협동조합기본법 제정 이후 협동조합 발전에 대한 중간점검 -법·제도적 측면에서-

송재일 ( Song¸ Jae-il ) (사)한국협동조합학회 2021 韓國協同組合硏究 Vol.39 No.2

다가오는 2022년은 협동조합기본법 제정 10주년을 앞두고 있어서 협동조합기본법의 입법평가를 하여 향후 협동조합법제의 나아갈 방향을 모색하는 것이 필요한 시점이다. 협동조합기본법이 2012년 제정된 이후, 우리나라에서는 ‘협동조합 2.0’에 비유될 만큼 긍정적인 변화가 늘어났다. 사회적 연대나 공동선을 추구하는 많은 관련 법령들이 제정되었으며, 협동조합과 사회적 경제는 삶의 수준을 높여주고 있다. 협동조합기본법은 우리나라 협동조합의 모습을 다양하게 바꾼 것으로, 과학사에서 패러다임의 전환에 비견될 수 있겠다. 그 동안 여러 차례의 개정을 통해 그 규범적 효력이나 현실에서 적용되는 모습도 점차 개선되어 왔다. 그런데 아직도 우리나라의 협동조합 법제 하에서는 여러 가지 관련 문제들이 있어서 법령의 정비 및 개선이 필요하다. 예를 들면, 기본법 협동조합과 개별법 협동조합을 통일적으로 인식하지 못하는 문제점이 있고, 법인의 성격에서 영리와 비영리에 대한 혼선이 존재하며, 조합원거래와 비조합 원거래(원외 거래)에 대한 인식의 한계, 독점규제법 적용제외, 협동조합 회계의 독자성이나 적립금의 특성을 더 고려하여 재구성하는 등의 문제를 들 수 있다. 법제도의 개선에서는 어떠한 관점에서 봐야 하는지도 중요하다. 해외 사례도 살펴야 하지만, 사회경제시스템이 나라마다 상이하다는 점에서 우리나라 유사사례도 살펴 실무에서 원활하게 작동되는 우리만의 협동조합 법제도가 필요함은 당연할 것이다. 또한 미래사회의 협동조합을 전망하여 지속가능성을 담보하는 것도 필요하다. 장래 협동조합이 한층 더 발달하여 국가사회 경제 전체적으로 순기능을 극대화하기 위하여는 조합원의 사업이용을 도모하고 법인으로서 활동하는 데 필요한 법제도와 세제를 정비하는 것이 핵심적인 과제라 할 것이다. It has been almost 10 years since the Framework Act on Cooperatives commenced, so it is necessary to conduct a legislative evaluation of it to find the future direction of Cooperative laws. Since the Framework Act on Cooperatives was enacted in 2012, positive changes have increased enough to be compared to 2.0 of cooperatives in Korea. Many related laws and regulations seeking social solidarity or the common good have been enacted, and cooperatives and social economy are raising the standard of living. The Framework Act on Cooperatives fundamentally changed the appearance of cooperatives in Korea and can be compared to a paradigm shift in the history of science. In the meantime, through several revisions, its normative effect and application in reality have been gradually improved. However, there are still a number of related problems with cooperative law in Korea that need to be sorted out and improved. For example, there is a problem in that the basic law cooperatives and individual law cooperatives are not recognized in a unified way, there is confusion between for-profit and non-profit in the nature of a corporation, and there is a limit to the recognition of member transactions and non-member transactions (out-of-house transactions). There are also issues such as the need to reorganize the cooperative accounting in consideration of the uniqueness of the cooperative or the characteristics of the reserve. It is also important to see its point of view while improving the legal system. Although it is needed to look at overseas cases, since socio-economic systems differ from country to country, it is natural to need our own legal system for cooperatives that can work smoothly in practice by examining similar cases in Korea. It is also necessary to secure the sustainability of cooperatives in the future.

중소기업기본법상 중소기업협동조합의 중소기업자 지위 연구

송재일 ( Song¸ Jae-il ) (사)한국협동조합학회 2021 韓國協同組合硏究 Vol.39 No.1

중소기업기본법상 법의 적용대상이 되는 중소기업이 되기 위해서는 중소기업은 대기업이 아닌 기업이라는 의미에서 규모성 요건을, 시장경쟁을 촉진하는 기업이 되어야 한다는 의미에서 독립성 요건을 충족하여야 한다. 초기 중소기업기본법상 중소기업은 영리를 목적으로 하는 상법상 법인과 개인사업자를 원칙으로 하였고 중소기업협동조합법상 중소기업협동조합(연합회)도 포함하였으나, 중소기업시책이라는 특별요건을 부가하여 실제로 동법의 혜택을 받는 경우는 많지 않았다. 최근 비영리법인인 사회적기업을 비롯하여 협동조합기본법에 따른 일반협동조합(연합회), 사회적협동조합(연합회)까지도 규모성 요건 및 독립성 요건을 충족하면 중소기업으로 인정한다는 개정을 하였다. 이는 시장경쟁을 촉진하고 공익적 기능을 담당하는 협동조합에 대한 올바른 평가가 반영된 것으로서 바람직한 개정으로 본다. 그러나 중소기업기본법에서 주된 법적용대상이 되어야 할 중소기업협동조합이 실제 사례에서는 오히려 중소기업기본법의 혜택을 받지 못하고 있다. 문제점으로는 (1) 중소기업시책의 재량권 남용과 개별법의 불합리한 규제로 중소기업협동조합의 기본권을 과도하게 제한하는 것은 헌법상 과잉금지원칙에도 반한다. (2) 중소기업기본법에서 법의 적용대상이 되는 협동조합 간에는 중소기업으로 쉽게 인정받는 협동조합기본법상 협동조합(연합회), 소비자생활협동조합(연합회), 그리고 사회적기업과 비교할 때 중소기업협동조합은 쉽게 인정받지 못하는데, 이는 헌법상 평등원칙에 반하는 차별이며 합리적 이유도 없다. (3) 아울러 헌법상 국가의 중소기업의 자조조직 육성의무에도 반한다. 따라서 중소기업협동조합에 관하여는 사회적기업 등과 같은 비영리성을 인정하여 동등하게 혜택을 볼 수 있도록 별도의 중소기업시책 요건을 배제하고, 다른 협동조합과 동일하게 규모성과 독립성만 충족되면 법의 적용대상이 되는 중소기업으로 되도록 규정하여야 할 것이다. 이렇게 법 개정을 한다면, 헌법상 평등원칙 등에도 합치될 수 있으며, 중소기업기본법이나 중소기업협동조합법의 입법 목적에도 부합하게 된다. 최근 이러한 방향으로 중소기업기본법이 개정된 것은 바람직하다고 본다. There are some criteria that need to be met before a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) is considered subject to Korea’s Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises, such as those related to business size, independence for market competition. In the beginning, the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises applied only to corporations and the self-employed as defined by the Commercial Act. Recently however, social enterprises, which are similar to non-profit entities, and general and social cooperatives have been included, when they meet size and independence criteria. This is certainly an improvement as it reflects a correct evaluation of cooperatives: entities promoting market competition and contributing to the public interest. However, when it comes to SME cooperatives, it cannot be taken for granted that they are SMEs under the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises due to unnecessary regulation. The government still has discretion in determining whether SME policies apply to such cooperatives or not. This serves as a kind of reverse discrimination in regulation and runs counter to the principle of equality under the Constitution, both without good reason. “Equal opportunity” should be the basis from which Korean SMEs are legally viewed if they meet the requirements of business size and independence in the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises. This will be consistent with the principle of equality under the Constitution, and also comply with the legislative purpose of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises and the Small and Medium Enterprise Cooperatives Act. At this point, recent reform of Basic Act on SMEs is considered desirable.

First record of the cockroach Margattea Shelford (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) in Korea

Jaeil Shim,Jeong-Hun Song 한국응용곤충학회 2022 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.04

Characterization of Thin Liquid Films Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Jaeil Lee,Seungho Park,Ohmyoung Kwon,Young Ki Choi,Joon Sik Lee 대한기계학회 2002 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.16 No.11

Various characteristics of a thin liquid film in its vapor-phase are investigated using the molecular dynamics technique. Local distributions of the temperature, density, normal and tangential pressure components, and stress are calculated for various film thicknesses and temperature levels. Distributions of local stresses change considerably with respect to film thicknesses, and interfacial regions on both sides of the film start to overlap with each other as the film becomes thinner. Integration of the local stresses, i.e., the surface tension, however, does not vary much regardless of the interfacial overlap. The minimum thickness of a liquid film before rupturing is estimated with respect to the calculation domain sizes and is compared with a simple theoretical relation.<br/>

Acculturation for fashion consumer behavior: A case of Korean – American families

Jaeil Lee,이윤정 한국마케팅과학회 2015 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.6 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine how parents and children of an immigrant family interact with each other in their process of acculturation to become fashion consumers in a new culture. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 young adults to study the differences and interactions between parents and children of Korean- American families in relation to fashion-related values, attitudes and behaviors. A strong relationship between the values of parents and children was found in the Korean-American families interviewed. Two roles of fashion in relation to the acculturation process of Korean-American families were identified in this study. The two roles are, first as an indicator and second as a facilitator of acculturation. The results of this study provide a better understanding of intergenerational interaction in immigrant families who are leading transnational lives and the significance of fashion in their acculturation process as a medium of culture. This information will be useful in developing intervention programs that mediate acculturation of Korean-Americans, as well as other immigrant families. The process and characteristics of fashion-related behavior, one’s ethnic identity and the value adoption of Korean-Americans were identified through this study.

3-D Stacked DRAM Refresh Management With Guaranteed Data Reliability

Jaeil Lim,Hyunyul Lim,Sungho Kang IEEE 2015 IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of inte Vol.34 No.9

<P>The 3-D integrated dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) structure with a processor is being widely studied due to advantages, such as a large band-width and data communication power reduction. In these structures, the massive heat generation of the processor results in a high operating temperature and a high refresh rate of the DRAM. Thus, in the 3-D DRAM over processor architecture, temperature-aware refresh management is necessary. However, temperature determination is difficult, because in the 3-D DRAM, the temperature changes dynamically and temperature variation in a DRAM die is complicated. In this paper, a thermal guard-band set-up method for 3-D stacked DRAM is proposed. It considers the latency of the temperature data and the position difference between the temperature sensor and the DRAM cell. With this method, the data reliability of the on-chip temperature sensor-dependent adaptive refresh control is guaranteed. In addition, an efficient temperature sensor built-in and refresh control method is analyzed. The expected refresh power reduction is examined through a simulation.</P>

Species delimitation of a praying mantis Hierodula patellifera (Serville) based on morphological and molecular characters (Mantodea: Mantidae)

Jaeil Shim,Haechul Park,Seonghyun Kim,Jeong-Hun Song,Taeman Han,Taewoo Kim,Ho-Jong Ju 한국응용곤충학회 2019 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2019 No.10

The first discovery of the termite family Kalotermitidae (Blattodea: Termitoidae) in Korea

Jaeil Shim,Haechul Park,Wontae Kim,Jeong-Hun Song 한국응용곤충학회 2021 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

Antibacterial activity against fish pathogen of extracts from seaweeds

Jaeil Lee,Jinha Lee,Kihong Lee,Yukyeong Kim,Inho Seong,Inhae Lee,Kyongjin Ahn 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2016 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.05

Endoscopic Suturing for the Prevention and Treatment of Complications Associated with Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Large Duodenal Adenomas

Jaeil Chung,Kelly Wang,Alexander Podboy,Srinivas Gaddam,Simon K. Lo 대한소화기내시경학회 2022 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.55 No.1

Background/Aims: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is the primary treatment for duodenal adenomas; however, it is associatedwith a high risk of perforation and bleeding, especially with larger lesions. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibilityand safety of endoscopic suturing (ES) for the closure of mucosal defects after duodenal EMR. Methods: Consecutive adult patients who underwent ES of large mucosal defects after EMR of large (>2 cm) duodenal adenomaswere retrospectively enrolled. The OverStitch ES system was employed for closing mucosal defects after EMR. Clinical outcomes andcomplications, including delayed bleeding and perforation, were documented. Results: During the study period, ES of mucosal defects was performed in seven patients in eight sessions (six for prophylaxisand two for the treatment of perforation). All ES sessions were technically successful. No early or delayed post-EMR bleeding wasrecorded. In addition, no clinically obvious duodenal stricture or recurrence was encountered on endoscopic follow-up evaluation,and no patients required subsequent surgical intervention. Conclusions: ES for the prevention and treatment of duodenal perforation after EMR is technically feasible, safe, and effective. ES should be considered an option for preventing or treating perforations associated with EMR of large duodenal adenomas.