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[특별 기고] 엘리자베스 몰트만-벤델(Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel)의 페미니스트 생명 신학
위르겐 몰트만(Jürgen Moltmann ) 혜암신학연구소 2023 신학과교회 Vol.19 No.-
이 글은 위르겐 몰트만(Jürgen Moltmann)이 한평생 인생의 동반자이자 신학자 동료였던 엘리자베스 몰트만-벤델(Elisabeth Moltmann- Wendel)과 함께 살아왔던 삶의 궤적과 마지막 임종을 회고하면서 그녀가 심혈을 기울여 전개했던 페미니스트 신학에 대한 소회를 밝힌 글이다. 그는 아내의 사례를 통해 페미니스트 신학이 어떻게 시작되었는지 그리고 페미니스트 신학자들이 어떻게 생명 신학에 기여할 것으로 기대되는지 기술한다. 그러면서 몰트만은 페미니스트 신학에 대한 자신의 설명이 결코 가부장적이지 않기를 희망한다. 몰트만이 회상하는 엘리자베스의 페미니스트 신학의 시작은 1972년 8월 어느 날 일어난 전환의 경험이었다. 즉, 여성에게 동등한 가치, 동등한 존엄성, 동등한 권리가 부여되었다는 자각을 통해 여성들이 자신들의 삶을 스스로 결정하고, 스스로 규정하는 경험이었다. 이러한 경험을 기반으로 엘리자베스는 예수 주변의 여성들(막달라 마리아, 베다니의 마리아와 마르다, 마태복음과 그 어머니들, 마가복음의 여성 그룹, 누가복음의 여인 요안나 등)을 연구함으로써 페미니스트 관점에서 성서를 연구하도록 이끌었다. 몰트만이 엘리자베스가 페미니스트 신학을 전개하는 것을 곁에서 지켜보면서 주목한 점은 아내가 자신의 정체성을 “선하고 온전하고 아름답다”고 긍정하면서 행복해하는 모습이었다. 아울러 그는 대다수 그리스도인 여성들이 자신을 부정적으로 보는 것에 익숙해져 있기에 자신이 하나님께 받아들여졌다는 것을 아는 것이 얼마나 어려운지를 절감했다고 토로한다. 마침내 엘리자베스의 내면에 새겨진 “선하고 온전하고 아름답다”라는 칭의의 환호는 독일 여성 운동에 큰 영향을 끼치게 되었다. 몰트만은 엘리자베스와 결코 한 목소리만을 낸 적이 없고, 항상 두 목소리로 말했음을 밝힌다. 몰트만의 희망의 신학 및 십자가 신학과 엘리자베스의 페미니스트 신학은 많은 차이점이 있음을 인정한다. 그는 아내와 함께 끊임없이 토론하고 논쟁하며 때로는 절망하면서 서로 다른 두 목소리로 하나님과 그리스도에 관해 공동으로 발언하고 강연하며, 성서 연구를 했고, 책을 출간하였다. 그들은 자신의 것을 포기하지 않는 가운데 서로에게서 배웠고, 서로를 존중하였다. 그들의 단합은 항상 긍정되고 향유된 다양성, 곧 사랑과 존중의 단합이자 삶을 위한 깊고 지속적인 우정이었다. In diesem Artikel erinnert sich Jürgen Moltmann an seinen Lebensweg mit Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel, seiner lebenslangen Lebensgefährtin und theologischen Kollegin. Er präsentiert dann seine Ansichten zur feministischen Theologie, die Elizabeth sorgfältig entwickelt hatte. Am Fall seiner Frau beschreibt er, wie die feministische Theologie begann und welche Beiträge von feministischen Theologinnen zur Lebenstheologie erwartet werden. Dabei hofft Moltmann, dass seine Darstellung der feministischen Theologie niemals patriarchalisch sein wird. Die Anfänge der feministischen Theologie Elisabeths, an die sich Moltmann erinnert, war ein Bekehrungserlebnis, das sich eines Tages im August 1972 ereignete. Es war eine Erfahrung für Frauen, ihr Leben selbst zu bestimmen und zu definieren, indem sie sich bewusst waren, dass Frauen gleiche Werte, gleiche Würde und gleiche Rechte hatten. Auf der Grundlage dieser Erfahrungen studierte Elisabeth die Bibel aus einer feministischen Perspektive, indem sie die Frauen um Jesus (Maria Magdalena, Maria und Martha von Bethanien, Matthäus und ihre Mütter, die Frauengruppe des Markus, die Frau des Lukas Johanna usw.) untersuchte. Was Moltmann bemerkte, als er Elisabeth bei der Entwicklung der feministischen Theologie zusah, war die glückliche Erscheinung seiner Frau, die ihre Identität als „gut, vollkommen und schön“ bezeichnete. Moltmann sagt dabei, dass die Mehrheit der christlichen Frauen sich daran gewöhnt habe, sich negativ zu sehen, wie schwierig es sei, zu wissen, dass sie von Gott angenommen seien. Schließlich hatte die starke Überzeugung, die sich in Elisabeths Inneren bildete, nämlich der Jubel über die Rechtfertigung als „gut, vollkommen und schön“, großen Einfluss auf die deutsche Frauenbewegung. Moltmann gesteht, dass er nie mit Elisabeth mit einer Stimme gesprochen hat und immer mit zwei Stimmen gesprochen hat. Er erkennt an, dass es viele Unterschiede zwischen Moltmans Theologie der Hoffnung bzw. der Kreuzestheologie und Elisabeths feministischer Theologie gibt. In ständiger Diskussion, Auseinander- setzung und manchmal Verzweiflung mit seiner Frau sprach Moltmann gemeinsam über Gott und Christus mit zwei verschiedenen Stimmen, hielt Vorträge, studierte die Bibel und veröffentlichte Bücher. Sie lernten voneinander und respektierten einander, während sie ihre eigenen nicht aufgeben. Daher kommt es zu dem Schluss, dass ihre Einheit immer bekräftigt wurde und sich der Vielfalt erfreute: eine Einheit der Liebe und des Respekts, eine tiefe und dauerhafte Freundschaft zum Leben.
Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Movement Disorders
Jürgen Voges 대한신경외과학회 2003 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.34 No.4
Recently, deep brain stimulation(DBS) has been applied in many patients to treat movement disorder. Though this new methodology is in the stage of settlement, many aspects on DBS has not been well known yet. I reviewed related articles and my experience to summarize facts on DBS. Key words:Deep brain stimulation;Movement disorder.
Long-term Testing and Analysis of a ScSZ / LaSrCuFe Cell
Jürgen Wackerl,백동현,Torsten Markus 한국세라믹학회 2008 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.45 No.12
An electrolyte supported SOFC cell was tested at 800oC in air for 3600 h with an applied current density of 200 mA/cm² to examine possible cathode degradation issues. A scandium- stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) with additional manganese doping (ScSZ: Mn) was used as electrolyte. A strontium and copper-doped lanthanum ferrite (LaSrCuFe) and platinum were used as cathode and quasi-anode material, respectively. The DC resistance was logged over the complete testing period. Additionally, impedance spectroscopy was used from time to time to track changes of the cell in-situ. Post-test analysis of the cell using methods like scanning electron microscopy imaging and other electrochemical testing methods allow the identification of different degradation sources. The results indicate a promising combination of electrolyte and cathode material in terms of chemical compatibility and electrical performance. An electrolyte supported SOFC cell was tested at 800oC in air for 3600 h with an applied current density of 200 mA/cm² to examine possible cathode degradation issues. A scandium- stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) with additional manganese doping (ScSZ: Mn) was used as electrolyte. A strontium and copper-doped lanthanum ferrite (LaSrCuFe) and platinum were used as cathode and quasi-anode material, respectively. The DC resistance was logged over the complete testing period. Additionally, impedance spectroscopy was used from time to time to track changes of the cell in-situ. Post-test analysis of the cell using methods like scanning electron microscopy imaging and other electrochemical testing methods allow the identification of different degradation sources. The results indicate a promising combination of electrolyte and cathode material in terms of chemical compatibility and electrical performance.
Jürgen Rüland 서강대학교 동아연구소 2017 TRaNS(Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Sou Vol.5 No.1
With the resignation of President Soeharto in 1998 and subsequent democratization, Indonesia’s foreign policy underwent major changes. More stakeholders than under Soeharto’s New Order regime are now participating in foreignpolicy making. The country seemed to make democracy promotion a hallmark of its foreign policy, especially under the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004–2014). This raises the questions of whether and, if so, to what extent Indonesian democratization changed the country’s established foreign-policy role conceptions and how much impact Indonesia’s democratization had on the democratization of regional governance. The paper seeks to answer these questions by developing a theoretical framework based on a constructivist version of role theory. On the basis of speeches held by Indonesian political leaders in the United Nations General Assembly and major domestic foreignpolicy pronouncements, it documents changes in Indonesia’s foreign-policy role concepts. It shows that, indeed, in the Era Reformasi, democracy became a major component in the country’s foreign-policy role concept, although many elements of the role concept such as development orientation, Third Worldism, peace orientation, and a mediator’s role remained constant. However, the litmus test for a democracy-oriented foreign policy, that is, the democratization of regional governance in Southeast Asia, remains ambiguous, and concrete policy initiatives often declaratory.
Protein N-Glycosylation, Protein Folding, and Protein Quality Control
Jürgen Roth,Christian Zuber,박수진,Insook Jang,Yangsin Lee,Katarina Gaplovska Kysela,Valérie Le Fourn,Roger Santimaria,Bruno Guhl,조진원 한국분자세포생물학회 2010 Molecules and cells Vol.30 No.6
Quality control of protein folding represents a funda-mental cellular activity. Early steps of protein N-glycosylation involving the removal of three glucose and some specific mannose residues in the endoplasmic reticulum have been recognized as being of importance for protein quality control. Specific oligosaccharide structures resulting from the oligosaccharide processing may represent a glycocode promoting productive protein folding, whereas others may represent glyco-codes for routing not correctly folded proteins for dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol and subsequent degradation. Although quality control of protein folding is essential for the proper functioning of cells, it is also the basis for protein folding disorders since the recognition and elimination of non-native conformers can result either in loss-of-function or pathological-gain-of-function. The machinery for protein folding control represents a prime example of an intricate interactome present in a single organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, current views of mechanisms for the recognition and retention leading to productive protein folding or the eventual elimination of misfolded glycoproteins in yeast and mammalian cells are reviewed.
Degradation of Functional Materials in Temperature Gradients -Thermodiffusion and the Soret Effect
Jürgen Janek,Joachim Sann,Boris Mogwitz,Marcus Rohnke,Matthias Kleine-Boymann 한국세라믹학회 2012 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.49 No.1
Functional materials are often exposed to high temperatures and inherent temperature gradients. These temperature gradients act as thermodynamic driving forces for the diffusion of mobile components. The detailed consequences of thermodiffusion depend on the boundary conditions of the non-isothermal sample: Once the boundaries of the sample are inert and closed for exchange of the mobile components, thermodiffusion leads to their pile-up in the stationary state (the so called Soret effect). Once the system is open for an exchange of the mobile component, chemical diffusion adds to the Soret effect, and stationary non-zero component fluxes are additionally observed in the stationary state. In this review, the essential aspects of thermodiffusion and Soret effect in inorganic functional materials are briefly summarized and our current practical knowledge is reviewed. Major examples include nonstoichiometric binary compounds (oxides and other chalcogenides) and ternary solid solutions. The potential influence of the Soret effect on the long term stability of high temperature thermoelectrics is briefly discussed. Typical Soret coefficients for nonstoichiometric compounds are found to be of the order of (dδ/dT) ≈ 1%/K.