clinical practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the clinical characteristics of early onset alopecia in order to establish effective psychiatric intervention strategy. Method: The subjects were 31 early onset alopecia patients(14 males, 17 females) and 62 late onset control patients(26 males, 36 females). These patients had visited psychiatric outpatient clinic consulted from the department of dermatology, Yongsan hopital, Chung Ang University, Seoul, Korea, from January 1998 to june 1999. The sociodemographic data, clinical pattern of alopecia, psychiatic characteristics, comorbid physical illnesses and treatment variables were assesed. The data was statistically analyzed using chi-squre test and t-test through SPSSWIN 9.0V. Results: 1) Early onset alopecia patients were more likly born in autum, had fewer siblings, and showed higher economical level of both patient and their parents than late onset patients. 2) Early onset alopecia patients were more likely to show diffuse hair loss, had more experienced past history of alopecia, more frequently had recurrence more than 3 times, were more severely damaged, had longer duration of hair loss had more loss of hairs on the vertex area at onset of alopecia, had more loss of hairs more than 2 areas, and had poorer prognosis such as no change or exacerbation in spite of treatment, spontaneous withdrawal of tratment and lack of efficacy to treatment than late onset patients. 3) Early onset alopecia patients were poorer in their adjustment in family life, or interpersonal relations, and more suffered from school stress such as changes of school life or test stress related with school entrance examination than late onset patients. 4) Early onset alopecia patients were more likely to show erious psychopathlology such as increased rate of the anxiety disorders, of anxiety symptoms or depressive symptoms, and of personality disorders including the hitrionic or the passive traits than late onset patients. 5) Early onset alopecia patients were more likely showed dermatits including seborrheic dermatits, and more significantly responding to the tratment with anti-anxiety drug, such as alprazolam, and dermatological therapies including polytar or tretinin than late onset patients. Conclusions: These findings suggest that dermatologists, as primary care physicians, are in unique position to recognize psychiatric comorbidity and to execute earlier intervention, in collaboration with psychiatrists, of early onset alopecia patients.

보조 리간드가 결합한 Cr(Ⅲ)-네자리 거대고리 착물들의 합성 및 특성

김구철,한충훈,윤정수,변종철 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2003 基礎科學硏究 Vol.16 No.1

cis-(5.5.7.12.12.14-hexamethyl-1.4.8.11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)dichloro chromium(Ⅲ) chloride{cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(Cl)₂]Cl}를 출발 물질로 하여 보조 리간드{L_(a)=malonate (mal^(2-). acetylacetonate (acac^(-). benzoate (bz^(-). p-chlorobenzoate(cbz^(-). chloroacetate(ca^(-))}를 결합시킨 착물들을 합성하였다. 이들 Cr(Ⅲ) 착물들은 6배위 착물을 형성한다. cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(acac)](ClO₄)₂ 결정은 a=20.021(1)Å. b=30.112(1)Å. c=12.708Å. α=90˚. β=127.112(1)˚. γ=90˚. V=6101.1(4)ų 및 Z=8의 cell constant를 갖고 있는 C_(2/c) 공간군이며, 단사결정체이다. Cr^(3+) 이온 주위에 4개의 amine 질소 원자와 bidentate로 결합한 acetyacetonate의 2개 산소 원자가 capped square pyramid 구조를 형성하면서 6배위 기하구조를 갖는다. cis-[Cr(tetb)(cbz)₂]ClO₄ 결정은 a=12.093(1)Å. b=20.358(1)Å. c=28.852Å. α=90˚. β=90˚. γ=90˚. V=7103.1(7)ų 및 Z=8의 cell constant를 갖고 있는 P_(bca) 공간군이며, 사방정계 결정체이다. Cr^(3+) 이온 주위에 4개의 amine 질소원자와 2개의 p-chlorobenzoate에서 각각 1개 산소원자가 capped square pyramid 구조를 형성하면서 6배위 기하구조를 갖는다. New chromium(Ⅲ) complexes are synthesized from the starting material of cis-(5.5.7.12.12.14-hexamethyl-1.4.8.11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)dichloro chromium(Ⅲ) chloride{cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(Cl)₂]Cl} with auxiliary ligands {L_(a)=malonate (mal^(2-). acetylacetonate (acac^(-). benzoate (bz^(-). p-chlorobenzoate(cbz^(-). chloroacetate(ca^(-))}. The compounds are a six-coordinated chromium(Ⅲ) complexes. The crystal of cis-[Cr([14]-decane)(acac)](ClO₄)₂ is monoclinic. space group C_(2/c). with cell constant a=20.021(1)Å. b=30.112(1)Å. c=12.708Å. α=90˚. β=127.112(1)˚. γ=90˚. V=6101.1(4)ų. and Z=8. The hexacoordination geometry around Cr^(3+) ion is a capped square pyramid made up of four amine nitrogens and bidentate acetyacetonate two oxygens. The crystal of cis-[Cr(tetb)(cbz)₂]ClO₄ is orthorhombic. space group P_(bca) with cell constant a=12.093(1)Å. b=20.358(1)Å. c=28.852Å. α=90˚. β=90˚. γ=90˚. V=7103.1(7)ų. and Z=8. The hexacoordination geometry around Cr^(3+) ion is a capped square pyramid made up of four amine nitrogens and two oxygens of two p-chlorobenzoate.

탈모증의 정신의학적 특성 분석 : 원형탈모증과 전신성탈모증간의 비교 분석

이길홍,이헌재 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.3

연구목적 : 원형탈모증의 심한 정도와 환자의 개인적 특성, 탈모양상, 정신의학적 특성, 동반 신체 질환 및 치료방법 등과 같은 탈모증 상관변인간의 관계 분석을 통해 탈모증의 원인적 변인들을 탐색하여, 이를 토대로 탈모 호발 성향이 있는 환자들의 치료 및 예방 지침을 수립하기 위해 연구를 시도하였다. 방 법 : 정신병리적 심각도와 탈모증의 심한 정도간에 상호 연관성을 알아보기 위하여 1998년 1월부터 12월까지 최근 1년간 중앙대학교 용산병원 피부과에 내원하여 정신과로 의뢰된 탈모증이 경미한 원형탈모증 환자 60명(남 25명, 여35명)과 탈모증 정도가 심한 일반 전신성 탈모증 환자 33명(남 15명, 여 18명)간의 임상 양상의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS-PC+90V 프로그램을 통해 자료 처리를 하였고, 집단간의 차이는 교차 분석 및 T-검증 분석을 통해 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 탈모증이 심할수록 겨울에 발병하고, 사회 경제수준이 낮다 2) 탈모증이 심할수록 탈모 과거력이 있고, 3회이상 재발하며, 탈모 정도가 심하고, 조기에 발병하며, 탈모기간이 2년 이상 장기간이고, 탈모 악화기간이 9개월 이상이 많으며, 첫 탈모 부위가 두정부이고, 눈썹 탈모가 많으며, 탈모부위가 2군데 이상이고, 부모가 탈모 경험이 있는 경우가 많다. 그리고 치료해도 변화가 없거나 악화되고, 치료를 실패하는 비율이 높다. 3) 탈모증이 심할수록 스트레스 지각도가 높고, 인간관계나 인성관계에서 적응상의 어려움을 겪으며, 가정내 적응이 원만하지 못하고, 최근 가정내 갈등으로 인한 생활 변동으로 인해 스트레스를 받는다. 4) 탈모증이 심할수록 우울증이 많고, 불안 증상들이나 우울 증상들을 흔히 호소하며, 인격장애가 있을 때 탈모가 촉진되고, 특히 히스테리성 인격이나 피동 공격성 인격을 지닐수록 탈모 정도가 심하다. 5) 탈모증이 심할수록 신경증적인 MMRI소견을 보이고, 특히 히스테리 성향이나 건강염려 성향이 높다. 6) 탈모증이 심할수록 동반 피부질환이 적고, 정신과약물인 alprazolam을 복용하고 있으며, tretinin이나 polytar, soraren을 사용하고, ultra-violet A 광선치료를 하는 경향이 있다. 결 론 : 정신사회적 스트레스와 탈모증이 밀접한 연관이 있고, 인격 장애가 탈모증에 선행하는 예측 인자이며, 자신의 심리적 갈등을 직접 표현하지 못하고 신체증상으로 전환시킬수록 탈모가 촉진되고, 탈모가 심할수록 정신의학적 문제를 흔히 야기한다는 것은 정신과적 개입이 필요함을 말해주고 있다. 따라서 1차 진료 의사인 피부가 의사들은 병발하는 정신장애에 대한 깊은 관심을 갖고, 공동 치료 계획을 세워야 한다. Objectives : The present study was performed to reveal correlations between the severity of the alopecia and their alopecia related variables such as patterns of hair loss, psychiatric characteristics, associate illnesses, and methods of treatment and to use them as basic materials for proper management and early prevention of the alopecia prone cases. Methods : In order to analyze correlation between the severity of psychopathogy and the severity of hair losses, the subjects were divided into two subgroups as the 60 case of alopecia areata and the 33 cases of alopecia totalis with more severely affected loss of hairs, who had visited to the department of psychiatry after they were consulted from the department of dermatology, Yongsan hopital, ChungAng University, Seoul, Koera, from January 1998 to December 1998. In data analysis, the subjects were statistically assessed by chi-squre test and T-test through SPSS-PC+8.0V. Results : 1) Those with the more severely affected alopecia were more likely to visit to the department of dermatology in winter, and to show lower socio-economical level in comparison to the alopecia areata. 2) Those with the more severely affected alopecia were more likely to show past history of alopecia, to recur frequently more than 3 times, to be damaged more severely, to have an younger mean age at onset of alopecia, to have longer total duration of hair loss than 2 years, to have longer recent duration of hair loss than 9 months, to have more loss of hairs on the vertex area at onset of alopecia, to have more loss of hairs in eyebrows, to have more loss of hairs more than 2 areas, to have more family history of alopecia in their parent, and to have poorer prognosis in comparison to those of the alopecia areata. 3) Psychosocial stress were positively correlated with the severity of loss of hairs. In the more severely affected alopecia group, their degree of stress were perceived higher. The more severely affected patients with alopecia, were poorer in their adjustment in family life, interpersonal reations or heterosexual relations, and suffered more from intrafamilial life changes in comparison to those of the alopecia areata group. 4) Those with the more severly affected alopecia were more likely to show serious psychopathology such as an increased rate of the depression, to complain more frequently with anxiety symptoms or depressive symptoms, to have personality disorders including the histrionic or the passive aggressive traits in comparison to the alopecia areata. 5) Those with the more severly affected alopecia were more likely to show neurotic MMRI code profiles such as histrionic or hypochondriacal trends. 6) Antianxiety drug such as alprazolam and drung therapies including tretinin, polytar or oral sorarens plus ultra-violet light A photochemotherapy were significantly more effective in the treatment of those with the more severly affected alopecia group. Conclusion : The most important factors in developing a psychopathologic reaction to the hair loss due to alopecia seems to be the presence of mental disorders including depression, the presence of stressful life events such as intrafamilial life changes, the presence of a significantly higher percentages of personality disorders such as the hysterical or the passive aggressive, and the presence of the psychosocial sequele and maladjustment in various life situations. From the above facts, the authors suggested that dermatologists acting as the primary care physician are in a unique position to recognize psychiatric comorbidity and execute meaningful intervention for patients with alopecia with psychiatrists.