E-초등학교 어린이의 영구치 맹출시기 및 순서

권정현,최병재,이제호,김성오,손흥규,최형준 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.2

치아 맹출은 나이, 성별, 인종, 시대에 따라 시기 및 순서의 차이가 있으나, 교과서에 인용되어 임상에서 사용되는 영구치 맹출 및 치근 형성에 대한 자료는 1933년 Logan과 Kronfeld가 발표한 것이므로 현재 한국 어린이의 영구치 맹출 경향과 차이가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 이번 연구의 목적은 한국 어린이의 영구치 맹출연령을 구하고, 이를 근거로 맹출순서를 알아보며, 이전 국내외 연구자료와 비교하여 차이를 알아보는 것이다. 이에 1998년부터 2005년까지 연세대학교 치과대학병원 소아치과에 내원하여 구강검진을 시행한 E-초등학교의 어린이 중 만 6세에서 만 12세의 2,619명 (남자 1,307명, 여자 1,312명)의 자료를 수집하여 영구치의 맹출시기 및 순서에 대해 연구 한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 상악의 영구치 맹출시기는 중절치는 남자 만 6.81세, 여자 만 6.73세, 측절치는 남자 만7.78세, 여자 만7.65세, 견치는 남자 만10.48세, 여자 만9.92세, 제1소구치는 남자 만9.76세, 여자 만9.63세, 제2소구치는 남자 만10.66세, 여자 만10.49세, 제1대구치는 남자 만6.39세, 여자 만6.26세, 제2대구치는 남자 만12.13세, 여자 만 12.03세로 나타났다. 2. 하악의 영구치 맹출시기는 중절치는 남녀 모두 정확한 시기의 측정은 불가능하였지만, 만 6.08세 이전에 맹출한다는 것을 추정 할 수 있었고, 측절치는 남자 만6.78세, 여자 만6.65세, 견치는 남자 만9.76세, 여자 만9.05세, 제1소구치는 남자 만9.82세, 여자 만9.59세, 제2소구치는 남자 만10.67세, 여자 만10.52세, 제1대구치는 남자 만6.22세, 여자 만6.12세, 제2대구치는 남자 만11.58세, 여자 만 11.14세로 나타났다. 3. 맹출순서는 상악은 제1대구치, 중절치, 측절치, 제1소구치, 견치, 제2소구치, 제2대구치 순이었고, 하악은 중절치, 제1대구치, 측절치, 견치, 제1소구치, 제2소구치, 제2대구치 순이었다. 4. 모든 영구치에서 남자보다 여자가 빨리 맹출하였으며, 상악은 약 0.19세, 하악은 약 0.29세 먼저 맹출하였다. 5. 남녀 모두 상악은 측절치와 제1소구치 사이, 하악은 측절치와 견치 사이에 휴지기가 있었고, 남자의 휴지기는 상악 1.98년, 하악 2.98년, 여자는 상악 1.98년, 하악 2.40년이었다. The purpose of this study was to present new data on the timing and sequence of permanent teeth emergence and to compare these findings with the results of earlier studies. The dental examinations had been performed to E-elementary school students, who visited the Yonsei University Dental Hospital between 1998 and 2005; 1,307 boys and 1,312 girls with the age ranging from 6 to 12 years old. The followings were concluded. 1. Eruption time of the maxillary permanent teeth is as follows, It was 6.81 years in male and 6.73 years in female for the central incisor, 7.78 years in male and 7.65 years in female for the lateral incisor, 10.48 years in male and 9.92 years in female for the canine, 9.76 years in male and 9.63 years in female for the first premolar, 10.66 years in male and 10.49 years in female for the second premolar, 6.39 years in male and 6.26 years in female for the first permanent molar, and 12.13 years in male and 12.03 years in female for the second permanent molar. 2. Eruption time of the mandibular permanent teeth is as follows. The central incisor could not be determined in this study, but it is assumed to erupt before the age of 6.08. In the mandible, eruption time was 6.78 years in male and 6.65 years in female for the lateral incisor, 9.76 years in male and 9.05 years in female for the canine, 9.82 years in male and 9.59 years in female for the first premolar, 10.67 years in male and 10.52 years in female for the second premolar, 6.22 years in male and 6.12 years in female for the first permanent molar, and 11.58 years in male and 11.14 years in female for the second permanent molar. 3. The eruption sequence is as follows. In the maxilla, the first permanent molar erupted first, followed by the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the first premolar, the canine, the second premolar, and the second permanent molar. In the mandible, the central incisor erupted first, followed by the first permanent molar, the lateral incisor, the canine, the first premolar, the second premolar, and the second permanent molar. 4. Tooth eruption occurred earlier in female compared to male by average of 0.19 year in the maxilla and 0.29 year in the mandible. 5. In both male and female, the hiatus (interval of rest) occurred between the emergence of lateral incisor and first premolar in the maxilla while it was observed between the lateral incisor and canine in the mandible. Male had a hiatus of 1.98 years in the maxilla and 2.90 years in the mandible, while the female's were 1.98 years and 2.40 years, respectively.

土壤의 몇가지 物理的, 化學的 性質이 煙草植物의 이온平衡(Ionic Balance)에 미치는 影響

金才正 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1978 煙草硏究 Vol.5 No.-

An experiment with the tobacco plant was conducted in the pots. A sandy humic soil was used with 2 levels of pH,3.5, and 5.8, with 2 kinds of anions, Cl as NH4Cl and SO4 as (NH4) 2SO4, and with 4 levels of pF, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.5. The pH-treatment created different N-forms; NH4 at low pH(3.5) and NO3 at high pH (5.8) At low pH with high concentration of NH4 given as NH4Cl, the high content of Cl in tobacco resulted in plants suffering from NH4- and Cl-toxicity, as well as Mn-toxicity. As a result of this a small and extremly abnormal growth was clearly appeared. In the tobacco grown at low pH with NH4 given as (NH4)2SO4, a large amount of the NH4-uptake developed Mg-and Ca-deficiency. The plants grown at high pH were all healthy, however, dry matter production was higher and maturity faster when SO4 was used as anion compared to Cl. It seems that at both pH values, the N-metabolism in the plants growing on the SO4 treatment is more active than in those growing on the Cl treatment. High moisture content in soil is necessary for a good development and growth of the tobacco plant. Phosphate uptake seemed to be limitted at higher moisture stress. The dry matter yields of tops and roots, respectively, were in the order of pF 1.5>2,0>2.5>3.5. Date of chemical analysis and dry matter yields of tops and roots showed that the tobacco plant followed the normal (C-A) concept. In the normal growth of plants, the carboxylate contente of tops was quite comparable to the estimated (C-A) values. If NH4 content of plants remains in quite high quantities, it must be analysed and take into consideration for the (C-A) calculation. Al is net transported towards tops in toxic amounts due to its high immobility, it mostly stay in or on the roots, probably precipitated as a salt, When Al is present in high quantities, it has to be considered into the (C-A) calculation.

입원 소아환자에서 정맥주사 시 통증 및 불안을 경감시키기 위한 중재연구

김묘진,백정희,서원석,김미영,박선경,박재성 한국의료QA학회 2005 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxiety and fear of pediatric patients and their parents who do not have understanding logical of their disease and hospitalization. This study attempted to identify pain reduction in related to therapeutic intervention by age and environmental improvement. Methods : A total of 194 hospitalized children and their parents were investigated. Data collection period was 3 months from March to May 2004. Four instruments were used to collect the data : Faces Pain Rating Scale(FPRS), Heart rate, Oxygen saturation and Pain behavioral check list. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program and tested χ2-test, t-test, ANCOVA. Results : 1. Age from 0 to 3, the Heart rate, FPRS, Oxygen saturation and Pain behavioral check list were significantly different in theraputic intervention group when compare to control group. 2. Age from 4 to 6, FPRS, Oxygen saturation and Pain behavioral check list were significantly different in theraputic intervention group when compare to control group. But the heart rate were not significantly different when compare to control group. 3. Age from 7 to 9, FPRS and Pain behavioral check list were significantly lower in therapeutic intervention group when compare to control group but Heart rate and Oxygen saturation were not significantly different when compare to control group. Conclusion : The results of this study concludes that most children experience acute pain during IV therapy and it can be reduced by age specific therapeutic intervention and by change of surrounding environment.

土性 및 pH差異가 湛水土壤의 메탄가스 生成에 미치는 影響

南相烈,金才正,鄭光溶 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1993 農業科學硏究 Vol.11 No.1

The effect of soil texture and pH on the behavior of anaerobic products in submerged soils, fatty acids and methane gas were studied. The study was done under anaerobically controlled system applied rice straw as carbon source at 30℃. 1. Methane formation was higher in the loamy soil compared to that obtained with sandy loam soil, in pH 7.0 compared to pH 4.5 and rice straw treatment enhanced the methane gas for-mation remarkably. 2. The Eh values were below -350 mV since 5 days after incuabtion in the treatment of pH 7.0 with rice straw, and in this condition methane content was about 65% and carbon dioxide 35%. 3. Acetic propionic, isobutyric, butyric, lactic isovaleric and valeric acid were detected during the incubation and acetic acid was accumulated in the large quantity under the condition that methane formation was inhibited. 4. The average methane formation rate during the incubation period was ranged from 0.0003 to 16.17 g/㎡/day which were depending on soil pH, Eh and organic material. 5. The conditions for inhibition of methane formation in submerged soil were low pH, low Eh and suppression of organic matter supply.

골프장의 잔디 토양에서 살균제 Tolclofosmethyl의 분해

정근욱,우선희,김흥태,사동민,김영기,홍순달,김재정,이재구 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Tolclofosmethyl (TCFM) is heavily and annually applied to the turf soils of most golf courses in Gyeongju to control the fungi known to cause the disease brown patch. The soil samples used for the experiment was collected three weeks after the annual application at the end of May in the year 2002. The preliminary results obtained from this study demonstrated that the repeated field annual applications of TCFM to the turf soils of a golf course located in Gyeongju city in the southern area of Korea showed the enhanced degradation of the parent compound TCFM, especially in the surface (0~15 cm) soil rather than the shallow subsurface (15~30 cm) and deep subsurface (30~45 cm) soils, compared to the corresponding surface (0~15 cm) and shallow and deep subsurface (15~30 cm and 30~45 cm) soils of the untreated plot. It appears that microorganisms in the soil may be involved in the enhanced degradation of TCFM.

Opening Address

Jai-Joung Kim 한국토양비료학회 2005 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2005 No.9

Effects of Fly Ash Application to Soil on Growth of Sorghum

Jai-Joung Kim(金才正) 한국토양비료학회 1995 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.28 No.4

EFFECTS OF pF, pH AND ANIONS IN SOIL ON THE GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSION OF THE TOBACCO PLANT(Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Kim, Jai-Joung 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1980 煙草硏究 Vol.7 No.-

충북지역 시설재배지 토성별 토양화학성의 상호관계

김재정(Jai-Joung Kim),강성수(Seong-Soo Kang),김기인(Ki-In Kim),홍순달(Soon-Dal Hong) 한국토양비료학회 2006 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.39 No.3

고효율 전자파 차폐를 위한 이종금속 코팅 탄소섬유 개발

문재정 ( Jai Joung Moon ),박옥경 ( Ok-kyung Park ),이중희 ( Joong Hee Lee ) 한국복합재료학회 2020 Composites research Vol.33 No.4

본 연구에서는 향상된 내구성을 가진 고효율 전자파차폐용 랜덤배향 시트 소재를 개발하기 위해 구리(Copper: Cu)와 니켈 (Nickel: Ni)이 코팅된 탄소섬유(Carbon fiber: CF)와 같은 하이브리드 소재를 습식공정을 통해 제조 하였다. 제조된 시트 소재는 69.4~93.0 dB의 높은 전자파 차폐효율을 보여주었다. 또한 하이브리드 금속으로 코팅된 Ni-Cu/CFs 시트는 Ni표면의 유효한 부식저항성과 기계적 저항성 때문에 가혹한 화학적/열적 환경하에서 매우 우수한 내구성을 보여주었다. 이와 관련하여 Ni-Cu/CF 시트는 Cu/CF 시트와 비교하여 1.7배 긴 수명을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. In this study, a hybrid metals such as copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) coated carbon fibers (Ni-Cu/CFs) was prepared by wet laid method to develop a randomly oriented sheet material for high-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding with the enhanced durability. The prepared sheet materials show a high electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of 69.4 to 93.0 dB. In addition, the hybrid metals coated Ni-Cu/CFs sheets showed very high durability with harsh chemical/thermal environments due to the effective corrosive and mechanical resistances of Ni surface. In this context, the Ni-Cu/CF sheet possesses longer service life than the Cu/CF sheet, that is, 1.7 times longer.