Critical role of bile acid (BA) in the cellular entry and permissiveness of Hepatitis B virus in vitro

Hong‑Jai Lee,Bo‑Young Shin,Jae‑Seung Moon,Ailyn Fadriquela,Selikem Abla Nuwormegbe,Chun‑Chang Ho,Jin‑Su Shin,Jee‑Sang Yoon,Sang‑Kyou Lee,Soo‑Ki Kim 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2020 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.16 No.3

Background Lack of universal replication system for hepatitis B virus with narrow host range and organ tropism has hampered to uncover the pathogenesis of HBV. Previously, we reported the essentiality of humoral milieu and its components toward HBV and hepatitis C virus survival/viability in vitro. Of these components, the precise role of enterohepatic humoral milieu such as bile acid (BA) on HBV cultivation in vitro and in vivo is unknown. Objective We explored whether BA, specifically taurochenodeoxycholic acid (tCDCA) would directly regulate the viral DNA and surface antigen expression of HBV in vitro, consequently rendering HBV to enter into human or murine immortalized hepatocytes, and non-hepatocytes. Result We found that higher concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (tCDCA) is able to preserve the genomic stability of HBV in cell-free DMEM, showing higher the surface antigenicity than taurocholic acid (tCA). In line, we found that in vitro cell culture condition (100 μmol/L of tCDCA coupled with 1 × 108 g e/mL HBV) would be optimal for HBV entry into target cells. Using this, human (HepG2, Huh7), and rodent (Hepa1c1c7, H4-II-E) hepatoma cell lines were infected by HBV, as evidenced by the presence of HBV biomarkers (HBsAg, and HBV DNA in culture supernatant, as well as HBcAg in cell). Further, cellular entry test revealed that HBV is able to infect 12 different non-hepatic cell lines regardless of species, and organ/tissue, consequently reproducing progeny as confirmed by HBV biomarkers. Last, reinfection test showed that the progenies of HBV from immortalized HepG2, and Hepa1c1c7 cells are able to enter into each or vice versa naïve HepG2, and Hepa1c1c7 cells with or without BA. Conclusion This study demonstrates that enterohepatic humoral milieu such as BA, specifically tCDCA would directly regulate HBV DNA and its surface antigen expression in vitro, consequently rendering HBV to enter into human or murine immortalized hepatocytes, and non-hepatocytes. This is the first note to render HBV permissive to human or rodent hepatic and non-hepatic cells via sole manipulation of humoral milieu, thus establishing the platform for in vitro robust replication system of HBV.

니체와 인간존엄

하재홍 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2015 法學論集 Vol.20 No.2

Legal system aims at autonomous logics and operation system and it has struck out a path of its own in our society to some extent. However, it cannot be denied that any development or logical growth of any legal study including that of modern times has been heavily indebted to the philosophical thinking of the times. But it can be easily found that legal expertise such as lawyers or attorneys in court deny such relations of the laws with philosophy but focusing only in autonomous or professional legal system isolated from the philosophical foundation. It is a phenomenon easily overlooked but actually it is an important issue to concern about. Humane studies and philosophy is not only a killing time luxury items to lawyers and also not impurities to filter out from the legal thinking processes when they are pursuing justice in legal field. Nevertheless, legal field has been indebted heavily on an absorption and accommodation of such interdisciplinary approaches so far. There has not been any such time that lawyers are so indifferent or even ignorant to extra legal field than today and it’s an issue to concern for that it will bring about a crisis of the laws which never existed before. With the advancement of the science technology, event that was only available in thought experiments has become realized in real world. In brief, serious issues on human dignity have been increased and this phenomenon demand critical review on the conventional way of thinking which finds foundation of the human dignity in reason, autonomy and responsibility. This research does not try to indicate a new ideal paradigm but tries to criticize present situation of the lawyers’ indifference or even negligence of the duties as a defender of the human dignity. Although it should be admitted that the best value of the laws is the human dignity, any enthusiastic attempt to find its real meaning is barely to be found in legal field of study. To enrich and to revitalize the contents of legal studies, assistances from the neighboring field of study such as philosophy or literature is required. This research tries to review the idea of Kant who laid foundational thinking to legal argument of human dignity and also tries to present the understanding of Nietzsche to criticize its’ limit and also provide an alternative as well. 법은 자율적인 논리와 작동방식을 지향하며, 또 우리 사회에서도 어느 정도 독자적인 영역을 구축해 왔다. 그러나 근대의 법(학)은 물론이고, 어느 시대의 법(학)이든 그때까지의 철학적 사유에 힘입어 성장·발전하여 온 것은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 그런데 우리 사회에서는 법학자 내지 법실무에 종사하는 전문가들이 철학과의 관련을 거부하고 자율적이고 전문적인 법의 논리에만 매몰되는 모습을 보이는 것을 쉽게 찾아볼 수 있는데, 이러한 현상은 쉽게 간과되지만 실상은 크게 걱정해야 할 문제라 생각된다. 인문학이나 철학은 시간적 여유가 있을 때 누리는 사치재이기만 한 것이 아니요, 또 법의 세계에서 정의를 추구하는 작업을 할 때는 머리에서 깨끗이 비워내야 하는 ‘불순물’도 아니다. 법의 세계는 오히려 이러한 요소들을 철저히 수용하면서 성장·발전해왔다고 생각된다. 아마도 법전문가들이 지금처럼 법학 외의 영역에 무관심한 때도 없지 않았을까 하며, 이러한 무관심은 전에 없는 법의 위기를 초래할 것이라는 점에서 대단히 우려스러운 현상이라 생각된다. 이 글에서는 인간존엄과 관련하여 어떤 새로운 이념형을 제시하려는 것이 아니라 인간존엄의 수호자들이어야 할 법률가들이 보이고 있는 무관심 내지 임무방기에 가까운 문제현상을 비판하고자 하였다. 법의 최고이념은 인간의 존엄과 가치인데, 법학에서 이에 관한 적극적인 의미를 모색해 보려는 시도는 찾아보기 어려운 지경이다. 인간의 존엄과 가치를 최고이념으로 수호하는 전사(戰士)를 양성하는 것이 법학교육의 목표라 한다면, 오늘날 우리의 법학도는 자신이 무엇을 지켜야 하는지를 제대로 알지 못한다고 하면 과장일까? 법학의 내용이 깊어지고 풍부해지려면, 법의 세계가 건강을 되찾으려면 철학이나 문학과 같은 인근 학문에서 도움을 받아야 할 것이다. 이 글에서는 그 동안 법학에서 인간존엄에 관한 논의의 기초를 형성한 칸트의 사유를 살펴보고, 그 한계에 대한 비판 및 대안으로서 니체의 이해를 제시하려고 하였다.

尹孤山詩攷(一) : 詩本의 樣相과 詩形態를 中心으로

洪在烋 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1998 연구논문집 Vol.30 No.1

尹孤山詩(二) : 詩本의 樣相과 詩形態를 중심으로

洪在烋 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1985 연구논문집 Vol.31 No.1

軸荷重과 自重의 比의 變化에 따른 긴 기둥의 좌굴하중의 영향

洪在鶴 단국대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

The stability problems of long elastic columns subjected to the concentrated axial loads at the ends and the distributed axial loads due to own weight are analysed. The governing equations of the buckled columns were derived, and using the boundary conditions and the deflection function in power series the characteristic equation of critical load for three cases were obtained. By solving the characteristic equations of critical load which include different number of terms in △, the buckling loads were calculated for various values of axial loads. The results of the analysis showed that: 1) The convergence of the buckling loads was very rapid so that the characteristic equations with third power term in △ gave very small error. This result showed the deflections function used in this study represented well the deflections of the long columns. 2) Effects of the concentrated axial loads on the buckling of long columns were greater than that of the distributed load due to own weight.

軸荷重과 自重에 의한 긴 기둥의 좌굴해석

洪在鶴 단국대학교 1987 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

Buckling problems of elastic systems have been studied by various methods for many conditions. In this paper stability problems of elastic columns subjected to the concentrated axial loads at the ends and distributed axial loads due to own weight are analysed. The governing equations of the buckled column were derived and using the boundary conditions and deflection function in power series the characteristic equations of critical load for four cases were obtained. By solving the characteristic equations of critical load which include different number of terms, the buckling loads were calculated. The results of the analysis showed that: 1) The convergence of the buckling load was very rapid so that the characteristic equations with only four terms gave the result which has an error less than 0.3 percents. 2) By applying the concentrated axial loads at the ends the buckling load decreased considerably for both boundary couditions.

Flammulina velutipes가 生産하는 酸素에 관한 硏究 : Ⅱ. 粗 Protease의 性質 Ⅱ. Properties of crude protease

洪載植 全北大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

Some properties of crude protease produced by Falmmulina velutipes during its growth in a rice straw medium were investigated. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The optimum pH of crude protease was 8.0 and the stable pH ranged from6.5 to 9.0. 2. The optimum temperature of crude protease was 50℃ and the thermal stability was below 50℃. Its activity was completely inactivated in 10 minutes at 70℃. 3. The activity of crude protease was inhibited by Hg^+, Ag^+ and Cd^#, and was activated by Ba^#.

嶺南歌辭文學硏究 (一) : 인제가사고 on Inje Gasa

洪在烋 대구교육대학교 1972 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

Gasa, a peculiar form of Korean literature, holds an important part of it in both qualityand contents. Gasa has been much written and widely read particularly in Yeungnam area in which many works are still found. As no excation and analysis of such works has been ever made, this paper tries to find out the characteristics of Gasa writtten in Geungnam area, especially those of "Inje Gasa" written but not published by Choi Hyeun. Choi Hyeun lived during the reign of King Sunjo of Lee Dynasty and had a governmental position of Gwanchalsa (governor). Around the time of Imjin-woiran, he expressed deep worry about the fate of his country and the agony of his people in his Gasa such as "Youngsaum" and "Myeungwolum." This Gasa is typical of its kind in contents and form and leaves a valuable mark in Korean literature.

日帝期의「朝鮮語科」韻文敎材考 : 訂正 普通學校學徒用朝鮮語讀本을 中心한

洪在烋 대구교육대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

I made an attempt to analize the contents and forms of instructional materials of verses appeared in the textbooksof Chosun-eu-kwa (Korean Language) at the Japanese-ruling period 1910~1945, particalurly the teaching materiasls of primary school. Nearly all the contents of verse material in the primary education are those suitable for the successful implementation of their policies. Accordingly, those materials are not so much for the fostering of emotions and developing of thinking as for labor and cultivation; their forms are largely divided into two-free-style poem and shijo but the forms takes diverse forms. These forms might exert not a little influence on those of Korean poetic songs and modern poetries.

尹孤山詩攷(三) : 詩本의 樣相과 詩形態를 中心으로

洪在烋 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1986 연구논문집 Vol.32 No.1