비소세포폐암에서 Microsatellite Instability

전효성,김정란,손지웅,박선하,박태인,김창호,김인산,정태훈,박재용 경북대학교 병원 2001 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.5 No.1

연구베경:MMR 유전자의 불활성화에 의해 야기되는 뮤전적 불안정성은 발암기전의 한 부류로 인정되고 있다.저자들은 비소세포폐암의 발암과정에서의 MSI의 역할을 규명하기 위해 비소세포폐암에서 MSI의 빈도 및 MSI 유무에 따른 임상상의 차이를 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법:근치적 절제술을 받은 비소세포폐암 20예를 대상으로 하였다.동결된 폐암조직과 환자의 림프구에서 DNA를 추출한 후 3P와 9p의 15개의 marker들을 대상으로 PCR을 시행하고 7% polyacrylamide gel에서 전기영동한 후 silver 염색을 시행하였다. 암조직과 림프구 DNA의 PCR product의 band를 비교하여 MSI와 LOH를 판정하였다. 결과:1)대상환자들은 남자 19예,여자 1예였으며 모두 흡연자였고 평균 흠연력은 47 갑년이었다. 폐암의 조직형은 편평상피암 15예, 선암 4예,대세포암 1예였고, 술 후 병리학적 병기는 Ⅰ기 6예,Ⅱ기 5예, ⅢA기 7예,ⅢB기 2예였다. 2)20예 가운데 8예(40%)에서 MSI가 관찰되었으며 3예는 한 개의 marker에서,5예는 2개 이상의 marker에서 MSI가 관찰되었다. 3)LOH는 10예(50%)에서 있었으며,LOH유무에 따른 병가 및 흡연력의 차이가 없었다. 4)분석한 marker의 10% 이상에서 MSI가 관찰된 MSI-L종양은 5예였으며, 대부분의 marker에서 MSI양성인 MSI-H종양은 없었다.MSS종양과 MSI-L종양은 흡연력, 병기, 폐암 조직형 및 LOH 빈도의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론:비소세포폐암에서 MSI는 비교적 흔히 관찰되지만 MMR 유전자의 불활성화에 의한 MMP pathway 는 비소세포폐암의 주요 발생기전은 아닐 것으로 생각된다.향 후 비소세포폐암의 발암과정에 있어서 MMP pathway의 역할을 규명하기 위해서는 보다 많은 예를 대상으로 한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, MSI 발생기전에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: Microsatellite instability(MSI) is frequently used as an indicator of microsatellite mutator phenotype (MMP) tumors.MSI has been observed in a percentage of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).However, its role in tumorigenesis of NSCLC remains unknown.The frequency and partten of MSI in NSCLC were evaluted and clinical parameters of MSI-positive tumors with those of MSS(microsatellite stable) tumors were compared. Materials and Methods: Twenty surgically resected NSCLCs were analyzed for 15 microsatellite markers located at chromosomes 3p and 9p.The peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients were used as the source of the normal DNA. Results:1) of 20 cases, 8(40%) demonstrated MSI. 2) Instability was observed more frequently in tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats that in dinucleotide repeats. In all cases, instability appeared as a shift of individual allelic bands. 3) LOH was observed in 10(50%) of 20 tumors analyzed. 4) Of 20 cases, MSI-H tumor(showing MSI in the majority of markers) was absent. There were 5 MSI-L tumors( showing MSI in a greater than 10% of markers). 5) No significant difference was observed between MSI-L tumors and MSI negative tumors in terms of clinicopathologic features such as pack-year history of smoking, histologic subtype, and (delete) stage of disease.There was also no significant difference in the incidence of LOH in relation to the status of MSI. Conclusion: These data strongly suggest that MSI plays different roles in lung and colon cancer.MMP pathway appears to be far less important in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC, caused mainly by cigarette smoke, with little familial tendency.(tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2000,48:24-32)

흰쥐의 Bleomycin 誘發 肺纖維化 過程에서의 Collagen과 Glycosaminoglycan의 變動

金仁山,鄭泰浩,曺準承 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1990 慶北醫大誌 Vol.31 No.3

폐섬유화 과정에서 collagen과 GAG의 변동을 조사하기 위하여 bleomycin을 기관지를 통하여 흰쥐에 투여하여 폐섬유증을 유발한 후 경시적으로 collagen과 GAG의 변동을 조사하였다. 총 collagen량은 7일군에서는 변화가 없었으며 15일군에서부터 증가하여 계속 증가를 나타내었다. 총 GAG량은 7일군에서부터 유의성있게 증가하여 15일군에서는 약 100%의 증가율을 보였으며 30일군에서는 50%의 증가율을 나타냄으로써 감소경향을 보였다. 총 GAG에 대한 HA의 백분률은 전실험기간 동안 별다른 변화가 없었으며 Chs-A와 Chs-C의 백분률은 초기에 증가하였고 DS는 15일군부터 유의성있는 증가를 나타내어 폐섬유화 과정에서 collagen 증가시기와 비슷함을 보여줬다. H/HS의 백분률은 초기부터 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로써 폐섬유화 과정중 collagen과 GAG는 현저한 변화를 보였으나 그 의미와 상호관계는 알 수 없었으며 단지 GAG의 증가가 collagen의 증가보다 선행하는 것으로 보아 GAG가 collagen의 침착에 영향을 끼칠 것으로 사료되며 특히 DS는 collagen의 증가 시기와 비슷한 것으로 미루어 collagen과 밀접한 관계를 가질 것으로 사료된다. In order to determine the changes of collagen and glycosaminoglycans during the course of development of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, a single intratracheal injection of 1.5 unit of bleomycin was given in rats. Total lung collagen contents were increased at 15 days after bleomycin administration and this increase was continued to 60 days. Total lung glycosaminoglycan contents were significantly increased at 7 days, maximally increased at 15 days and then declined. Chondroitin sulfate A and C fractions and dermatan sulfate fraction were both increased in fibrotic lungs but the former at an early stage and the latter at a later stage. On the contrary, heparin/heparan sulafe fraction was decreased in fibrotic lungs at an early stage, and hyaluronic acid fraction remained unchanged during the fibrotic changes of lung. The results indicate that the changes of glycosaminoglycans precede those of collagen, so glycosaminoglycans may ffect the accummulation of collagen fibrils.

마태5,3-10에 대한 라틴 敎父들의 靈性的 고찰

張仁山 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1997 연구논문집 Vol.55 No.1

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht zu zeigen, wie Ambrosius und andere lateinische Kirchenvater (Hieronymus, Chromatius, Augustinus und Hilarius) die acht Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt verstanden haben. In der Alten Kirche hat die Bergpredigt des Herrn immer besondere Aufmerksamkeit erregt, weil man darin das Idealprogramm des christlichen Lebens sah. Mit ihr haben vor allem Johannes Chrysostomus und Gregorius von Nyssa gearbeitet. In der Bergpredigt waren naturlich die acht Seligpreisungen von besonderer Bedeutung, und es ist ganz verstandlich, da die Vater im Osten wie im Westen die acht Seligpreisungen mit besonderem Eifer erklart haben. So haben die lateinischen Kirchenvater diese Tradition der griechischen Seligpreisungenexegese aufgenommen und weitergefuhrt. Ambrosius und andere lateinische Kirchenvater haben, der Tradition der Alten Kirche folgend, die acht Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt als einen Weg der Seele zu Gott hin gedeutet. Die acht Seligpreisungen nach dem Matthausevangelium geben den Menschen Orientierung und ermoglichen demjenigen die Ankunft in die Heimat, der sich von ganzem Herzen nach der Seligkeit in Gott sehnt. Die Reihenfolge der Seligpreisungen zeigt den Pilgerweg und seine acht Stufen. Wer sich als Pilger versteht und sein irdisches Leben dementsprechend ausrichtet geht den Weg der Gluckseligkeit, der ihn in die Freiheit und die Vollkommenheit in Gott fuhrt. (1) Arm im Geiste bedeutet arm an Sunde, arm an Begierden, Einfalt des Glaubens und Demut. (2) Sanftmut bedeutet Dampfung der Leidenschaft, Dampfung des Zomes und Verzicht auf Vergeltung. (3) Beweinen der Sunde bedeutet die Notwendigkeit der Buße und die Bußtranen. (4) Hunger und Durst nach der Gerechtigkeit bedeutet die Gesundung des Menschen. Die geistige Speise versinnbildlicht Wot und Leib Gottes. (5) Barmherzigkeit bedeutet die Nachstenliebe und das Mitleid mil dem Sunder. (6) Reinheit des Herzens bedeutet die Reinheit des Gedankens und des Glaubens. (7) Friedenstiften bedeutet den inneren Frieden im Menschen zu stiften und Chiritus dem Friedensstifter zu folgen. (8) Verfolgung bedeutet Christus nachzuahmen bis zum Ende. In den Seligpreisungen ist Chiristus Pilgerleiter. Er lehrt nicht nur den Weg zur Gluckseligkeit der Menschen, sondern auch geht ihn voran. Sein Leben erleuchtet den Sinn der Seligpreisungen.

金體乾과 武藝圖譜通志에 실린 倭劍

허인욱,김산 한국체육사학회 2003 체육사학회지 Vol.11 No.-

The Wae-geom(倭劍) transmitted in the Joeseon(朝鮮) army as training curriculum after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂). Kim Che-geon lerand the Wae-geom in the trading center for the Japanese located in Dongnae(東萊)) by General Yoo Hyuk-yun(柳赫然) from the Sookjong(肅宗, the 19th King of Joeseon)'s accession year to 5th year. and then he had been gained some book which are recoded swordmanship when he had accompanied with the Joeseon Official envoys to Japan in the Sookjong 8th year. and he had added in his own version to the Wae-geom. and taught it to a solider. The Wae-geom maybe had been changed and recreated little by little in the Joeseon martial area.

肺纖維化 過程中 Collagen 및 Fibronectin의 遺傳子 發現과 Collagen 分劃의 變動

조준찬,김인산,조준승 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1990 慶北醫大誌 Vol.31 No.3

Bleomycin-induced lung damage is a well-characterized experimental model for studying pulmonary fibrosis. This model was used to examine α1(Ⅰ), α1(Ⅲ) procollagen and fibronectin mRNA levels and changes of collagen fractions during the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Rats were given 1 unit of bleomycin intratracheally and sacrificed at 4 days, 8 days, and then every week for 4 weeks. The lung tissue was assayed for collagen content by measuring total hydroxyproline content. Characteristics and specific increase of procollagen mRNAs and fibronectin mRNA were determined by northern blot and dot blot hybridization. There was a significant increase of hydroxyproline content of lung tissue following 2 weeks of bleomycin treatment. Northern blot analysis identified a major(5.3kb) and a minor (7.1kb) α1(Ⅰ) procollagen mRNA species and a single fibronectin mRNA species of 8.8kb in size. There was a significant difference among the three mRNAs in the relative increase and the time of maximum accumulation. While the accumulation of procollagen mRNAs was maximum between the 8 days and 14 days, that of fibronectin mRNA peaked in the first week after bleomycin treatment. The procollagen α1(Ⅰ) mRNA accumulated most dramatically(tenfold above the levels in the control lungs) compared with fourfold increases of mRNAs coding α1(Ⅲ) procollagen and fibronectin. In conclusion, specific increases in procollagen mRNAs in lung fibrosis precede increase of tissue collagen content. Type Ⅰ collagen may accumulate much more than type Ⅲ collagen, and the metabolism of tissue fibronectin may be perturbed during pulmonary fibrosis.

미니플레이트의 골내 고정원 적용 시 초기 안정성에 영향을 주는 요인에 대한 3차원 유한요소법적 연구

이남기,최동순,장인산,차봉근 대한치과교정학회 2008 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.38 No.5

본 연구는 골내 고정원으로 사용하는 미니플레이트 시스템의 초기 안정성에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 미니플레이트의 고정에 사용되는 미니스크류의 길이, 수 및 적용되는 교정력의 방향에 따른 골내응력 분포 양상과 미니스크류의 변위 정도를 분석하기 위하여 3차원 유한요소분석을 시행하였다. 단순화한 골 모델에 6 hole의 곡선형 미니플레이트를 위치하고 직경 2 mm의 미니스크류로 고정하되 각각 6 mm와 4 mm 길이의 두 가지 종류로 세 개 또는 두 개로 고정한 총 네 개의 유한요소모델을 제작한 후 각각의 모델에서 4 N의 교정력을 미니플레이트의 고정되지 않은(unfixed) 가장 원심측 두 개의 hole을 연결한 가상의 축에 대해 0˚, 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ 방향으로 각각 적용하였다. 미니플레이트를 고정하는 미니스크류가 동일 길이일 경우 개수가 작을수록, 동일 개수일 경우 길이가 짧을수록 골에 나타나는 최대 응력과 미니스크류의 최대 변위가 증가되었다. 골에 나타나는 최대 응력은 해면골에 비해 피질골에 집중되어 응력의 대부분은 피질골에서 흡수되었다. 미니플레이트의 가상의 축에 대해 교정력의 견인방향이 증가할수록 골내의 최대 응력과 미니스크류의 최대 변위가 증가되었다. 골내의 최대 응력과 미니스크류의 최대 변위는 적용된 견인력 지점에서 가장 가까운 미니스크류 고정 부위였다. 이상의 결과로 미니플레이트 시스템의 초기 안정성을 위해 2 mm 직경의 미니스크류를 사용 시 4 mm보다는 6 mm 길이의 미니스크류를, 2개보다는 3개식립하는 것이 더 유리하며, 미니플레이트의 가상의 축에 대해 적용하는 교정력의 견인방향이 가급적 일치되도록 미니플레이트를 위치시키는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution in bone and displacement distribution of the miniscrew according to the length and number of the miniscrews used for the fixation of miniplate, and the direction of orthodontic force. Methods: Four types of finite element models were designed to show various lengths (6 mm, 4 mm) and number (3, 2) of 2 mm diameter miniscrew used for the fixation of six holes for a curvilinear miniplate. A traction force of 4 N was applied at 0˚, 30˚, 60˚, and 90˚ to an imaginary axis connecting the two most distal unfixed holes of the miniplate. Results: The smaller the number of the miniscrew and the shorter the length of the miniscrew, the more the maximum von Mises stress in the bone and maximum displacement of the miniscrew increased. Most von Mises stress in the bone was absorbed in the cortical portion rather than in the cancellous portion. The more the angle of the applied force to the imaginary axis increased, the more the maximum von Mises stress in the bone and maximum displacement of the miniscrew increased. The maximum von Mises stress in the bone and maximum displacement of the miniscrew were measured around the most distal screw-fixed area. Conclusions: The results suggest that the miniplate system should be positioned in the rigid cortical bone with 3 miniscrews of 2 mm diameter and 6 mm length, and its imaginary axis placed as parallel as possible to the direction of orthodontic force to obtain good primary stability.

Liver‐Specific and Echogenic Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Facilitating Liver Cancer Discrimination

Min, Hyun Su,Son, Sejin,Lee, Tae Woong,Koo, Heebeom,Yoon, Hong Yeol,Na, Jin Hee,Choi, Yongseok,Park, Jae Hyung,Lee, Jaeyoung,Han, Moon Hee,Park, Rang‐,Woon,Kim, In‐,San,Jeong, Seo Young,Rh WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.23 No.44

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>With the increasing demand for instant real‐time ultrasound (US) imaging of a specific organ, target‐specific and long‐circulating ultrasound contrast agents are of special interest. A new species of echogenic hyaluronic acid nanoparticles is presented as an ultralong‐acting, liver‐specific, US contrast agent that is distinct from conventional gas‐filled microbubbles. Using an oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsification method, bioinert and hydrophobic perfluoropentane (PFP) is encapsulated as an ultrasound gas precursor into hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HANPs) using hydrophobic interactions. HANPs are formulated by self‐assembly, with amphiphilic hyaluronic acid‐5β‐cholanic acid (HA‐CA) conjugating in aqueous conditions. The resulting echogenic PFP‐encapsulated HANPs (Echo‐NPs) show solid nanostructures, differentiated from core‐empty conventional microbubbles, and exhibiting outstanding physical properties as an ultrasound contrast agent. They are more stable and robust echogenic solid bodies with an in vivo favorable hydrodynamic size and because PFPs vaporize gradually, their expansion process is very slow in body conditions. After several systemic circulations, echo‐NPs generated intense and ultralong echo signals for US imaging at the target site. The echogenic properties of Echo‐NPs show a significantly increased half‐life and echo persistence, compared with conventional microbubbles. The results clearly show that echo‐NPs outperform conventional microbubbles in terms of both physical and echogenic in vitro and in vivo properties.</P>

다양한 복합레진 시스템의 변연 누출도

김인수,민경산,신동훈 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.2

The object of this study was to compare the microleakage between various composite resin systems of multistep, one-bottle, and self-etching systems using electrical conductivity. After making class V cavities (4×3×1.5 mm around CEH), they were bulk filled with three kinds of resins of A3. Teeth were storaged in a saline solution for one day, after then, they were finished and polished using Sof-Lex system. Another stress of thermocycling was made for 500 times from 5° to 55 ℃ with each dwelling time of 10 seconds. Electrical conductivity (microamphere, ㎂) was checked four times: before and after cavity preparation, after filling, after thermocycling. One-way ANOVA and 95% Scheffe Post Hoc test was used for checking any statistical difference among groups. Another 95% Paired Samples T-test was also used for estimating any significant difference within group after cavity filling or thermocycling. The results were as follows: 1. Every specimen showed various range of microleakage after filling. There was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 2. All composite resin systems showed marked increase in microleakage with a thermocycling (p<0.05). there was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 3. Although there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.078), one-bottle and self-etching systems seemed to be unstable than multistep system. Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that much more consideration should be needed when using thermally unstable one-bottle and self-etching systems that have multi-advantages from simplified step. More studies will be needed to solve these kinds of problems.

유연하고 신속한 표면미세가공기술을 이용한 Micro-fluidic Channel 제작

김진산,성인하,김대은 한국공작기계학회 2002 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Recently, the need for transporting and manipulating minute amount of fluids in microscale channels (so-called micro-fluidics) has been increasing, especially in biotechnology and biochemical processing. This work demonstrates that the so-called mechano-chemical process which consists of mechanical abrasive action combined with chemical process can be used to fabricate micro-fluidic channels more rapidly and cost effectively than other methods. In this work, capillary filling of fluids in micro-channels was investigated by theoretical approaches and experiments. From the experimental results, it is expected that a complex micro-fluidic system can be fabricated using the micro-fabrication technique and microsystem packaging method described in this work.

숲 문화 체험 학습 프로그램 개발 모형

최인자,류청산 韓國實科敎育硏究學會 2001 實科敎育硏究 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study was to design of experiential learning program that can be utilized in the curriculums in the contents of subjects in elementary school. This study suggests the experiential learning model with three main issues namely six ranges of experiential learning, seven experiential elements, and three steps of development. And it showed the model of experiential learning program design which had five steps. 1.Choose the theme and goal. 2.Set up the range of experiential learning program. 3.Organize each step of experiential learning program activities. 4.Confirm the main experiential element of experiential learning program. 5.Organize each unit activity of experiential learning program step. With this model, experiential learning program of forest culture excursion is developed and suggested. Based on the result of this study, the following considerations are remarked for the substantial improvement of the experiential learning and further studies in this area. 1.Experiential learning should be established a theory. 2.Since this study only concerns with providing the experiential learning program of forest culture excursion, substantial studies verifying the effectiveness of this program should be accomplished. 3.Internet homepage should be managed to apply useful information of experiential learning.