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Knowledge Activation in Story Comprehension
Irene-Anna N. Diakidoy,Loizos Michael,Antonis Kakas 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2017 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.18 No.4
The purpose of this study was to provide behavioral data regarding the world knowledge that readers activate during story comprehension with a view to inform the development of formal and computational representation of knowledge for automated comprehension. The focus of the study was on the amount, the structural aspects, and the coherence function of the activated knowledge. In a knowledge elicitation task, undergraduate students recorded the knowledge they deemed necessary for understanding each sentence in a set of four short stories in the form of property and causal knowledge rules. Results indicated the activation of a limited amount of knowledge that maintained both situational and conceptual connections with input. Situational inferencing and continuity (i.e., carrying over of previously activated ideas) were positively associated and varied as a function of story part. Findings are discussed in relation to dominant theoretical models of narrative comprehension and for their implications regarding the computational representation of knowledge in automated story comprehension
( Irene Sarosiek ),( Gengqing Song ),( Yan Sun ),( Hugo Sandoval ),( Stephen Sands ),( Jiande Chen ),( Richard W Mccallum ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2017 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.23 No.2
Background/Aims Nausea, an unpleasant symptom of diabetic gastroparesis (DMGP), has been reported to be alleviated by needleless transcutaneous electrical acupuncture (TEA). Our study was designed to utilize electroencephalography (EEG) and electrogastrography (EGG) recordings to investigate the central and peripheral responses of TEA in the treatment of nausea in DMGP patients. Methods Eleven DMGP subjects underwent simultaneous EEG and EGG testing while grading the severity of nausea following 30-minute intervals of: (1) baseline, (2) visual stimulation (VS) to provoke more nausea, (3) active VS together with TEA, and (4) TEA alone, and a final 15-minute recording without any intervention. Results The nausea score was increased to 5.9 ± 1.5 with VS (P < 0.05, vs 3.5 ± 1.0 at baseline), then reduced to 3.5 ± 1.2 with VS plus TEA, and to 2.5 ± 1.3 with TEA alone, while it continued at a score of 2.9 ± 1.0 post TEA (all significant, P < 0.05, vs VS without TEA). The mean percentage of normal gastric slow waves was decreased to 60.0 ± 5.7% with VS (P < 0.05, vs 66.6 ± 4.5% at baseline), then improved to 69.2 ± 4.8% with VS plus TEA, and maintained at 70 ± 3.6% with TEA alone. During initial VS, EEG signals showed right inferior frontal activity as the prominent finding, but during VS with TEA, left inferior frontal activity predominated. Conclusions In DMGP, TEA improves gastric dysrhythmia and ameliorates nausea. TEA treatment of nausea provoked by VS resulted in a change of dominance from right to left inferior frontal lobe activity. These data provide new understandings of peripheral and central mechanisms for nausea, and potential future directions for DMGP treatment approaches. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;23:245-253)
Irene Sarkar,Ramesh Chander 한국지질과학협의회 2002 Geosciences Journal Vol.6 No.3
The moderate magnitude Chamoli earthquake thatoccurred on March 29, 1999, in the Garhwal Higher Himalayaproduced, among many other observable effects, changes in flowof several artisan springs. Qualitative observations of significantchanges in the flow of ten springs located in regions of higherintensity show a strong spatial correlation with our preliminaryestimates of perturbing pore pressure field induced in the watersaturated shallow rocks of the region by the earthquake in its coseis-mic phase. The results are significant for it is the first successfulattempt in the Himalayan region to investigate the response patternof the local groundwater flow system to perturbations induced tothe ambient tectonic stress regime by a major earthquake.
Irene Joy I. dela Peña,윤서영,김희진,심홍,김지형,정나래,백세희,서용기,박석준,문병석,정재훈 한국식품과학회 2014 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.23 No.6
Effects of Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) extractson ethanol-induced psychomotor alterations were studiedusing Sprague-Dawley rats orally administered 4 g/kg ofethanol (EtOH group) or distilled water (control group). AnOFI-group received OFI extracts (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg)30 min prior to EtOH administration. Behavioral andhematological tests were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 h afterEtOH administration. Electroencephalogram (EEG) assessmentwas also performed. EtOH significantly (p<0.001) inducedpsychomotor alterations (reduced locomotion, balance,coordination, muscle strength, and tolerance to cold),compared with control group rats. Pre-treatment with OFIextracts alleviated alterations and also inhibited elevationof blood ethanol levels. EEG (percent of total power fordelta, theta, alpha, and beta) results for OFI group rats weresimilar to control rats, indicating a countering of EtOHinducedEEG changes. Extracts of OFI can be effective foralleviation of psychomotor alterations induced by EtOHadministration.
Peer review at the beginning of the 21st century
Irene Hames 한국과학학술지편집인협의회 2014 Science Editing Vol.1 No.1
Vigorous debate currently surrounds peer review, and polarized views are often expressed. Despite criticisms about the process, studies have found that it is still valued by researchers, with rigorous peer review being rated by authors as the most important service they expect to receive when paying to have their papers published open access. The expectations of peer review and what it can achieve need, however, to be realistic. Peer review is also only as good and effective as the people managing the process, and the large variation in standards that exists is one of the reasons some of the research and related communities have become critical of and disillusioned with the traditional model of peer review. The role of the editor is critical. All editors must act as proper editors, not just moving manuscripts automatically through the various stages, but making critical judgements throughout the process to reach sound and unbiased editorial decisions. New models and innovations in peer review are appearing. Many issues, however, remain the same: rigorous procedures and high ethical standards should be in place, those responsible for making decisions and managing the process need to be trained to equip them for their roles and responsibilities, and systems need to be adapted to deal with new challenges such as the increasing amounts of data being generated and needing to be taken into account when assessing the validity and soundness of work and the conclusions being drawn.
Factors Associated with Prolonged Patient-Attributable Delay in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer
Irene Zarcos-Pedrinaci,Teresa Téllez,Francisco Rivas-Ruiz,María del Carmen Padilla-Ruiz,Julia Alcaide,Antonio Rueda,María Luisa Baré,María Manuela Morales Suárez-Varela,Eduardo Briones,Cristina Sarasq 대한암학회 2018 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.50 No.4
Purpose The delayed diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) may be attributable to sociodemographic characteristics, to aspects of tumour histopathology or to the functioning of the health system. We seek to determine which of these factors most influences prolonged patient-attributable delay (PPAD) in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Materials and Methods A prospective, multicentre observational study was conducted in 22 Spanish hospitals. In total, 1,785 patients were recruited to the study between 2010 and 2012 and underwent elective or urgent surgery. PPAD is considered to occur when the time elapsed between a patient presenting the symptom and him/her seeking attention from the primary care physician or hospital emergency department exceeds 180 days. A bivariate analysis was performed to assess differences in variables segmented by tumour location and patient delay. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on the outcome variable, PPAD. Results The rate of PPAD among this population was 12.1%. PPAD was significantly associated with altered bowel rhythm (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 1.83) and with adenocarcinoma histology, in comparison with mucinous adenocarcinoma (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.71). Other sociocultural factors and clinicopathological features were not independent predictors of PPAD. Conclusion Many patients do not consider altered bowel rhythm an alarming symptom, warranting a visit to the doctor. PPAD could be reduced by improving health education, raising awareness of CRC-related symptoms.