일부 흡연 대학생의 지각된 스트레스와 흡연실태에 대한 상관관계 연구

강초록,권시내,권혜림,박수경,송인혜,오해인,이미지,한승아,황선아,김수지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2003 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.37

In spite of the seriousness of smoking harm has been developed these days. the increase of national smoking rate and that the people in the twenties are especially leading the rise of national smoking rate is an important issue of national health. Smoking of the university students can occur health problem and cause loss of manpower and expenses in their social activity period. So then the actual state for prevention of smoking and development of a program to prohibit smoking has to be seized urgently and starting with the study of the realities of university students, the effort to find a related fluent of smoking has to be studied. Related to this, the purpose of this study is to seize the general characteristics of smoking university students and to find out the relationship between perceived stress and smoking status among smoking university students. In addition, by collating the relationship between perceived stress and smoking status among smoking university students we have the purpose to furnish the basal data of stress care, the best way to cope with stress through group training and the plan for nursing implementation to decrease the smoking rate. For this study, a survey was conducted for 204 smoking university students of 13 universities in Seoul from 9th of May to 16th of May, 2003. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, Pearson Correlation and ANOVA in the statistical packages SPSS/PC. Major findings of this study are as follows; 1. Of the 204 respondents 85.4% of them were male and 14.6% of them were female. The average age of the sample was 23.19 years old and 41.8% of them were in senior, 21.4% in junior, 16.9% in sophomore, 19.9% in freshman grade. The major motivation to start smoking was 'because of curiosity'(33.8%) and the first smoking experience was at 'senior high school' (41.9%) and at 'college' (41.9%). 2 The highest scored stress factor of smoking university students were stresses about school work. 3. 72.7% had experience to quit smoking at least one or more times. Most of the reason to keep on smoking was 'short will to quit'(51.0%) and the smoking place was usually at 'school' (41.4%). Most respondents for the number ofsmoking friends were '5 people and above' (73.2%). 4. There was a negative relationship between the general characteristics and the entire perceived stress, however, there was a positive relationship between the general characteristics and the perceived stress in 4 categories which is 'sex distinction', 'major of study', 'residence form' and' inmate'. 5. There was a negative relationship between the general characteristics and the entire smoking status, however, there was a positive relationship between the general characteristics and the smoking status in 2 categories which is 'presence of hobby' and 'number of smoking friends'. 6. There was a negative relationship between the perceived stress and the smoking status. Through this study we have seized the relationship between the general characteristics, perceived stress and the smoking status of smoking university students. There was a positive relationship between some of the general characteristics with the perceived stress and the smoking status of smoking university students. Also there was a negative relationship between the perceived stress and the smoking status.

In-vitro and In-vivo Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) Extract

Kyung-Tae Kwon,Gi Jung Kim,Tae Yang Kim,Jin-A Yu,Su-Young Lee,Ji-Yoon Hong,Ye Lim Jang,Tessema Haimanot Miticu,Young-In Kwon 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2021 No.10

In this study, Nipa palm extract by solvent were investigated for their anti-hyperglycemic and using in-vitro, in-vivo animal models. In-vitro study, we investigated the inhibitory activities of Nipa palm stems and flower extracts by solvent against various digestive enzymes such as α-glucosidase, sucrase, maltase, and glucoamylase. In addition, α-amylase inhibitory activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid content were measured. Among solvent extract, stem water extract (SWE) had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (3.6 mg/ml of IC50) and high sucrase inhibitory activity (0.28 mg/ml IC50). Furthermore, the extracts were investigated for in-vivo post-prandial blood anti-hyperglycemic effect using Sprague-Dawley(SD) rat model. The maximum blood glucose concentration(Cmax) in SWE-treated SD-rat (0.5 g-ΚBE/kg-bw) was significantly lower than in untreated SD-rats (199.9±10.4 vs. 222.0±15.4 hr·mg/dL, p<0.05). These results indicate that SWE may improve exaggerated post-prandial spikes in blood glucose via inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase and thus delays carbohydrate absorption in colon.

내암 정인홍의 출처와 경세사상

권인호 ( Kwon In-ho ) 남명학연구원 2019 南冥學硏究論叢 Vol.24 No.-

이 논문의 핵심은 내암(來庵) 정인홍(鄭仁弘(1535~1623)의 출처(出處)와 경세(經世)사상이다. 당시의 시대상황이 훈척파와 사림파의 갈등으로 사화와 당쟁이 일어났다. 이어서 임진왜란과 인조반정 그리고 병자호란으로 이어지는 내우외환의 시기였다. 정인홍은 스승인 남명(南冥) 조식(曺植, 1501~1572)의 출처大節)를 특별히 칭송하였다. 그러면서 그 자신의 출처를 실천하는데 기준으로 삼았다. 또한 선배학자들의 문묘종사(文廟從祀)에 대해서도 출처로서 조식과 비교하면서 비판하였다. 그의 경세사상은 유교의 민본정치 사상의 수기치인(修己治人)을 중심이념으로 하였다. 이것은 『대학』의 중심사상으로, 유교의 이상적인 평화로운 세상인 대동(大同)사회로 지향하는 것이다. 광해군의 대동법 실시는 공물(貢物)폐해와 서리(胥吏) 망국론을 주장한 남명학파의 경세론이다. 정인홍은 임진왜란 때에 나라에서 임명한 의병대장을 사임하면서 올린 상소문에서, ‘오늘날 상황은 사람이 중병에 걸린 것과 같다’고 하였다. 동서고금의 역사는 나라가 망할 때 외침뿐만 아니라, 내부적인 정치상층부의 부정부패와 민심의 이반과 분열이 더 큰 원인이라는 것을 정인홍은 주장하였다. 사상이란 ‘시대의 산물’이고, 특히 철학이란 ‘시대정신의 정화(精華)’이다. The essence of this paper is Nae-am Jeong In-hong(鄭仁弘, 1535~1623)'s administration(經世) thought and Idea of obtaining and retiring(出處). In that times, conflicts between Huncheokpa and Sarimpa led to calamities of scholars and party strifes. The later era was a period of troubles both at home and abroad, such as Japanese Invasion in 1592, King Injo Restoration and Manchu Invasion in 1636. Jeong In-hong especially praised his teacher, Nammyeong (南冥) Cho shik(曺植, 1501~1572) in terms of the idea of obtaining and retiring. And then, he used the attitude of the teacher as a basis for practicing his idea of obtaining and retiring. Moreover, He criticized the enshrinement of confucian Scholars in Munmyo(文廟宗祀) of senior scholars in comparison with Cho Shik in terms of obtaining and retiring. His administration thought was based on the idea of "self-cultivation and governing people(修己治人)" that was the main political thought of people based-on in Confucianism. This was the central idea of Great Learning, which aimed at the 'Daedong(大同) society', the ideal and peaceful world of Confucianism. The implementation of Daedong-Law in Gwanghaegun period was based on the administration thought of Nammyeong School who advocated abusing on tributary payment and the idea of ruining country by deputies. He resigned from the patriotic army chief who was appointed in the country during the Japanese Invasion, saying, "Current situation is like a man suffering from serious illness". In examining the history of East and West, Jeong In-hong insisted that not only the external invasion but also the internal corruption of the upper echelons and the dissent of the people are more likely to cause the country to collapse. Thought is "the product of the times", and philosophy is especially "the essence of Zeitgeist".

내암(來庵) 정인홍(鄭仁弘) 정치(政治) 철학사상(哲學思想)과 공업(功業)의 위상 연구(位相 硏究) : 중국의 북송(北宋) 범중엄(范仲淹), 월남(越南)의 려조(黎朝) 완치(阮치)를 비교하며

권인호 ( In Ho Kwon ) 東洋哲學硏究會 2008 東洋哲學硏究 Vol.53 No.-

유학은 사람에게 필수적이고 실학적인 학문이다. 즉 유학사상의 종지는 『대학』 에서 말하는 `수기치인`으로서 구체적으로 `경세사상`이라고 할 수 있다. 이 논문의 중심 연구대상 인물인 정인홍은 조식의 수제자이자 조선 중기 강우학파(남명학파)의 대표적 인물이다. 또한 그는 선조 말년에서 광해군 시대 대북파의 영수이고 임진왜란 때 제일의 의병장이며 조선조 산림정치의 효시를 이룬 인물이다. 그의 정치철학과 학문사상 및 공적과 업적은 한 마디로 "출장입상(出將入相)"으로 표현될 수 있는 국가와 사회에 공업을 이룩한 사람이다. 그것은 조선 후기 실학적 사상과도 연결되는 특징을 가진다. 정인홍이 효렴과 탁행으로 이른바 `오현사`의 한 사람으로 발탁되어, 남명 조식의 유교적 민본과 실천적 학문사상을 이어받아 출사하였던 시대적 중요성의 의의를 부각할 수 있는 바탕을 가진다. 이를 보다 구체적으로 정인홍이 경연 강의와 상소문에서 시폐에 대한 광정을 개진하고 `당대 최고의 선정관` 및 기축옥사의 올바른 처리와 임진왜란 때 창의하여 의병장으로 실천하는 모습을 재조명 해본다. 정인홍은 올바른 유학자상을 지녔으면서도 파란만장하고 불행한 개인의 생애를 중국 북송 시대 범중엄과 월남의 려조 완채에 비교하여 연구 하였다. 일찍이 사마천의 『사기』 「공자세가」에 "문사가 있는 자는 반드시 무비가 있는 법이다."라는 말에서 `출장입상`이라는 공통점을 정인홍과 범중엄 그리고 완채를 비교 연구하기에 알맞은 인물이다. 범중엄에 대해 『사고전서제요』 등에서도 극찬하였는데, 그의 정치사상으로는 `선우후락` 사상으로 유학의 민본사상을 바탕으로 한 것이었고 대략 `그의 인품과 행사는 시대에 매우 탁월하였다. 베트남의 완채가 지은「평오대고」의 전체적인 요지는 중국 명나라의 침략에 맞서 월남의 독립을 이루어 나가는 역사적 쾌거 사실을 기록하였다. 여기에 도도히 흐르는 그 핵심 주제는 유학적 민본사상이었다. Confucianism is essential and practical science for the people. Therefore, the core of Confucian thought is `self-Cultivation and the Ordering of Society`(修己治人) in the Great Learning(『大學』) or the 8administration thought(經世思想). But the study of Confucianism and ancient sages in Joseon have attached weight to Neo-Confucianism of Song period and the people who are related to that. Jeong In-hong(鄭仁弘, 1535-1623) who is the central figure of this study was Cho Sik(曺植,1501-1572)`s best pupil and representative person of the School of Right-river(江右學派[the School of Nam-myeong 南冥學派]) in the middle period of Joseon. `To become a general outside, to become a prime minister inside(出將入相)` is the expression of His political philosophy, learning and achievement are expression. He distinguished himself at the country and society. That result was connected with practical science in the latter period of Joseon. I studied his political philosophy and achievement in comparison with Fan Zhong-yan(范仲淹, 989-1052) in the North Song dynasty, China and Nguyen Trai(阮치, 1380-1442) in the Le Dynasty, Vietnam. Fan Zhong-yan won high praise by 『Sikuquanshutiyao 四庫全書提要』. This material said that his personality and behavior were excellent of the times. The core of His political philosophy is the thought of `Feel anxiety first, enjoy later (先憂後樂)` that was based on democratic thought of Confucianism. Nguyen Trai recorded historical fact of brilliant that resist Ming dynasty, China and achieve independence of Vietnam in 「BinhNgoDaiCao 平吳大誥」 The main theme of this record is democratic thought of Confucianism.

기획논문 : 인조반정(仁祖反正)과 남명학파(南冥學派) ; 인조반정(仁祖反正)과 정인홍(鄭仁弘)의 정치철학적 재평가

권인호 ( In Ho Kwon ) 南冥學硏究院 2011 南冥學 Vol.16 No.-

이른바 ‘인조반정(광해군 15년; 인조 1년; 1623년 3월)’ 후에 정인홍(1535-1623)의 ‘산림정치’를 이귀(1557-1632) 등 쿠데타의 주역들이 당시 송익필(1534-1599)과 이이(1536-1584)의 제자인 김장생(1548-1631)을 불러내어 흉내 내었다. 인조반정은 그 성격 상 서인의 왕위찬탈과 정치 쿠데타(Coup d`Etat)의 성격이 강하다. 이후 그들의 밀약대로 ‘무실국혼, 숭장산림’으로, 조선조 말기까지 서인-노론-세도정치로 이어져 망국의 주요한 원인이 되었다고 본다. 정인홍은 인조반정에 의해 역적으로 몰려 참형을 당한 인물이다. 이 사건의 289년 후인 대한제국 순종 융희 2년(1908년 4월 30일)에야 칙명으로 영의정으로 신원복작이 되었다. 모든 역사가 ‘승자의 자기변명과 정당화’라고 하지만, 또한 ‘역사는 과거와 현재의 끊임없는 대화’라는 역사철학적 의견도 있다. 그렇기 때문에 역사적 재평가는 계속되어야 한다. 과거 한국과 중국의 역사에서 부왕(황이) 죽고 어린 왕(황제)이 즉위하여 그 모후가 섭정했을 때, 대개의 경우 외척들이 발호하여 정치와 경제가 파탄하여 민중의 삶이 도탄에 빠지고 끝내 망국으로 치달았던 일반적인 모습을 보게 된다. 광해군 시대의 계모후인 인목왕후 연안 김씨와 그 배후 정치세력의 성격은 이미 많은 문제점을 노출하였다. 조선의 태종 이방원은 태조 이성계의 일곱 왕자 가운데 유일하게 고려 말에 문과에 급제한 총명한 사람이다. 이성계의 역성혁명과 왕업을 도우고 아들 세종을 성군으로 만드는 기틀을 마련한 영명한 군주였다. 그는 형제와 외척들(여흥 민씨, 청송 심씨)을 제거하고 계모후인 신덕왕후의 정릉을 도성 밖으로 이장했다. 그렇지만 후대에 감히 어떤 이가 태종을 인륜도덕을 어긴 ‘폐모살제’를 운운하며 욕하는 이가 있으며, 세조 또한 유사한데도 그 누가 이를 빌미로 왕위찬탈의 역모를 하여 성공한 것을 정당하게 기록했던가? 정인홍은 유교적 민본적 정치 학문사상과 지방관으로서 당대 최고의 선정관과 중앙 조정에서의 추상같은 공정성과 청렴함 경연에서 훌륭한 학자의 풍모가 있었다. 그리고 임진왜란 때 의병 창의하여 ‘출장입상’의 경륜과 ‘출처대의’를 올바로 평가해야 한 오히려 도덕정치와 내치외교에서 철저하게 실패한 인조와 그 반정공신들 및 그 후예들의 정치행태는 새롭게 비판적으로 평가되어야 한다. ‘잘못된 임금은 放伐할 수 있다’는 것이 맹자의 ‘폭군일부론’이며 혁명론이다. 그것이 정당하려면 반정세력들이 유교의 민본과 정치에서 혁명의 당위성이 있어야 한다. 그렇지 못하면 북송 때 사마광은 ‘맹자의 ’역위‘와 ’혁명론‘은 왕위 찬탈과 역적들의 구실이 될 것으로 비판 하였다.먼저 ‘앞의 왕이 ’걸주‘처럼 폭군이고 뒤의 왕이 ’탕무‘처럼 현군이라야 가할 것’이라고 일찍이 주희는 이야기 한 바가 있다. 과연 인조반정이 그랬던가? After the King Injo Restoration, Yi, Gui(1557~1632), including participants of the coup, imitated Jeong, In-hong`s politics of Sallim with Kim, Jang-saeng(1548~1631), a fellow pupil. The King Injo Restoration was a political coup d`Etat and a usurpation the throne by Soin. Soin`s coup was the first chain of Soin, Noron and In-raw gorvernment, moreover, it was the major reason of the fall of Joseon dynasty. Jeong, In-hong was the person who was beheaded by false charges. After 289 years, Great Han Empire Sunjong[純宗] Yoonghi [隆熙] 2nd year(April 30th, 1908), he was rehabilitated as the prime minister of the Joseon dynasty by emperor. Someone says that every scene of history was "self-vindication and justification of winners", but there is the historical philosophical opinion of "History is an unending dialogue between the present and the past." In Korean and Chinese history, when a former queen[empress] acted as regent for the young king after a king or emperor was dead, mostly, the maternal relatives dominated the political situation, as a result, the people and dynasty[empire] fall into extreme distress. In the reign of Gwanghaegun, there was many problems of the queen as king`s stepmother, Inmok Queen Kim`s speech and her de facto power. King Taejon, Lee, Bang-won was an intelligent person and he was the only person who was pass the civil service examination among seven sons of King Taejo, Lee, Seong-gye in goryo dynasty. He helped father`s dynastic revolution and made his son, King Sejong, as a sage king. He purged his brothers and maternal relatives(Yeoheung Min`s family, Cheongsong Sim`s family) and change the burial site of the queen as king`s stepmother, Shindeok Queen Kang`s royal tomb to out of a capital city. Nevertheless, was there a person who dared to abuse King Taejong by reason of ``deposing mother queen and killing brother``? Was there a person who succeeded in usurpation and restoration against King Sejo, similar to King Taejong. Jeong, in-hong became the best mayor of the day and he was equipped impartiality and integrity in royal court and he had a scholarly appearance in Gyeongyeon[經筵] with his Confucian and democratic thought of politics. We should estimate his raising an army in the cause of justice based on the thought of ‘To become a general outside, to become a prime minister inside`` and ``Enter the government service and Live in seclusion``. On the contrary, we should estimate critically King Injo, the coup confederates and the successors those failed in ethical politics, internal administration and diplomacy desperately. ``The wrong King could be punished``, that was the Mengzi`s thoughts of ``A tyrant is an ordinary man`` and revolution. Revolution or restoration should have Confucian and democratic legitimacy. In other words, the changing of Providence should be admitted by public sentiment. In the age of Northern Song, Ssu-ma Kuang criticized that Mengzi`s thougnt of changing the throne and revolution will be a excuse for traitors who try to usurp the throne. So Zhu Xi said that ``It is possible when the former king must be a tyrant like Jie Zhou[桀紂] and the latter king must be a wise king like Tang Wu[湯武]``. Was The King Injo Restoration really as Zhu Xi said?

아프리카 食糧生産의 主要 規制要因

王仁槿,權五復 서울大學校 農科大學 1986 서울대농학연구지 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to overally analyze and examine some major derermining factors of the Sub-Saharan Africa's food production as part of a larger study primarily conducted by the second author through literature study approach. Significance of the study may lie in the fact that many latecomer developing countries in the Black African Continent have been seriously suffering from hunger and even famine, that the agricultural food production is the core of the agricultural and rural development in many of these countries, that the agricultural and rural development may be approximated to the national development itself in many countries, and that Africa as the major pocket of serious poverty and un-development of the world today is, manifestly and potentially, significantly concerned with national interests of Korea as an emerging donor firstcomer developing country in international assistance-cum-cooperation, in particular for agricultural and rural development. Five major categories of the determining factors of the food production have been selectively identified, problem- or constraint-wise. They are colonization antecedents, environments and resources, national development policy decision-makings including, of course, those of the agriculural and rural development, land tenure system, and technology and productivity. The relatively long colonization experiences by European powers the African countries had to historically undergo have had such impacts upon the food production as: the divergent use of the African native labor of the productive age bracket in mines and plantations owned and managed by Europeans of the colonizing countries, depriving the rural areas of the agricultural labor needed, plunder of good arable lands by European colonizers that were used to be cultivated for producing staple food grains, implementation of agricultural policies with special emphasis on export crops with the result of a typical monoculture farming skewedly developed, and introduction of the economic dualism. The major physical or natural environments that affect significantly the good production may be: frequent haunting of serious and wide-spread droughts in recent years, and the 'tse-tse fly' damage the extent of which, area-wise, has been estimated at nearly one-thirds of the Black African Content. Population and livestock have been rapidly increasing, resulting in ultimate consequences of deterioration of land fertility and desertification. The irrigation level is the lowest in the world, and agricultural population and economically active population in agriculture have a tendency to increase over the years, which, however, are falling behind the increasing rate of the total population. As a result, agricultural population is decreasing, relatively and absolutely. National development policies of most countries have tended to put priority on urban and industrial sectors, and agricultural policies have been concentrated on export and cash crops, neglecting food production for domestic consumption for a long time. In most cases, agricultural commodity prices have been maintained rather at a lower level, providing small farmers with little or no incentives for increased food production. Marketing functions of agricultural produce and inputs have been in the hands of governments or the public sector to have badly inappropriate performance. Traditional land tenure systems have been of communal type, allowing individuals or families to have only the usufruct, not the right of transaction, transfer or lease of lands. The traditional land tenure system, consequently, has been considered to discourage farmers' incentives for land improvement, investment in land, and flexibility in land management. The badly low level of technologies of food production and agricultural productivity at a very low level, as a result, have been noted, contributing to the lagged food production. The quantity of chemical fertilizers being used and the degree of mechanization have been very low. Damages of food crops by some exogenous crop pests have been increasing as foreign food imports have been on the increase, and the post-harvest loss of food is found high. The demand or consumption aspect of food also impinges upon the production or supply aspect, usually considered as another major derermining factor category. In this regard, however, analysis and examination of this aspect should be beyond the scope of this paper, too important to be dealt with in this paper. Therefore, with a very limited view to complementing the analysis and examination of the major determining factors of food production, the following may be summarized: over the past decade, food demand has been increasing by more than 3 percent on the average while food production by less than 2 percent annually, the most important contributing factor for the increased demand being the population increase; the impact of income may be considered as negligible; but changes in food consumption patterns seem to be a contributing factor. Alleviation or removal of major constraints of food production so far identified, or solution of Africa's food problems, may be duly considered formidable challenges at least in the foreseeably near future as long as the countries' self-generating and indigenous capacity is concerned. They need stepped-up external development assistance and cooperation primarily in the form of the efficient and effective international agricultural and rural development technology transfer.

Endoscopy and Imaging Modalities/Basic Science of Gastrointestinal Disorders/Miscellaneous : Changing Pattern Of Digestive And Liver Disease In Korea, 1990-2006 Year; A Single Center Study

( Jung Hyun Kwon ),( Sang Woo Kim ),( In Sik Chung ),( Myung Gyu Choi ),( Kwan Woo Nam ),( Jung Pil Suh ),( Jae Hyuck Chang ),( Won Haing Hur ),( Yu Kyung Cho ),( Jae Myung Park ),( In Seok Lee ) 대한소화기학회 2007 SIDDS Vol.9 No.-

Background/Aims: Westernization in many Asian countries have changed lifestyles and diets, so once rare diseases have now become prevalent. The aim of this study is to investigate the changing pattern of digestive and liver disease in Korea, from 1990 to 2006. Methods: We extracted data specific gastrointestina (GI) disease based on the International Classification of Diseases code from the in-patients records at the Kangnam St. Mary`s Hospital in 1990, 1996 and 2006. This hospital is a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, Korea, which has a capacity of 800 beds. Results: The admission rate for GI disease increased between 1990 and 2006. Overall in-patients were 1,623 persons in 1990, 2,368 persons in 1996 and 4,166 persons in 2006. The mean age of in-patients increased as time went by. A stomach cancer was the most common diagnosis during all periods, but its prevalence has decreased. Colon cancer ranked the 7th in 1990, but markedly increased and now ranks the second. The third was a hepatocellular carcinoma. The bile duct and gallbladder cancer, pancreas and esophageal cancer ranking followed with little interval change. In cases of cancer patients, a regular admission dramatically increased for chemotherapy. The number of patients admitted with pre-malignant neoplasm of stomach and colon increased remarkably with the development of endoscopy. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel discase, and reflux esophagitis emerged form mid-1990s with greater frequencies, yet much below the levels found in the West. The admission rate for peptic ulcer, especially ulcer bleeding remained relatively stable, despite a decreased rate for ulcer perforation. Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis with cholecystitis-cholangitis, appendicitis, hemorrhoid and gastritis all decreased. Conclusions: The stomach cancer is the leading cause of admission, despite a recent decline. Colon cancer showed a marked rise. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel disease and reflux esophagitis were new diagnosis with an increased tendency.

ERK1/2-Mediated Schwann Cell Proliferation in the Regenerating Sciatic Nerve by Treadmill Training

Seo, Tae Beom,Oh, Myung-Jin,You, Byoung-Gun,Kwon, Ku-Birm,Chang, In-Ae,Yoon, Jin-Hwan,Lee, Chan-Yong,Namgung, Uk Mary Ann Liebert 2009 JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA - Vol.26 No.10

<P>Proliferation of Schwann cells in the injured peripheral nerve supports axonal regeneration, and physical training in experimental animals has been shown to promote nerve regeneration. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity can mediate neuronal responses to lesion signals, but its role in non-neuronal cells in the injured area is largely unknown. Here we report that treadmill training (TMT) facilitates axonal regeneration via the upregulation of phospho-ERK1/2 protein levels in Schwann cells in the injured sciatic nerve. Low-intensity, but not high-intensity, TMT increased neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons and potentiated Schwann cell proliferation. TMT elevated levels of GAP-43 mRNA and protein, and phospho-ERK1/2 protein in the injured sciatic nerves. TMT also enhanced phospho-c-Jun protein levels in the injured nerve. In-vivo administration of the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 eliminated phospho-c-Jun, suggesting ERK1/2 phosphorylation of the c-Jun protein. PD98059 treatment decreased levels of BrdU-labeled proliferating Schwann cells in the distal portion of the injured nerve, and delayed the axonal regrowth that was promoted by TMT. The present data suggest that increased ERK1/2 activity in Schwann cells may play an important role in TMT-mediated enhancement of axonal regeneration in the injured peripheral nerve.</P>

Adult invasive pneumococcal disease in the Republic of Korea: Risk medical conditions and mortality stratified by age group

Kim, Jong Hun,Baik, Seung Hee,Chun, Byung Chul,Song, Joon Young,Bae, In-Gyu,Kim, Hyo Youl,Kim, Dong-Min,Choi, Young Hwa,Choi, Won Suk,Jo, Yu Mi,Kwon, Hyun Hee,Jeong, Hye Won,Kim, Yeon-Sook,Kim, Jeong Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Vol.74 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>This study aimed to characterize the risk factors for mortality in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) stratified by age groups, after implementation of the national immunization program of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for those aged ≥65 years in the Republic of Korea (ROK).</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Clinical data and pneumococcal isolates from adult patients with IPD (≥18 years of age) were collected prospectively from 20 hospitals through the nationwide surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>A total of 319 patients with IPD were enrolled. Median age was 69 years. Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2%: 17.1% in those aged 18–49 years, 23.7% in those aged 50–64 years, 33.0% in those aged 65–74 years, and 51.0% in those aged ≥75 years (<I>p<</I> 0.001). In particular, early death within 7days of hospitalization accounted for 60.6% (66/109). While old age (≥65 years), higher Pitt bacteremia score (≥4), and bacteremic pneumonia were independently associated with IPD mortality in all age groups, an additional mortality risk factor of immunocompromised status was identified for patients aged 50–64 years. PPSV23 serotypes accounted for 64.4% (122/189) of the pneumococcal isolates serotyped.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This study suggests that vaccine-type IPD continues to place a substantial burden on older adults in the ROK, necessitating an effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> National immunization of the elderly with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) was implemented in Korea in 2013. </LI> <LI> Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2% for adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and 51.0% for patients ≥75 years of age. </LI> <LI> Mortality risks were older age, higher bacteremia score, and immunocompromised status. </LI> <LI> An effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk of IPD is needed. </LI> </UL> </P>

‘청춘’ 밖의 청춘, 그들의 성인기 이행과 자아정체성

정수남(Joung, Sunam),권영인(Kwon, Young In),박건(Park, Gun),은기수(Eun, Ki-Soo) 한국문화사회학회 2012 문화와 사회 Vol.12 No.-

본 연구는 빈곤청년들의 성인기 이행과 자아정체성의 특징을 살펴보는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 오늘날 한국사회 청년들의 성인기 이행이 지체되고, 사회경제적 독립이 점차 어려워지면서 자아정체성 형성에도 커다란 변화가 일어나고 있다. 그리고 이는 오늘날 커다란 사회적 이슈이자 문제로까지 확산되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 변화가 모든 계층의 청년들에게 공통적으로 나타난다고 볼 수 없다. 본 연구가 초점을 맞추고 있는 빈곤 청년들은 ‘정상적인’ 가정생활, 학교생활, 노동생활을 경험하지 못했다. 이들은 빈곤한 경제상황 때문에 일찍부터 생계를 부담하고 가족관계를 재구성해야 했으며, 학업보다는 아르바이트에 시간을 더 쏟고, 노동현장에서는 저임금과 착취를 당하면서 청(소)년기를 보내고 있다. 그 결과 이들은 가정에서 ‘자녀’, 학교에서 ‘학생’, 일터에서 ‘노동자’라는 통상적인 의미에서의 정체성을 확립하지 못했다. 그럼에도 이들은 각기 나름의 전략을 통해 정체성을 형성함으로써 성인기 이행에 들어서고 있다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 본 연구는 빈곤계층 청년들의 성인기 이행은 상당히 압축적이지만 그에 따르는 사회적 인정이 뒷받침되지 못함으로써 자아정체성 형성에서 다양한 훼절이 나타나고 있음을 주장하고자 했다. 본 연구를 위해 총 25명의 20대 청년들이 인터뷰에 응해주었으며, 이들의 경험을 심층적으로 이해하기 위해 질적 방법론을 활용하였다. This study aims at exploring the transition to adulthood and self-identity of the disadvantaged youths or youths in poverty. It is well known that transition to adulthood for all youths is postponed in Korean society as well as in other societies. Growing hardship in achieving socioeconomic independence also makes Korean youths develop self-identity. This has become a big social issue and futhermore one of social problems. However, we cannot say that these changes are found common to youths across all social classes. Disadvantaged youths in Korean society have not experienced so-called “normal” life in family, school and the labor market. Earlier hardship in their life forced them to work to support family life, to reconstruct family relationship, and to spend more time in par-time work rather than in studying at school. They were spending their youthful years suffering from low wage and sometimes exploitation in the labor market unlike ordinary youths who manage “normal” family and school life in their 10s and 20s. As a result, they have failed to establish their identity as a child in family, a student in school and a worker in the labor market. However, they have utilized their own strategy for their identity construction, which eventually leads to a transition to adulthood later. For this research, we interviewed 25 youths in their 20s. We also collected their life history using semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview with them. We find that their transition to adulthood is very compressive, but frequently disrupted in various ways because of the lack of social recognition. This is one of the big differences in transition to adulthood between ordinary and disadvantaged youths in Korean society.