Microbiological Quality of Alternative Water Sources in the Urban Environment

( J. P. S. Sidhu ),( W. Ahmed ),( L. Hodgers ),( K. Smith ),( S. Toze ) 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2017 No.-

In Australia, decreasing rainfall, frequent drought and population growth in urban environments, along with an overall desire to achieve greater water sustainability, has increased the demand for alternative water sources such as stormwater, roof-harvested rainwater, and treated wastewater effluent. The potential public health risks associated with alternative water sources predominantly originate from the presence of enteric viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and protozoan parasites. Empirical data on the presence of pathogens is a prerequisite to accurately determine human health risks and the extent of treatment required prior to use for potable and nonpotable purposes. We have carried out a number of targeted studies on the microbiological quality of the roof-harvested rainwater, stormwater, and treated wastewater effluent in the Southeast Queensland (Australia). The main of aim these studies was to collect quantitative data on the presence of pathogens and make an assessment of the potential health risk associated with water reuse. A dedicated survey of the roof-harvested rainwater tanks in Brisbane has shown the presence of Campylobacter spp. (21%), Salmonella spp., (4%), and Giardia lamblia (13%). In addition, opportunistic pathogens Legionella spp. (99%) and Mycobacterium intracellulare (78%) were also detected\. The numbers of bacteria ranged up to 3.1 x 10⁶ PCR detectable units (pdu) L^-1 for Legionella spp., 9.6 X 10⁵ pdu L^-1 for P. aeruginosa, 6.8 X 10⁵ pdu L^-1 for M. intracellulare, 6.6 x 10⁵ pdu L^-1 for Acanthamoeba spp., 1.1 x 10⁵ pdu L^-1 for M. avium, and 9.8 X 10³ pdu L^-1 for L. pneumophila. The presence of potential opportunistic pathogens in tank water may present health risks if un-treated water is for potable and non-potable use in the house. Stormwater runoff from two urban catchments with different drainage area, impervious area, and land use, a potential source of pollution and population density was collected and analyzed for the presence of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria. The mean FIB numbers in water samples collected after the storm event ranged from 10 ³ to 10⁴ L^-1 for E. coli and 10 ⁴ to 10⁵ L^-1 for Enterococcus spp. Salmonella enterica numbers varied between 10 to 2400 MPN L^-1. Human adenovirus (HAdV) numbers in the stormwater varied between 10 to 10³ pdu L^-1, human polyomavirus (HPyV) numbers varied between 1 to 10³ pdu L^-1. Torque teno virus (HTtV) numbers varied between 10 to 7.45 x 10³ pdu L^-1. Somatic coliphages (Microviridae) was also widely prevalent with numbers varying between 10 to 10³ pdu L^-1. The results of this study suggest that enteric virus and bacterial pathogens frequently occur in the stormwater runoff in significant numbers which could lead to increased human health risks. A quantitative survey HAdV, HPyV, HTtV and somatic coliphage (Microviridae) numbers in influent and effluent samples was carried out from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) employing an activated sludge process to produce secondary treated effluent in Brisbane. HPyV, HAdV, HTtV and Microviridae were consistently detected in the primary influent in high numbers (10⁵ to 10⁶ pdu L^-1) and secondary treated effluent (10² to 10³ pdu L^-1) across all three treatment plants. Under appropriate conditions, WWTPs with activated sludge process could be an effective treatment barrier with > 3 log10 removal of enteric. The results confirm the occurrence of enteric viruses in significant numbers in secondary treated effluent, tertiary treatment may be required prior to effluent reuse or discharged into the environmental to prevent exposure of people to health hazards.

Reduction of d-lactate content in sauerkraut using starter cultures of recombinant Leuconostoc mesenteroides expressing the ldhL gene

Jin, Q.,Li, L.,Moon, J.S.,Cho, S.K.,Kim, Y.J.,Lee, S.J.,Han, N.S. Society for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Japan ; 2016 Journal of bioscience and bioengineering Vol.121 No.5

<P>The n-form of lactate, which causes metabolic stress upon excessive dietary intake, is mainly produced by Leuconostoc sp., the predominant species in sauerkraut. To shift the metabolic flux of D-lactate from pyruvate to L-lactate, we expressed the L-lactate dehydrogenase (ldhL) gene in Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293. The IdhL gene from Lactobacillus plantarum was introduced into L. mesenteroides using the shuttle vectors pLeuCM and pLeuCM42. To elevate the expression level of IdhL in L. mesenteroides, the nucleotides for pyruvate kinase promoter were fused to IdhL and cloned into above vectors to construct pLC18pkL and pLC42pkL. As results, introduction of pLC42pkL in L. mesenteroides significantly improved both L-LDH activity and L-lactate productivity during fermentation, decreasing the D-/L-lactate ratio. When used as a starter culture for sauerkraut fermentation, recombinant L. mesenteroides harboring pLC42pkL increased L-lactate concentration and decreased D-lactate concentration compared to the wild type strain. We newly developed a recombinant L. mesenteroides which has high L-lactate dehydrogenase activity and applied this strain to minimize the harmful effect of D-lactate during the sauerkraut fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time the effective use of recombinant Leuconostoc sp. for quality improvement of fermented foods. (C) 2015, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.</P>

Influence of l-Dopa adsorption time and concentration on Au nanorods aggregation for SERS quantitative analysis

Oliveira Tatiana A.,Martin Cibely S.,Rubira Rafael J.G.,de Barros Anerise,Mazali Italo O.,Constantino Carlos J.L. 한국물리학회 2023 Current Applied Physics Vol.54 No.-

Levodopa (l-Dopa) is an important neurotransmitter from the amino acid family and is also associated with the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The obtention of the l-Dopa SERS signal in colloid is a challenge due to the zwitterionic charge promoting repulsion from nanoparticle surface and leading to poor or not active SERS signal. In this work, SERS signal of l-Dopa was successfully obtained using Au nanorods (AuNRs) covered with a cationic lipid bilayer and using the 785 nm laser line. The UV–Vis extinction, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential results indicated an influence of l-Dopa adsorption time and l-Dopa concentration on AuNRs aggregation. The SERS signal followed this time dependence, being the characteristic l-Dopa band observed only after 30 min. The l-Dopa quantitative analysis using the standard addition method presented a linear SERS signal at 439 cm−1 with a limit of detection of 6.7 × 10−7 mol L−1 for peak intensity, and 7.9 × 10−7 mol L−1 for band integrated area.

Confirmation of the VeLLO L1148−IRS: star formation at very low (column) density

Kauffmann, J.,Bertoldi, F.,Bourke, T. L.,Myers, P. C.,Lee, C. W.,Huard, T. L. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.416 No.3

<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>We report the detection of a compact (∼5 arcsec; about 1800 au projected size) CO outflow from L1148−IRS. This confirms that this <I>Spitzer</I> source is physically associated with the nearby (≈325 pc) L1148 dense core. Radiative transfer modelling suggests an internal luminosity of 0.08 to 0.13 L<SUB>⊙</SUB>. This validates L1148−IRS as a Very Low Luminosity Object (VeLLO; <I>L</I>≤ 0.1 L<SUB>⊙</SUB>). The L1148 dense core has unusually low densities and column densities for a star‐forming core. It is difficult to understand how L1148−IRS might have formed under these conditions. Independent of the exact final mass of this VeLLO (which is likely <0.24 M<SUB>⊙</SUB>), L1148−IRS and similar VeLLOs might hold some clues about the isolated formation of brown dwarfs.</P>

An upgrade of the magnetic diagnostic system of the DIII-D tokamak for non-axisymmetric measurements.

King, J D,Strait, E J,Boivin, R L,Taussig, D,Watkins, M G,Hanson, J M,Logan, N C,Paz-Soldan, C,Pace, D C,Shiraki, D,Lanctot, M J,La Haye, R J,Lao, L L,Battaglia, D J,Sontag, A C,Haskey, S R,Bak, J G American Institute of Physics 2014 Review of scientific instruments Vol.85 No.8

<P>The DIII-D tokamak magnetic diagnostic system [E. J. Strait, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 023502 (2006)] has been upgraded to significantly expand the measurement of the plasma response to intrinsic and applied non-axisymmetric '3D' fields. The placement and design of 101 additional sensors allow resolution of toroidal mode numbers 1 n 3, and poloidal wavelengths smaller than MARS-F, IPEC, and VMEC magnetohydrodynamic model predictions. Small 3D perturbations, relative to the equilibrium field (10(-5) < δB/B0 < 10(-4)), require sub-millimeter fabrication and installation tolerances. This high precision is achieved using electrical discharge machined components, and alignment techniques employing rotary laser levels and a coordinate measurement machine. A 16-bit data acquisition system is used in conjunction with analog signal-processing to recover non-axisymmetric perturbations. Co-located radial and poloidal field measurements allow up to 14.2 cm spatial resolution of poloidal structures (plasma poloidal circumference is ~500 cm). The function of the new system is verified by comparing the rotating tearing mode structure, measured by 14 BP fluctuation sensors, with that measured by the upgraded B(R) saddle loop sensors after the mode locks to the vessel wall. The result is a nearly identical 2/1 helical eigenstructure in both cases.</P>

Development of an experimental apparatus and protocol for determining antimicrobial activities of gaseous plant essential oils

Seo, H.S.,Beuchat, L.R.,Kim, H.,Ryu, J.H. Elsevier Science Publishers 2015 International journal of food microbiology Vol.215 No.-

There is a growing interest in the use of naturally-occurring antimicrobial agents such as plant essential oils (EOs) to inhibit the growth of hazardous and spoilage microorganisms in foods. Gaseous EOs (EO gases) have many potential applications in the food industry, including use as antimicrobial agents in food packaging materials and sanitizing agents for foods and food-contact surfaces, and in food processing environments. Despite the potentially beneficial applications of EO gases, there is no standard method to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. Thus, the present study was aimed at developing an experimental apparatus and protocol to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of EO gases against microorganisms. A sealed experimental apparatus was constructed for simultaneous evaluation of antimicrobial activities of EO gases at different concentrations without creating concentration gradients. A differential medium was then evaluated in which a color change allowed for the determination of growth of glucose-fermenting microorganisms. Lastly, an experimental protocol for the assessment of MIC and MLC values of EO gases was developed, and these values were determined for 31 EO gases against Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model bacterium. Results showed that cinnamon bark EO gas had the lowest MIC (0.0391μl/ml), followed by thyme-thymol EO gas (0.0781μl/ml), oregano EO gas (0.3125μl/ml), peppermint EO gas (0.6250μl/ml), and thyme-linalool EO gas (0.6250μl/ml). The order of the MLC values of the EO gases against the E. coli O157:H7 was thyme-thymol (0.0781μl/ml)<cinnamon bark (0.1563μl/ml)<oregano (0.3125μl/ml)<peppermint (0.6250μl/ml)=thyme-linalool (0.6250μl/ml). The experimental apparatus and protocol enable rapid and accurate determination of the MIC and MLC values of EO gases and perhaps other types of gaseous antimicrobial agents.

A comparison of liveweight gain of lambs weaned early onto a herb-clover mixed sward and weaned conventionally onto a ryegrass-clover pasture and herb-clover mixed sward

W.E.M.L.J. Ekanayake,R.A. Corner-Thomas,L. M. Cranston,P.R. Kenyon,S.T. Morris 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.2

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify the impact of early weaning of lambs at approximately seven weeks of age onto a herb-clover mix on the liveweight gain of lambs and their dams. Methods: In 2015, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 134) were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: i) Early-weaned (58 days after the midpoint of lambing) onto an unrestricted allowance (>1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of herb-clover mix (HerbEW); ii) Lambs+dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of herb-clover mix until conventional weaning (95 days after the midpoint of lambing) (HerbCW); iii) Lambs+ dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (GrassCW). In 2016, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 170) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: i), ii), iii) (similar to 2015) and iv) Lambs+ dams unweaned onto a restricted allowance (<1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (93 days after the midpoint of lambing) (Restricted-GrassCW). Results: In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbCW and GrassCW lambs did not differ (p>0.05), but were greater than HerbEW lambs. In 2016, HerbCW lambs had greater (p<0.05) liveweight gains from L51 to L93 than GrassCW followed by HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW lambs. In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbEW ewes were greater than both GrassCW and HerbCW ewes while in 2016, liveweight gain of from L51 to L93 GrassCW and HerbCW ewes did not differ (p>0.05) but were greater (p<0.05) than those of HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW ewes. Conclusion: These results indicate that when grass-clover pasture supply can be maintained at unrestricted intake level, there may be no benefit of weaning lambs early. However, at restricted pasture conditions lambs can achieve greater liveweight gains when weaned early onto a herb-clover mix.

국내 분리 일본뇌염 바이러스 유전자에 대한 항체생성 연구(Ⅰ) : cloning of JEV viral genes

박찬,최우영,이호동,채수림,신은진,김인범,표재환,박근용,조해월 국립보건연구원 1999 국립보건원보 Vol.36 No.-

Spatiotemporal Mapping Reveals Regional Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in mdx Dystrophic Mice Ameliorated by Oral L-arginine Supplementation

( Kristy Swiderski ),( Rebecka Bindon ),( Jennifer Trieu ),( Timur Naim ),( Shana Schokman ),( Mathusi Swaminathan ),( Anita J L Leembruggen ),( Elisa L Hill-yardin ),( Rene Koopman ),( Joel C Bornste 대한소화기 기능성질환·운동학회 2020 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.26 No.1

Background/Aims Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy exhibit significant, ongoing impairments in gastrointestinal (GI) function likely resulting from dysregulated nitric oxide production. Compounds increasing neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and/or activity could improve GI dysfunction and enhance quality of life for dystrophic patients. We used video imaging and spatiotemporal mapping to identify GI dysfunction in mdx dystrophic mice and determine whether dietary intervention to enhance nitric oxide could alleviate aberrant colonic activity in muscular dystrophy. Methods Four-week-old male C57BL/10 and mdx mice received a specialized diet either with no supplementation (control) or supplemented (1 g/kg/day) with L-alanine, L-arginine, or L-citrulline for 8 weeks. At the conclusion of treatment, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and colon motility examined by spatiotemporal (ST) mapping ex vivo. Results ST mapping identified increased contraction number in the mid and distal colon of mdx mice on control and L-alanine supplemented diets relative to C57BL/10 mice (P < 0.05). Administration of either L-arginine or L-citrulline attenuated contraction number in distal colons of mdx mice relative to C57BL/10 mice. Conclusions GI dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been sadly neglected as an issue affecting quality of life. ST mapping identified regional GI dysfunction in the mdx dystrophic mouse. Dietary interventions to increase nitric oxide signaling in the GI tract reduced the number of colonic contractions and alleviated colonic constriction at rest. These findings in mdx mice reveal that L-arginine can improve colonic motility and has potential therapeutic relevance for alleviating GI discomfort, improving clinical care, and enhancing quality of life in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

J/ψproduction at low transverse momentum inp+pandd+ Au collisions at_sNN=200GeV

Adamczyk, L.,Adkins, J. K.,Agakishiev, G.,Aggarwal, M. M.,Ahammed, Z.,Alekseev, I.,Aparin, A.,Arkhipkin, D.,Aschenauer, E. C.,Attri, A.,Averichev, G. S.,Bai, X.,Bairathi, V.,Bellwied, R.,Bhasin, A.,Bh American Physical Society 2016 Physical Review C Vol.93 No.6

<P>We report on the measurement of J/psi production in the dielectron channel at midrapidity (vertical bar y vertical bar < 1) in p + p and d + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV from the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The transverse momentum p(T) spectra in p + p for pT < 4 GeV/c and d + Au collisions for p(T) < 3 GeV/c are presented. These measurements extend the STAR coverage for J/psi production in p + p collisions to low p(T). The < p(T)(2)> from the measured J/psi invariant cross section in p + p and d + Au collisions are evaluated and compared to similar measurements at other collision energies. The nuclear modification factor for J/psi is extracted as a function of pT and collision centrality in d + Au and compared to model calculations using the modified nuclear parton distribution function and a final-state J/psi nuclear absorption cross section.</P>