衛生昆蟲에 대한 無公害農藥(昆蟲發育沮害劑)의 殺蟲機作 및 應用技術開發硏究

金正和,李炯來,李仁煥,李容揆,崔鐘錫 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1993 農業科學硏究 Vol.10 No.2

In recently, much pesticides were used for control of agricultural and medical insects. The result of using pesticides were social problem because of environmental pollutions with pesticides in urban and farm village. The environmental pollutions were very serious. This experiment was conducted to eluciated of reduce to environmental pollution bring about using pesticides (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and insect growth regulators) for control of medical insects(house fly, Musca domestica L and mosquito, culex pipiens pallens copuillett) and carried out the method of pest control. And the result are summarized as follows. The Kyongbuk house fly strain treated with pyriproxyfen on third instar larvae were very high mortality and low emergence. When use it, at the same time, we can reduce degree of environ-mental pollution and house fly populations. Using of imidan was effective in Seoul and Chungnam house fly strains. In mosquito larvae, the efficacy of icon to chungbuk strain, propoxur to Chungnam and Chungbuk strain, imidan to Kyongbuk strain, fenthion to Chungnam strain were excellent. In result of spraying imidan and icon on adult mosquitoes, the efficacy of icon was excellent than imidan. In esterase electrophoresis, third instar larvae of Chungnam house fly strain fed on artificial diet mixed with pyriproxyfen LC50 were very high activity of -Est-αl in early stage(second day after third instar larvae fed on diet), and the activity of Est-αl was very strong in late stage(se-vents day after third instar larvae fed on diet). In Kyongbuk strain, -Est-αl and Est-αl were detected in early and late stage, and activities of and -Est-αl and Est-αl were detected almost equally in late stage. It was very characteristic in this experiment. Third instar larvae fed on diet mixed with pyriproxyfen LC95 were detected -Est-αl and Est-αl almost equally. It was believed moulting control in insects. In electrophoresis with head, thorax, abdomen of house fly adult, -Est-α2 -Est-αl, Est-αl, Est-α2, Est-α3 were detected in abdomen in susceptible strain and only -Est-αl, was net detected in thorax -Est-αl, was detected in head, thorax and abdomen of Chungbuk strain and -Est-αl was detected in head, -Est-α2 in thorax of same strain. Activities of chitinase in late instar larvae of house flies fed on artificial diet mixed with pyrip-roxyfen LC50 and LC95, in pyriproxyfen LC95, analysised low and high again with the lapse of time in Kyongbuk strain. This was believed that the activity of chitinase was became high just before emergence. The result of filter paper test with mosquitoes were very high index(265) of esterase activity in Chungnam strain among all mosquito strains. In this reason, we can suppose that used pyrip-roxyfen (IGR) in Chungnam area for control pest. In this reason, it was more reasonable made use of pyriproxyfen than other pesticide in Chungnam area.

Para-Chlorophenylalanine이 흰쥐 췌장 외분비부분 샘포세포에 미치는 영향에 대한광학 및 전자현미경적 연구

김인구,정영길,최창도,최월봉 대한해부학회 1994 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.27 No.3

In_0.5(Ga_1-xAl_x)_0.5P/GaAs 이중 이종접합 구조의 Contactless Electroreflectance에 관한 연구

김정화,조현준,배인호,Kim, Jeong-Hwa,Jo, Hyun-Jun,Bae, In-Ho 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.2

Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD)법으로 성장된 $In_{0.5}(Ga_{1-x}Al_x)_{0.5}P$/GaAs 이중 이종접합 구조의 특성을 contactless electroreflectance (CER) 분광법으로 조사하였다. CER 측정은 변조전압($V_{ac}$), 온도 및 dc 바이어스 전압($V_{bias}$)의 함수로 수행하였다. 상온에서는 5개의 신호가 관측되었는데, 이 신호들은 각각 GaAs, $In_{0.5}Ga_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.73}Al_{0.27})_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.5}Al_{0.5})_{0.5}P$ 및 $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.2}Al_{0.8})_{0.5}P$ 전이에 관련된 것이다. CER 스펙트럼의 온도 의존성으로부터 Varshni 계수 및 평탄인 자를 구하였다. 그리고 인가전압에 따른 신호의 진폭은 순방향 바이어스 전압 인가시 점차로 감소하나, 역방향 바이어스 전압 인가시에는 반대의 경향을 보였다. We have investigated the contactless electroreflectance (CER) properties of $In_{0.5}(Ga_{1-x}Al_x)_{0.5}P$/GaAs double heterostructures grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The CER measurements on the sample were studied as a function of temperature, modulation voltage ($V_{ac}$), and dc bias voltage ($V_{bias}$). Five signals observed at room temperature are related to the GaAs, $In_{0.5}Ga_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.73}Al_{0.27})_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.5}Al_{0.5})_{0.5}P$, and $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.2}Al_{0.8})_{0.5}P$ transitions, respectively. From the temperature dependence of CER spectrum, the Varshni coefficients and broadening parameters were determined and discussed. In addition, we found that the behavior of the CER amplitude for the reverse bias is larger than that of the forward.

In-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI admitted during off hours

( Sung-Soo Kim ),( Myung Ho Jeong ),( Jeong Gwan Cho ),( Young Keun Ahn ),( Jong Hyun Kim ),( Shung Chull Chae ),( Young Jo Kim ),( Seung Ho Hur ),( In Whan Seong ),( Taek Jong Hong ),( Dong-hoon Choi 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1

Conflicting results exist on the outcome of off hours PCI in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, there were only a few studies that have focused on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of off hours PCI in STEMI. So, we studied the clinical characteristics and hospital mortality in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI during regular hours (weekdays 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM) versus off hours Weekdays 6:01 PM to 8:59 AM, weekends, and holidays) in Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. We analyzed in hospital and one year mortality among 5,665 consecutive ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary PCI between November 2005 to January 2008. Total 2,848 (50.2%) patients were treated during off hours. Baseline finding were similar, although regular hours patients were older. Median symptom to balloon time (304 min, IQR 175 to 750 vs. 270 min, IQR 145 to 551, p=0.001) were longer for regular hours primary PCI. Median door to balloon time (71min, IQR: 48 to 132 vs. 59 min, IQR 39 to 110 min, p=0.001) were longer for off hours pPCI. Also, Cardiac enzyme such as Max CK-MB (212.1±299.3 vs 194.7±303.4, p=0.031) and max TnI (72.6±239.5 vs. 58.9±94.4, p=0.013) were increased in off hours pPCI. However, unadjusted in hospital (6.0% off hours vs. 6.0% regular hours, p=0.946) and one year cardiac mortality (11.3% off hours vs. 11.7% regular hours, p=0.661) were comparable. In multivariate analysis, off hours primary PCI did not predict an adverse outcome. In conclusion, when primary PCI was performed within an appropriate reperfusion strategy, the clinical effectiveness of either off hours or regular hours pPCI is comparable.

Temporal trends and in-hospital outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in nonagenarians with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

( Joon Young Kim ),( Myung Ho Jeong ),( Yong Woo Choi ),( Yong Keun Ahn ),( Shung Chull Chae ),( Seung Ho Hur ),( Taek Jong Hong ),( Young Jo Kim ),( In Whan Seong ),( In Ho Chae ),( Myeong Chan Cho ) 대한내과학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.30 No.6

Background/Aims: Data regarding the outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in nonagenarians are very limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the temporal trends and in-hospital outcomes of primary PCI in nonagenarian STEMI patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) from November 2005 to January 2008, and from the Korea Working Group on Myocardial Infarction (KorMI) from February 2008 to May 2010. Results: During this period, the proportion of nonagenarians among STEMI patients more than doubled (0.59% in KAMIR vs. 1.35% in KorMI), and the rate of use of primary PCI also increased (from 62.5% in KAMIR to 81.0% in KorMI). We identified 84 eligible study patients for which the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 21.4% (25.0% in KAMIR vs. 20.3% in KorMI, p = 0.919). Multivariate analysis identified two independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, namely a final Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 (odds ratio [OR], 13.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 59.0; p < 0.001) and cardiogenic shock during hospitalization (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 30.3; p = 0.013). Conclusions: The number of nonagenarian STEMI patients who have undergone primary PCI has increased. Although a final TIMI flow < 3 and cardiogenic shock are independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, primary PCI can be performed with a high success rate and an acceptable in-hospital mortality rate.

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of a novel polymer-free everolimus-eluting stent by nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide film deposition

Park, Dae Sung,Bae, In-Ho,Jeong, Myung Ho,Lim, Kyung Seob,Sim, Doo Sun,Hong, Young Joon,Lee, So-Youn,Jang, Eun Jae,Shim, Jae-Won,Park, Jun-Kyu,Lim, Han Chul,Kim, Han Byul Elsevier 2018 Materials Science and Engineering C Vol.91 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Inflammation and thrombosis are linked to the use of polymer-based drug-eluting stents (DES). The aim of this study was to develop a polymer-free everolimus (EVL)-eluting stent using nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) and verify its efficacy by <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> assessment in a porcine coronary model. Various analytical approaches such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and contact angle measurement were employed for the characterization. As a part of biocompatibility assessment, platelet adhesion and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation were examined. Bare metal stent (BMS), N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> stent, everolimus-eluting N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL) stent, and commercialized EVL-eluting stent (EES) were randomly placed in forty coronary arteries in twenty pigs. After four weeks of implantation, the stents were subjected to histological and quantitative analysis. The N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> film used in this study was well coated without any cracks or peeling. Surface hydrophilicity (88.8% of angle decrement) could be associated with the decrease in surface roughness post N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition (37.0%). The platelet adhesion on the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces was less than that on the BMS surface. The proliferation of SMC was suppressed in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group (30.2%) but not in the BMS group. In the animal study, the percent area restenosis was significantly decreased in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group compared to that in the BMS group. The results (BMS; 47.0 ± 11.00%, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL; 31.7 ± 10.50%, and EES; 29.1 ± 11.21%, <I>n</I> = 10, <I>p</I> < 0.05) were almost at par with those of the commercialized EVL-eluting stent. The introduction of N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition during fabrication of polymer-free DES may be an efficient accessorial process for preventing in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces can help to reduce the platelet adhesion. </LI> <LI> In porcine model, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> everolimus decreased in-stent restenosis and fibrin deposition. </LI> </UL> </P>

장애인 평생교육 실태 및 개선방안 연구

정인숙,김현진,김형일,정동영,정희섭 국립특수교육원 2005 연구보고서 Vol.- No.9

본 연구는 장애인의 삶의 질을 제고하는데 필요한 장애인 평생교육의 실태를 조사하고 지원대책을 마련하는데 목적을 두고, 장애인 평생교육의 개념과 특성, 장애인 평생교육의 지원체제, 외국의 장애인 평생교육 실태 등을 탐색하여 이론적 토대로 삼고, 2005년 6월 21일부터 8월 13일까지 전국의 18세 이상 장애인 2,922명을 대상으로 설문조사와 71명을 대상으로 면담조사를 통해 평생교육 실태와 지원요구를 조사하였다. 또한 전국의 평생학습관 239개, 지역평생교육정보센터 26개 등 일반인 평생교육기관 265개와 장애인 평생교육 관련기관 464개를 대상으로 설문조사와 일반평생교육기관 46개 및 장애인 평생교육기관 67개를 대상으로 면담조사를 통해 운영실태와 지원요구를 조사하였다. 본 연구를 통해 나타난 장애인 평생교육 실태와 지원요구 및 평생교육기관 운영실태와 지원요구는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인 평생교육 실태조사 결과, 장애인들은 학교 졸업 이후 교육을 1회도 받지 않은 경우 34.8%, 1회 받은 경우 19.6%, 2회 받은 경우 14.9%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 교육을 1회도 받지 않은 경우는 청각장애 47.2%, 지체장애 36.9%, 언어장애 33.3%, 발달장애 32.7%, 뇌병변장애 31.8%, 시각장애 31.5% 중복장애 29.2%, 정신지체 28.8%순으로 나타났고, 교육을 받은 경우를 살펴보면 지체장애, 뇌병변장애, 시각장애, 청각장애, 언어장애, 중복장애는 1회만 받은 경우가 많고, 정신지체와 발달장애는 4회 이상 받은 경우도 있는 것으로 나타났다. 장애인들이 학교 졸업 이후 받은 교육 프로그램의 내용은 정보화교육 46.0%, 직업교육 33.8%, 여가교육 22.6%, 교양교육 20.7%, 문해교육 15.4%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 살펴보면 지체장애 52.2%, 시각장애 50.2%, 뇌병변 장애 46.9%, 발달장애 45.9%, 중복장애 45.7% 순으로 정보화교육을 가장 많이 받았고, 발달장애 51.4%는 여가교육을, 정신지체 47.4%, 언어장애 36.4%는 직업교육을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 연령별로 20세미만은 직업교육을, 20대에는 직업교육과 정보화교육을, 30대 이후에는 정보화교육을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 장애인들이 학교 졸업 이후 교육을 받은 경우 중에서 교육을 받은 기관은 장애인복지관 34.0%, 장애인단체 23.6%, 장애인평생교육기관 11.1%, 일반인 평생교육기관 10.9%, 사회복지관 9.8%, 장애인 직업 전문학교 8.2%순으로 나타났다. 전체적으로 장애인 기관에서 교육을 받은 경우는 80.3%, 일반인 평생교육기관에서 교육을 받은 경우는 32.0%로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 지체장애 26%와 청각장애 25.0%는 장애인단체에서, 뇌병변장애 43.6%, 시각장애 44.0%, 정신지체 41.0%, 발달장애 64.1%, 중복장애 31.9%는 장애인복지관에서 언어장애 40.0%는 장애인 평생교육기관에서 교육을 받은 것으로 나타났으며, 일반인 평생교육기관에서 교육을 받은 경우는 지체장애 52.9%, 중복장애 39.1%, 청각장애 33.0%, 시각장애 25.9%, 뇌병변장애 22.4%, 정신지체 22.1%, 언어장애 15.0%, 발달장애 18.0%순으로 나타났다. 장애인들의 평생교육비는 본인이 부담하지 않은 경우가 39.9%로 나타났으며, 부담한 경우 1인당 월 10만원 미만이 37.5%, 월 10만원 이상에서 월 20만원 미만이 14.2%, 월 20만원 이상이 8.8%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 모든 장애영역에서 월 10만원 미만이 30%~50%정도로 나타났으며, 월 10만원 이상을 부담하는 경우는 발달장애 41.1%, 언어장애 35%, 정신지체 28.9%, 지체장애 27.7%, 청각장애 25.7%, 시각장애 15.3%, 뇌병변장애 13.9%순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장애인들의 평생교육 요구를 조사한 결과, 가장 받고 싶어 하는 성인교육 프로그램의 내용은 직업교육 31.0%, 정보화교육 30.4%, 여가교육 18.2% 교양교육 14.8%, 문해교육 8.8%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로는 언어장애 41.9%, 뇌병변장애 39.9%, 지체장애 39.0%, 청각장애 33.1%, 시각장애 31.8%가 정보화교육을 가장 원하고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 발달장애 58.8%, 정신지체 41.0%, 중복장애 32.4%는 직업교육을 가장 원하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연령별로 20대는 직업교육, 30대는 직업교육(34.6%)과 정보화교육(32.8%), 40대와 50대는 정보화교육, 60대에는 여가교육을 가장 요구하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 성인교육을 받고 싶은 기관은 장애인평생교육기관 23.8%, 장애인복지관 22.6%, 일반인 평생교육기관 22.2%, 사회복지관 8.9%, 대학 일반성인 프로그램 6.2%, 장애성인학원 5.5%, 대학 장애성인 프로그램 5.2%, 일반성인 학원 2.7%순으로 나타났다. 장애유형별로 지체장애 36.4%, 뇌병변장애 34.0%는 일반인 평생교육기관을 선호하였고, 정신지체 33.7%, 중복장애 34.0%, 청각장애 27.8%는 장애인 평생교육기관을 선호하였으며, 또한 시각장애 30.4%, 발달장애 31.6%는 장애인복지관을 선호하였고, 언어장애는 대학 장애성인 프로그램과 사회복지관을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 연령별로 20대와 40대는 장애인 평생교육기관, 30대는 일반인 평생교육기관, 50대와 60대는 장애인 복지관을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 평생교육기관의 운영실태를 조사한 결과, 일반인 평생교육기관의 이용대상 연령대는 30~39세 60%, 40~49세 48%, 50~59세 31%이었고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 20~29세 64.8%, 40~49세 38.6%, 30~39세 31.1%, 50~59세 26.1%로 나타났다. 평생교육기관의 규모는 일반인 평생교육기관은 101명 이상의 규모가 36.6%, 20~40명의 규모 23.8%, 81~100명의 규모 15.8%순으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 20~40명의 규모 40.2%, 20명 미만의 규모 28.7%, 101명 이상의 규모 12.6%로 일반인 평생교육기관은 80명이상 규모가 52.4%인 반면, 장애인 평생교육기관은 80명 이상의 규모가 18.3%에 불과한 것으로 나타났다. 장애인 편의시설 설치 현황을 살펴보면 일반인 평생교육기관은 장애인 주차장 82.7%, 장애인용 대소변기 77.6%, 승강기와 경사로 67.3%, 출입구 높이차이 제거, 출입구 출입문, 복도 손잡이 설치는 각각 약 30%인 것으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 장애인용 대소변기, 승강기 경사로 78%, 장애인주차장 76.8%, 복도 손잡이 68.3%로 나타났다. 평생교육 프로그램 운영기간은 일반인 평생교육기관은 3개월 이상 6개월 미만이 48.0%, 6개월 이상 1년 미만이 25.5%, 3개월 미만이 20.6%, 1년 이상이 5.9%순으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 1년 이상이 38.4%, 6개월 이상 1년 미만이 32.6%, 3개월 이상 6개월 미만이 12.8%, 3개월 미만이 9.3%순으로 나타났다. 그리고 1일 평생교육 프로그램 운영시간은 일반인 평생교육기관은 2시간이 71.3%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 2시간이 19.5%이며 6시간, 8시간, 4시간 순으로 다양하게 나타났다. 평생교육 프로그램의 주요 내용은 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 교양교육 77.5%, 여가교육이 62.7%순으로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 직업교육 71.6%, 여가교육과 교양교육 각각 30%로 나타났다. 그리고 수강생 1인이 부담하는 교육비는 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 수강료가 없는 기관이 73.5%, 월 10만원 미만이 22.5%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관의 경우 수강료가 없는 기관이 77.3%, 월 10만원 미만이 17%로 나타났다. 평생교육 프로그램의 담당인력은 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 5명 미만이 40.6%, 5~10명이 23.8%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관은 5명 미만이 64.4%, 5~10명이 20.7%로 나타났다. 그리고 평생교육 담당인력의 자격증은 일반인 평생교육기관의 경우 기능사?기술사 34.7%, 일반학교 교사 33.7%, 평생교육사 17.9%로 나타났고, 장애인 평생교육기관의 경우 사회복지사 66.3%, 기능사?기술사 24.4%, 특수학교 교사 23.3%로 나타났다. 넷째, 평생교육기관의 지원요구를 조사한 결과, 장애인의 평생교육 프로그램을 운영하는 시설로 가장 적절한 형태에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 일반인 독립 평생교육시설 36.7%, 사회복지관 26.5%, 장애인 독립 평생교육시설 24.5%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 장애인복지관 36.9%, 장애인 평생교육시설 26.2%, 장애인직업훈련학교 23.8%순으로 응답하였다. 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 적절한 운영기간에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 3개월~6개월 미만 47.0%, 6개월~1년 미만 25%, 3개월 미만 22%, 1년 이상은 5%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 6개월~1년 미만 42.5%, 1년 이상 29.9%, 3개월~6개월 미만 20.7%순으로 응답하였다. 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 1일 운영시간에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 2시간 76%, 4시간 9%, 3시간 7%, 6시간 4%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 2시간 24.1%, 6시간 20.7%, 4시간 16.1%, 3시간 13.8%순으로 응답하였다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 내용에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 직업교육 65%, 교양교육과 정보화교육 21%, 여가교육 17%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자의 경우 직업교육 70.9%, 여가교육 23.3%, 정보화교육 20.9%, 교양교육 10.5%순으로 응답하였다. 장애인이 부담해야 할 적절한 평생교육비에 대해서 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 월 10만원 미만 68.4%, 월 10만원~20만원 미만 4.1%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관관계자는 월 10만원 미만 75.0%,월 10만원~20만원 미만 7.1%순으로 응답하였다. 그리고 평생교육기관의 운영경비 지원기관으로 적절한 기관에 대해서 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 국가 75%, 지방자치 단체 43%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 국가 81.4%, 지방자치 단체 32.6%순으로 응답하였다. 또한 장애인 평생교육 담당인력으로 가장 적절한 자격에 대해서는 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 특수학교 교사 49.5%, 사회복지사 33.3%, 평생교육사 21.2%, 기능사?기술사 17.2%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자는 사회복지사 50.0%, 특수학교 교사 29.8%, 기능사?기술사 23.8%순으로 응답하였다. 그리고 장애인을 위한 개선사항으로 일반인 평생교육기관 관계자는 장애인 편의시설 설치 36.6%, 교육 프로그램 개발 27.7%, 이동문제 편의시설 25.7%, 일반성인의 장애인 이해 24.8%, 재정적 지원 14.9%, 기관 운영자의 장애인 이해 12.9%순으로 응답하였고, 장애인 평생교육기관 관계자들은 교육 프로그램 개발 36.1%, 재정적 지원 34.9%, 일반성인의 장애인 이해 22.9%, 이동문제 및 편의시설 19.3%, 장애인 편의시설 설치 10.8%순으로 응답하였다. 이와 같은 장애인 평생교육 실태와 지원요구 및 평생교육기관의 실태와 지원요구 면담자료 등을 토대로 본 연구는 모든 장애인의 평생교육 권리를 보장하고, 장애인의 지역사회 중심 교육체제를 구축할 뿐 아니라, 장애인의 통합교육 기회를 확대하고, 장애인 평생교육 지원을 확대하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 대책을 우선적으로 마련해야 한다고 결론을 내렸다. 첫째, 장애인도 동등하게 평생 교육을 받을 수 있는 권리를 보장 받을 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 장애인들의 평생교육 기회 확대가 필요하며, 이러한 기회를 확대하기 위해서는 일반인 평생교육기관에서 일정비율의 장애인 참여를 규정하는 장애인 의무 평생교육 제도를 시행해야 하며, 일반인 평생교육기관에서 운영하는 프로그램에 특화된 장애인 프로그램의 운영을 규정하는 장애인 평생교육 프로그램 운영 의무 제도를 시행해야 한다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 기회 확대를 위해 장애인 교육시설의 프로그램 운영내용과 방법을 개선해야 하며, 장애학생의 교육을 담당하는 특수교육기관의 운영내용과 방법을 개선해야 한다. 둘째, 장애인이 지역사회 평생교육 프로그램에 접근하고 참여할 수 있는 문화의 창조를 위해서는 평생교육기관 및 시설에 장애인 지원 매뉴얼을 제작?배부하며, 평생교육기관과 시설에 장애인 편의시설을 설치해야 한다. 그리고 장애인의 평생교육을 위해 장애인을 대상으로 교육 프로그램을 제공하는 지역사회 기관과 시설의 네트워크를 구축해야 하며, 장애인의 평생학습기관과 시설을 지원하는 기관을 설립?운영해야 한다. 셋째, 장애인 평생교육의 질 제고를 위해 장애인 교육 프로그램의 연구?개발을 확대해야 하며, 정기적으로 장애인 평생교육 프로그램의 내용과 운영실태를 평가해야 한다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 담당인력의 전문성 제고를 위해 평생교육사의 양성 및 현직 교육과정에 장애인 평생교육 과목을 필수과목으로 편성해야 하며, 장애인 평생교육 전문인력으로 장애인평생교육사를 양성?배치해야 한다. 넷째, 장애인 평생교육 행정 지원 확대를 위해 교육인적자원부, 시?도교육청 및 시?군?구교육청의 장애학생 교육 담당조직에 장애인 평생교육 업무를 부과하며, 교육인적자원부, 시?도교육청 및 시?군?구교육청의 장애학생 교육 담당조직에 장애인 평생교육 장학기능을 부과하고, 교육인적자원부, 시?도교육청 및 시?군?구교육청의 장애학생 교육 담당조직에 장애인 평생교육 전담인력을 배치해야 한다. 그리고 장애인 평생교육 재정 지원 확대를 위해 장애로 인하여 평생교육의 기회를 제대로 제공받지 못하고 있는 장애인들을 대상으로 평생교육을 무상으로 제공해야 하며, 장애인이 평생교육을 원할 때, 적절한 평생교육을 제공하기 위해 장애인 평생교육 욕구를 조사?분석하는 장애인 평생교육 실태조사를 정기적으로 실시해야 하며, 장애인 교육기관과 시설 운영의 공평성과 투명성을 확보하고, 장애영역별, 장애정도별로 적절한 교육공학적 지원을 확대해야 한다. The purpose of This study is to investigate the current status of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities which is necessary to protect the quality of life for individuals with disabilities, and to make the desirable the policy. Based on concept, characteristics, support system, abroad situation of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, we surveyed the status and support need through questionnaire and interview with 2,922 persons from age 18 from 21th June 2005 to 13th August. In addition to we survey the status of the management support need of 239 lifelong learning centers in the nation, 26 information centers for local lifelong education, 265 lifelong education institutes for ordinary people, 88 lifelong education institutes for individuals with disabilities. The survey results are as follows. First, the status survey results of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities show that 34.8% of individuals with disabilities doesn't have education opportunity at all, 19.6% of them has it once, 14.9% of them has it twice. Clarified by categories of disabilities, people has no opportunity as follows ; hearing impairments 47.2%, physical impairment 36.9%, developmental disabilities 32.7%, brain stroke 31.8%, visual impairments 31.5%, multiple impairments 29.2%, mental retardation 28.8%.. and people has opportunity once as follows ; physical impairments, brain stroke, visual impairments, language impairments, multiple impairments. Development impairments has above four opportunities. After graduation school, individuals with disabilities have program as follows: information education 46%, vocational education 33.8%, leisure education 22.6%, literacy education 15.4%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, they have information education program as follows: physical impairments 52.2%, visual impairments 50.2%, brain stroke 46.9%, developmental impairments 45.9%, multiple impairments 45.7%, developmental impairment 51.4% has leisure education, mental retardation 47.4% and language impairment 36.4% has vocational education. Also, by aging, people who are below age 20 has vocational education, people above aged 30 has information education. Institutes which individuals with disabilities have education after graduation school are as follows. Welfare Center for individuals with disabilities 34%, Organization for individuals with disabilities 23.6%, lifelong education institute for individuals with disabilities 11.1%, lifelong education institute for ordinary people 10.9%, social welfare center 9.8%, vocational special school for disabled people 8.2%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, they have education program as follows : physical impairments 26%, hearing impairments 25% have education in the organization for individuals with disabilities and brain stroke 43.6%, visual impairments 44.0%, mental retardation 41.0%, developmental impairment 64.1%, multiple impairment 31.9% have welfare center for individuals with disabilities and language impairment 40.0% have lifelong education center for individuals with disabilities. Also, in lifelong education institute for ordinary people, they have education as follows. Physical impairments 52.9%, multiple impairment 39.1%, hearing impairments 33%, visual impairments 25.9%, brain stroke 22.4%, mental retardation 22.1%, language impairment 15.0%, developmental impairment 18.0%. Lifelong education for individuals with disabilities tuition fee is as follow. 39.9% of individuals with disabilities doesn't pay tuition fe. 37.5% of them pays tuition fee below 100,000 won a month, 14.2% from 100,000 won to 200,000 won a month, 8.8% above 200,000 won a month. Clarified by categories of disabilities, 30%-50% of all disability categories pay tuition fee below 100,000 won a month. And case of paying tuition fee above 100,000 won a month is as follow. developmental impairment 41.1%, language impairment 35%, mental retardation 28.9%, physical impairment 27.7%, hearing impairment 25.7%, visual impairment 15.3%, brain stroke 13.9%. Second, lifelong education for individuals with disabilities needs survey results show that the favorite adult education programs are as follows. vocational education 31.0%, information education 30.4%, leisure program 18.2%, general education coruse 14.8%, literature education 8.8%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, language impairment 41.9%, brain stroke 39.9%, physical impairment 39.0%, hearing impairment 33.1%, visual impairment 31.8% wanted information education, developmental impairment 58.8%, mental retardation 41.0%, multiple impairment 32.4% wanted vocational education. Clarified by age, they wanted vocational education in 20 age, vocational education and information education in 3 age information education in 40, 50 age, leisure program in 60 age. The places where they wanted are as follows. lifelong education center for individuals with disabilities 23.8%, welfare center for individuals with disabilities 22.6%, lifelong education institution for ordinary people 22.2%, social welfare center 8.9%, adult program in college 6.2%, institution for adult individuals with disabilities 5.5%, adult with disabilities program in college 5.2%, institution for adult 2.7%. Clarified by categories of disabilities, physical impairment 36.4%, brain stroke 34.0% wanted general lifelong education institution and mental retardation 33.7%, multiple impairment 34.0%, hearing impairment 27.8% wanted lifelong education institution for individuals with disabilities and visual impairment 30.4%, developmental impairment 31.6% wanted welfare center for disabled people, language impairment wanted the adult with disabilities program in college and socila welfare center. Third, lifelong education institution status of the management survey results show that use age of general lifelong education institution is as follows. 60% of it is from age 30 to 39, 48% is from age 40 to 49, 31% from age 50 to 59. And use age of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities is as follows. 64.8% of it is from age 20 to 29, 38.6% from age 40 to 49, 38.6% from age 30 to 39, 26.1% from age 50 to 59. The scale of institutions is as follows. 40.2% of them cover from 20 person to 40, 28.7% of them cover below 20 person. 18.3% cover above 80 person. Status of facilities for individuals with disabilities shows that 78% of lifelong education institution for individuals with disabilities has restroom, elevators, slope for the disabled, and 76.8% of them has parking lot for the disabled, 68.3% has hallway handle. Period of program management shows that 38.4% of lifelong education institutions for individuals with disabilities is above 1 year, 32.6% of them is from 6 month to 1 year. 12.8% of them is from 3 month to 6 month, 9.3% of them is below 3 month. Time of program management shows that 19.5% of lifelong education institutions for individuals with disabilities is 2 hours, others is 6 hours, 8 hours, 4 hours. Program contents is that 71.6% of them has vocational education, 30% of them has leisure and general education course. The tuition fee shows that 22.5% of them is below 100,000 won a month. 77.3% of them has no fee, 17% of them has below 100,000 won a month. The number of staffs shows that 64.4% has below 5 person, 20.7% has from 5 to 10 person. 66.3% has social welfare certificate, 23.3% has special education teacher, 24.4% has special engineer and 31.4% has other things. Fourth, we survey the support needs of institution. The results are as follows. 36.9% of staffs in lifelong education institution for individuals with disabilities thought that the proper facilities is welfare center for individuals with disabilities and 26.2% of them thought that it is lifelong education facilities for the disabled, next to vocational training center for the disabled as 23.5%. 24.1% of them thought proper management time is 2 hours, 20.7% 6 hours, 16.1% 4 hours, 13.8% 3 hours. They respond about program 70.9% of them wanted vocational program, leisure 23.3%, information education 20.9%, general education program 10.5%. Lifelong education for individuals with disabilities tuition fee is as follow. 75.0% of staffs in lifelong education institution for the disabled respond that under 100,000 won is the proper a month, 7.1% of them does over 100,000 won to 200,000 won is proper. And 81.4% of respondent thought it is reasonable for Nation supply the budget, and 32% of them thought that it is local self-government staffs who are related in individuals with disabilities don't pay tuition fee. 37.5% of them pays tuition fee below 100,000 won a month, 14.2% from 100,000 won to 200,000 won a month, 8.8% above 200,000 won a month. Clarified by categories of disabilities, 30%-50% of all disability categories pay tuition fee below 100,000 won a month. And case of paying tuition fee above 100,000 won a month is as follow. developmental impairment 41.1%, language impairment 35%, mental retardation 28.9%, physical impairment 27.7%, hearing impairment 25.7%, visual impairment 15.3%, brain stroke 13.9%.. About staffs certificate, 50.0% of lifelong education institution staffs with disabilities want the social welfare people, 29.8% of them want special education teacher, 23.8% does engineers. What they want to change for the disabled are as follows. Education program development 36.1%, financial support 34.9%, general adult's understanding of the disabled 22.9%, moving problem and easy facilities 19.3%, establish facilities for the disabled 10.8%. Based on lifelong education status and support need of the disabled and lifelong education institution, to protect lifelong education's right of the disabled, to establish education system based on community of the disabled, we have to make the policy as follows. First, it is needed to expand the opportunity of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities in order to protect the right of which the disabled can receive education equally. In order to expand the opportunity, it is needed to make the policy which it is compulsory for individuals with disabilities to participate in general lifelong education institution as part. In general lifelong education program, we have to make the program for the disabled. Also, to expand the opportunity of the lifelong education opportunity for the disabled, we have to change the program contents and method in education institution for the disabled. Second, for the establishment of the culture in which individuals with disabilities can take part in the lifelong education program of the community, we have to distribute the manual which the staffs can use for the disabled in lifelong education institution and facilities, to make the facilities for the disabled. Also, we have to make the network of community institute and facilities which supply lifelong education program for the disabled and to establish and manage the institute which support the lifelong education institutes and facilities for the disabled. Third, we must extend the study and development of education program for the quality of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, estimate the lifelong education program and management's status of the disabled. And the lifelong education for individuals with disabilities course has to be the compulsory subject in the training course and in-service training course of the lifelong education person, and lifelong education person for the disabled has to be trained, placed as the specialist of the disabilities' lifelong education. Fourth, to extend administration support of lifelong education for individuals with disabilities, it is needed to give the affairs, staffs, and functions that are related to lifelong education of the disabled to the division of education for the disabled in the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Metropolitan Office of Education, Provincial Office of Education, and District Office of Education. We must give lifelong education of individuals with disabilities who are not received the opportunities of lifelong education because of handicap for free. And to give the proper lifelong education, we have to survey and analyzed the needs and status periodically. Also, we have to ensure the equatability and transparency about education institution's management, to increase proper educational and engineering supports depending on level of disability.

치과 Implant 보철 수복시 자연지대치와의 연결형태에 따른 응력분석의 유한요소법적 분석

鄭載悳,曺仁鎬 단국대학교 치의학연구소 1992 논문집 Vol.4 No.-

Dental prosthodontics, of which primary objective is the rehabilitation of mastication, esthetice and phonetics etc. caused by the loss of teeth and their supporting structures, has a new vista in which the studies of making fixed or removable prosthesis by implanting artificial roots into jaw one are actively under progress. In the early phase, osseo-integrated implants were mostly used for the treatment of fully edentulous patients byt recently various methods of rehabilitation partial edentulous jaws has been studied and are actually applied to the clinical use. Clinicians have much interest in the connection modalities of the natural abutments and implants, and he fact which type of connection brings about the most favorable results is a very important question. As a part of biomechanical study of biofunction, stress analysis using finite elements were applied to compare and analyse stress produced in adjacent bone tissue to the natural abutments and dental implants. Experimental models have dental implants in partial edentulous areas in the lower arch, where 1st and 2nd molars were unilaterally lost. 4 finite models(free standing, rigid, semi-rigid, and telescopic connector) were designed. Load of 1.5Kg and 30Kg were applied to each experimental group respectively. After the models were checked and results were calculated by the transformation procedures following results were obtained. The stress occuring along the interface of cortical bone and supporting structures of the abutments, and along the cancellous bone, were compared according to the model types. 1. In the free standing implant prosthesis, which is not connected to the natural abutment tooth, high stress distributions were observed in the distal third area of natural abutment apex, mesio-cervical area of 1st implant and in disto-cervical area of 2nd implant in all of experimental groups. 2. In the case of rigid and telescopic models of 3 unit bridge, using one natural abutment and one implant fixture, stress distribution and amount were similar in both group 1(1.5㎏) and group 2(30㎏). High stress distributions were observed in the mesio-apical third of natural abutment and cervical region of implant fixture. 3. In the semi-rigid model, high stress distributions were observed in the cervical region of natural abutment and cervical third of implant fixture in group 1.Stresses were more concentrated in implant fixtures. In group 2, high stress distributions were observed in the apical third of natural tooth and in the mesio-apical third and disto-middle third of implant fixtures. The stress was concentrated more from mesio-apical third to the disto-middle third in the implant fixture than natural abutment tooth. 4. In the cancellous bone under the interface of cortical bone, natural abutment and implant fixtrue, stresses were concentrated on underlyingapex of natural abutment tooth in free standing model. Stree distribution was high in disto-middle third of natural abutment in rigid and telescopic model, and it was relatively high in each underlying apex of natural abutment. In group 1 of semi-rigid model, high stress distributions were observed in the disto-middle third of abutment tooth and in the mesial surface of implant fixtures. Stress distributions were high in the disto-middle third natural abutment and mesial and apical region of implant fixtures in group 2. 5. Under the limits of elasticity, the pattern of stress distribution was almost unaffected by the differences in the load applied, but resultant stress amounts were affected by the magnitude in the forces applied.

전환장애와 신체화장애의 임상적 비교 연구

김정일,정인과,곽동일 大韓神經精神醫學會 1987 신경정신의학 Vol.26 No.2

In this study, the author investigated the various clinical characteristics of 40 female patients with conversion disorder and 28 female patients who somatization disorder, who visited the neuropsychiatric department of Korea University Guro Hospital during the period from September, 1983 to July, 1986. And additional attempt was made to compare the clinical characteristics between the two groups. The results are as follows. 1) The conversion disorder patients had significantly earlier onset than somatization disorder ones(p<0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in occupation, education, and religion between conversion disorder and somatization disorder. But the economic state of somatization patients was significantly higher than that of conversion disorder(p<0.05). 3) There were no significant difference in duration of hospitalization, but admission via OPD was more frequent in conversion disorder than in somatization disorder. 4) Of the symptoms of conversion disorder, muscle paralysis, muscle weakness, walking difficulty and loss of voice were more common. Of the symptoms of somatization disorder, sickly, cardiopulmonary symptoms, and psychosexual symptoms were more common. 5) The duration of symptoms in somatization disorder was longer than in conversion disorder(p<0.05). 6) Targets of secondary gain had no significant difference between the two disorders. 7) The clinical response in conversion disorder was better than in somatization disorder, but the duration of OPD follow up after discharge was significantly shorter in conversion disorder than in somatization disorder(p<0.05). 8) Somatization disorder had more personality problems than conversion disorder. 9) The current physical disorder or condition in somatization disorder was more frequent than in conversion disorder but had no statistical significance. 10) There was no significant difference in severity of psychosocial stressor between these two disorders. 11) The highest level of adaptive functioning during the past year was lower in somatization disorder comparing to conversion disorder(p<0.05).

이행성 협심증 환자에서 운동부하 심전도 검사

이정우,박형서,박용규,노상필,이유선,정승현,김보영,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

목적 : 관상동맥의 경련에 의한 이형성 협심증환자에 있어서 운동부하 심전도 검사의 결과는 매우 다양하다. 이에 저자들은 충남대학교병원 순환기내과에서 관상동맥조영술상 이형성 협심증으로 확진된 환자를 대상으로 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하여 이에 대한 결과를 연구하였다. 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 2002년 3월까지 흉통을 주소로 충남대학교병원 순환기 내과에 입원하여 관상동맥조영술을 시행하여 관상동맥의 내경이 50% 미만의 협착이 있고, 에르고노빈(ergonovine) 유발검사도 이형성 협심증으로 진단을 받은 233명중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 183명의 환자를 연구 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과의 판독시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 줄이기 위해서 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하기전 심전도상 ST분절의 상승(5예)이나 하강(8예)이 있는 경우 EH한 T파의 역위(19예)가 있는 32명의 환자를 제외한 총 151명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하는 Marquette사의 case 15 답차를 이용하였고, Bruce protocol에 따라 증상이 나타날 때까지 최대로 실시하였으며 각 stage 및 운동후의 혈압을 측정하고 12 유도 심전도를 기록하였다. 결과 : 1) 임상적 특성 - 내원시 임상 상은 안정형 협심증이 39예(25.8%), 불안정형 협심증이 103예(68.2%), 심근경색증이 9예(6.0%)이었다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과 양성 군과 음성군간에 있어서 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연 여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도, 연축의 수 등을 조사하였는 바 어떠한 인자들도 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) 운동부하 심전도 검사 - 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 151명의 환자중 음성인 경우는 134예(88.8%)이었고, 양성인 경우는 17예(11.2%)이었다. 양성 소견을 보인 환자들중 ST 분절의 상승이 4예(2.6%), ST 분절의 하강이 13예(8.6%)이었다. 3) 관상동맥조영술 - 관상동맥조영술상에서 혈관 경력 위치는 우관상동맥이 70예(46.1%), 좌전하동맥이 44예(28.9%), 좌회선동맥이 17예(11.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 예중 Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상 동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, V2-V4에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 2예중 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌전하행동맥에서 경련이 나타난 예는 1예이었으며 다른 1예는 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났고, V5-V6에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 V5 또는 V6에서 ST 분절의 하강이 있엇던 13예중 6예(46.1%)는 관상동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, 3예(23.1%)는 좌전하행동맥에서, 1예(7.7%)는 좌회선동맥에서, 나머지 3예(23.1%)는 2개의 혈관이나 기타 분지에서 경련이 발생하였다. 결론 : 1) 이형성 협심증 환자는 운동부하 심전도 검사에서 11.2%의 양성소견을 보였다. 이중 ST 분절의 상승은 2.6%이었고, ST 분절의 하강은 8.6%이었다. 2) 이형성 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 음성을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 3) 이형성 협심증 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 ST 분절의 상승을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 4) 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과에 대한 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도 등 어떠한 인자들도 3그룹(ST 분절의 상승, ST 분절의 하강, 음성)간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 5) ST 분절의 상승 부위와 관상동맥조영술상 관상동맥의 연축이 일어나는 혈관과의 상관관계는 매우 높았다. No reports in the literature describe the results of exercise testings in a large number of patients with pure variant angina(coronary stenosis <50%) in Korea. In this report, We present the results of treadmil exercise testing in 151 patients with variant angina. 151 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery spasm underwent a treadmil exercise test. The clinical characteristics of variant angina patients classified according to ST-segment response to exercise were analyzed. Of 151 patients underwent a treadmil exercise test, negative result was seen in 134 patients(88.8%) and positive result was in 17 patients(11.2%). Of 17 patients saw positive result, exercise-induced ST segment elevation was present in 4 patients(2.6%) and ST segment depression was seen in 13 patients(8.6%). There was not a significant relationship between the ST segment response to exercise and the clinical variables(diabetes, hypertension, obesity, total cholesterol, current smoking, effort angina, clinical diagnosis, and degree of stenosis) assessed. Of 4 patients with ST segment elevation in treadmil exercise test, 1 patient with ST segment elevation in Ⅰ,Ⅲ,aVF had spasm in right coronary artery(100%) on coronary angiography, of 2 patients in V2-V4 had spasm in left anterior descending coronary artery in 1 patient(50%) and 1 patient in V5-V6 had spasm in left circumflex artery(100%). Positive treadmil exercise test was present in 11.2% of variant angina patient. If we have negative treadmil exercise result in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we may have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. If we have exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. Our result suggests that the correlation between the site of the ST segment elevation and the artery involved is quite good.