풍향에 따른 아파트 단지내 기체유동 및 온도 분포해석

변용섭,조재광,엄태인,장재덕,이상길 大田産業大學校 2000 한밭대학교 논문집 Vol.17 No.1

In this study, velocity and temperature profiles are calculated on the apartment complex at Dunsan area in Taejon using FLUENT code based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Input weather conditions which maximum atmospheric is 38.6℃, wind speed is 1.7m/sec, wind direction is west-south-west and maximum wall of apartment is 58.0℃ in summer are used to calculate the results. The simulation results are as follow ; First. velocity vectors at vertical cross section of apartment complex are influenced by the thermal buoyancy force in hot wall of apartment due to weak wind speed in the case of wind direction : west-south-west, south-west, west. Second, temperature profiles at vertical cross section of apartment complex are strongly influenced by the wind direction. Atmospheric temperature in wide area is higher 1℃ in south-west wind direction than west wind direction. Calculation results show that island in enormous apartment complex in summer. Third, temperature profiles at horizontal cross section of apartment complex present wider and more definite high temperature area than at vertical cross section of apartment complex according to wind direction. This consequence shows the effect of convective heat transfer in the rear heated wall of apartment is dominant by solar radiation. Fourth, It is necessary that an arrangement of apartments with a view of wind direction and distance of each apartments to reduce heat island in apartment and industrial factory complex in the condition of same apartment direction and area capacity. And an arrangement of apartments considering wind direction is able to enhance convective heat transfer between heated wall and wind.

In_xGa_1-xN/GaN 다중양자우물 구조의 광학적 성질 연구

김기홍,김인수,박헌보,배인호,유재인,장윤석,Kim, Ki-Hong,Kim, In-Su,Park, Hun-Bo,Bae, In-Ho,Yu, jae-In,Jang, Yoon-Seok 한국진공학회 2009 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.18 No.1

$In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN 다중양자우물 구조의 EL 특성을 온도와 주입전류 변화에 따른 특성을 조사하였다 저전류와 고전류 주입시 EL 효율의 온도 의존 변화는 매우 다르게 나타나는데, 이러한 온도와 전류의 변화에 의한 독특한 EL 효율의 변화는 내부전기장의 존재 하에 순방향 바이어스에 기인한 외부전기장의 영향인 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그리고 $In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN 다중양자우물 구조에서 In 성비의 증가는 발광파장위치의 적색이동을 보였다. 15K에서 주입 전류의 증가에 따라 녹색 양자우물 구조는 80 meV와 청색 양자우물 구조는 22 meV의 청색 편이를 하였다. 이는 전류의 증가에 의해 단위 시간당 생성되는 캐리어 수가증가하게 되고 그에 따라 subband가 급격히 채워지는 band filling 현상이 일어나게 되어 짧은 파장에서 재결합이 증가하기 때문이다. 그리고 청색과 녹색 다중 양자우물구조의 짧은 파장 쪽으로의 편이 차이는 In 농도에 기인한 것으로 In 농도가 높으면 양자우물 깊이가 증가되어 더 강한 양자속박효과가 작용하여 캐리어 구속력이 증가하기 때문 것으로 볼 수 있다. Temperature and injection current dependence of electroluminescence(EL) spectral intensity of the $In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN multi-quantum wells(MQW) have been studied over a wide temperature range and as a function of injection current level. It is found that a temperature-dependent variation pattern of the EL efficiency under very low and high injection currents shows a drastic difference. This unique EL efficiency variation pattern with temperature and current can be explained field effects due to the driving forward bias in presence of internal(piezo and spontaneous polarization) fields. Increase of the indium content in $In_xGa_{1-x}N$/GaN multiple quantum wells gives rise to a redshift of 80 meV and 22 meV for green and blue MQW, respectively. It can be explained by carrier localization by potential fluctuation of multiple quantum well and MQW structures also shows a keen difference owing to the different indium content in InGaN/GaN MQW.

<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation of a novel polymer-free everolimus-eluting stent by nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide film deposition

Park, Dae Sung,Bae, In-Ho,Jeong, Myung Ho,Lim, Kyung Seob,Sim, Doo Sun,Hong, Young Joon,Lee, So-Youn,Jang, Eun Jae,Shim, Jae-Won,Park, Jun-Kyu,Lim, Han Chul,Kim, Han Byul Elsevier 2018 Materials Science and Engineering C Vol.91 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Inflammation and thrombosis are linked to the use of polymer-based drug-eluting stents (DES). The aim of this study was to develop a polymer-free everolimus (EVL)-eluting stent using nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>) and verify its efficacy by <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> assessment in a porcine coronary model. Various analytical approaches such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, electron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and contact angle measurement were employed for the characterization. As a part of biocompatibility assessment, platelet adhesion and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation were examined. Bare metal stent (BMS), N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> stent, everolimus-eluting N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> (N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL) stent, and commercialized EVL-eluting stent (EES) were randomly placed in forty coronary arteries in twenty pigs. After four weeks of implantation, the stents were subjected to histological and quantitative analysis. The N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> film used in this study was well coated without any cracks or peeling. Surface hydrophilicity (88.8% of angle decrement) could be associated with the decrease in surface roughness post N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition (37.0%). The platelet adhesion on the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces was less than that on the BMS surface. The proliferation of SMC was suppressed in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group (30.2%) but not in the BMS group. In the animal study, the percent area restenosis was significantly decreased in the N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL group compared to that in the BMS group. The results (BMS; 47.0 ± 11.00%, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-EVL; 31.7 ± 10.50%, and EES; 29.1 ± 11.21%, <I>n</I> = 10, <I>p</I> < 0.05) were almost at par with those of the commercialized EVL-eluting stent. The introduction of N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> deposition during fabrication of polymer-free DES may be an efficient accessorial process for preventing in-stent restenosis and thrombosis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces can help to reduce the platelet adhesion. </LI> <LI> In porcine model, N-TiO<SUB>2</SUB> everolimus decreased in-stent restenosis and fibrin deposition. </LI> </UL> </P>

내경동맥 지배 영역의 급성 허혈성 뇌졸중 환자에서 초 선택적 국소적 Urokinase주입술

김인규,김명규,김재규,조기현,김세종 대한신경과학회 1998 대한신경과학회지 Vol.16 No.5

Celay/In-Ceram, Conventional In-Ceram, Empress 2 전부도재관의 변연적합도에 관한 비교 연구

양재호,여인성,이선형,한중석,이재봉,Yang, Jae-Ho,Yeo, In-Sung,Lee, Sun-Hyung,Han, Jung-Suk,Lee, Jai-Bong 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.2

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

Poster Session : PS 1015 ; GI Motility : Pegylated-Photosensitizer Enhances the Effi cacy of Photodynamic Therapy Through Escaping of ATPBinding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

( Jae Myung Park ),( In Wook Kim ),( Ju Hee Kim ),( Tayyaba Hasan ),( Myung Gyu Choi ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Porphyrin-based photosensitizers are most commonly used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, these drugs are exported extracellularly by a cell-membrane transporter, the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), decreasing the PDT-induced cytotoxicity in cancer treatment. In this study, we showed that intracellular level of a porphyrin was increased by its Pegylated form, which enhance the PDT-induced cytotoxicity. Methods: Pancreatic cancer cells, AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2, were selected. We also used ABCG2-overexpressed MIA Paca-2 cells. We pretreated them with chlorine e6 (Che6) or its pegylated-Che6, then irradiated with a diode laser emitting at 670 nm wave length with total radiation dose of 6 J/cm2. We measured the intracellular level of Che6 and peglated-Che6 with fl uorescence meter, FACS and confocal microscope. Cell viability and survival was analyzed by MTT assay and clonogenic survival assay, respectively. Singlet oxygen level was quantified with photomultiplier-tube based singlet oxygen detection system. In-vivo PDT effects were investigated with AsPC-1 cell-bearing BALC/nude mice of the Che6 and pegylated-Che6. Results: The intracellular level of Che6 was higher in MIA PaCa-2 than AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2/ABCG2 cells. However, intracellular level of Che6 was increased by its pegylated form in AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa2/ABCG2 cells. Cell viability after PDT was signifi cantly decreased in MIA PaCa-2 compared to AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2/ABCG2. However, PDT using pegylated-Che6 caused the similar cytotoxicity among the three cancer cell lines. The production level of singlet oxygen was higher in pegylated-Che6 than Che6-treated cells. The tumor volume after PDT using pegylated-Che6 was signifi cant smaller than that of Che6 in AsPC-1-xenograft mouse model. Conclusions: Pegylated-photosensitizer escaped ABCG2 function, which suggests potential improvement of ABCG2-related resistant to porphyrin-based PDT in cancer treatment in pancreatic cancers.

응급 의료 센터내 사망 환자의 분석

유인술,김준식,진재우,이철주,민영기,조준필 대한응급의학회 1995 대한응급의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

We need the constitute of Emergency medical system that connect prehospital care of inhospital care effectively for optimal treatment of emergency patient. The analysis of actual condition of our emergency medical system, through study of mortality case in emergency medical center will be a aid to the constitute. The authors performed a review on the records of 60 cases who died in Ajou university Emergency medical center during management, since June 1994 to september 1995. Among the 60 patient, 72% were male and 28% were female. In nontrauma patient, 6th decade was many, in trauma patients, 3rd and 5th decade was many. Among the 60 patient, 33% were traumatic cases, 66% were nontraumatic cases. Among the traumatic patients, more than half of the cases were due to motor vehicle accidents. The most frequent time interval from onset of emergent situation to arreving at emergency center was more than 2 hours. The most common transfer method was by 119 ambulance. In most cases, prehospital treatments were not taken. In most cases, initial mental status was comatose, and systolic blood pressure was less than 60 mmHg. Most cardiovascular resuscitation was done in 30 min. to an hour. In cases as traffic accident of ischemic heart disease, where rapid transportation of the patient is critical for the patient's survival, however, in most cases it took more than two hours to bring such patients to hospital, and first aid treatment before arrival to hospital was rare. No prehospital treatment was done to nearly all patient. In many cases the patient was already in under coma or shock state. The inhospital care at emergency center was made relatively quickly and adequately. The mean duration of cardiopulmonary resustation was 30min to one hour. From this study, we could notice the poor quality of prehospital care in the region ,near Ajou university hospital, and we came to know that the improvement of quality of prehospital care was the most important factor to reduce the motality of emergency department patient. that is, in the treatment of emergency patients, weak points has been revealed in the pre-hospital treatment, the improvement of which is important factor for the survival of emergency patients.

사료(史料)에 쓰인 용례(用例)로 본 본국검(本國劍) 의미

정재성 ( Jae Seong Jeong ),김성인 ( Seong In Kim ) 영산대학교 동양문화연구원 2016 동양문화연구 Vol.23 No.-

본국검(本國劍)은 한국에서 전통검술로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 일반적 인식과 달리 그동안의 그 본국검의 전통성에 대한 연구는 많지 않았다. 본국검에 대한 최초의 기록은 < 무예도보통지 >의 “황창랑”에 대한 설명과 “신검(新劍)”이라는 한자어(漢字語)이다. 이 기록에 근거하여 신라시대 화랑의 검술로 인식하게 되었고, 결국 세계최초의 검법이라는 등의 주장이 시작되었다. 그러나 이러한 주장은 객관적이고 이성적인 논거를 제시하지 못하고 있다. 단지 민족적 우월주의에 빠져 있는 주장이라 할 수 있다. 이 연구는 정사(正史)의 기록과 그에 대한 한문학적(漢文學的) 접근을 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출했다. 1. 무술서적 < 무예신보 >와 < 무예도보통지(武藝圖譜通志) > 저술 이전에, ‘本國劍’이라는 명칭은 朝鮮勢法과 혼용(混用)되고 있었다. 2. 本國劍이라는 명칭은 조선시대(朝鮮시대)에 전래되는 모든 검법을 지칭하는 일반명사이다. 그리고 동시에 < 武藝圖譜通志 >에 “신검(新劍)”이라는 속칭(俗稱)으로 기록된 검법(劍法)을 지칭하는 고유명사이다 3. 기록으로 보아 ‘本國劍’이라고 호칭된 검법은 < 무비지(武備志) >에 “조선세법(朝鮮勢法)”이라 소개되는 것과, < 무예도보통지 >에 “예도(銳刀)”로 기록된 검법, < 무예도보통지 >에 “本國劍”이라고 기록된 검법 등이 있다. 4. < 무예도보통지 >에 “新劍”이라고 속칭하는 본국검은 신라에서부터 전래된 것이 아닌 근대에 창작된 것이다. 이상의 고찰을 통해 여러 가지 의문과 과제가 생겨났다. 특히 正史를 바탕으로 한 다양한 근거자료와 한자기록의 정확한 이해 및 해석에 의한< 무예도보통지 >의 융합적 연구가 필요하다. 더불어 한국의 검술 수련자들의 역사인식에 대한 비판적 각성과 성찰이 요구된다 하겠다. Bongukgum(literally meaning national sword, 本國劍) is widely recognized as Korea’s traditional swordsmanship. However, there has been lack of studies on the traditionality of Bongukgum unlike general awareness. The first historic record as to Bongukgum can be found in the description of ‘Hwang Chang-nang’ in < Muyedobotongji > and the Chinese character “新劍”, which literally means ‘new swordsmanship. These historic records have enabled Bongukgum to be recognized as the swordsmanship of Hwarang in Shilla Dynasty period, initiating a claim that it is the world’s first swordsmanship. However, this claim fails to present objective and rational grounds and may run the risk of being criticized as national supremacy. This study has drawn the following findings and conclusions based on the in-depth research and analysis of the records of official history (正史) from the perspective of Chinese literature. 1. The word Bongukgum was used interchangeably with Joseonsebeop prior to the publication of iconic martial arts guidebooks < Muyeshionbo > and < Muyedobotongji >. 2. The word Bongukgum is a common noun that refers to all types of swordsmanship handed down to the Joseon Dynasty period. At the same time, it is a proper noun that refers to the swordsmanship popularly known as the ‘new swordsmanship’ recorded in < Muyedobotongji >. 3. The records show that the swordsmanship named as ‘Bongukgum’ includes what was introduced as Joseon Saebeop(Joseon swordsmanship) in < Mubiji (武備志) > what was introduced as “Yedo(銳刀)” in < Muyedobotongji >, and what was recorded as Bongukgum in < Muyedobotongji >. 4. Bongukgum, which was referred to as “new swordsmanship” in < Muyedobotongji > was created in modern times instead of being handed down from Silla Dynasty. These findings have raised several questions and areas of further studies. In particular, convergence studies on < Muyedobotongji > based on a clear interpretation and understanding of various historic records against a background of authentic history and materials written in Chinese character are required. In addition, critical awakening and reflections on historical awareness among Korean swordsmanship practitioners are required as well.

실험적 부자 시신경병증에서 Methylprednisolone의 효능

신재필,이상희,서형덕,김인택 경북대학교 병원 1998 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.2 No.1

동물실험에서 aconite 또는 aconitine은 신경계통에 독성을 나타낸다고 이미 알려져 있다. 그러한 독성은 시유발전위와 병리조직에서 탈수초증으로 나타난다. 저자들은 실험적으로 aconite을 주입하여 탈수초신경증을 일으킨 후 고용량이 methylprednisolone(MP)투여가 효능이 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. Aconite를 복강내 주입하고 곧 이어 가토의 이연정맥으로 MP를 주입한 군과 aconite만을 주입한 군으로 나누었고 이들을 서로 비교하였다. 그리고 이 두 군을 정상군과도 비교하였다. 시유발전위에서 aconite를 주입후 MP를 투여한 군에서 aconite만을 주입한 군에 비하여 onset latency와 peak latency 그리고 진폭 모두에서 2주째에 통계학적으로 의미있게 회복되었으나 (p<0.05) 정상군과 비교하여 의미있는 차이를 나타내지 아니하였다. 그러나 정상군과 비교하여 1개월과 2개월에서 onset latency은 의미있게 지연되었고 (p<0.05) peak latency와 진폭은 다소 회복되었으나 정상군의 평균값에는 미치지 못하였다. 병리조직에서 MP으로 치료한 군과 aconite만을 주입한 군 모두에서 수초의 탈수초변화가 관찰되었으나 MP으로 치료한 군은 상대적으로 탈수초변화가 현저하지 아니하였다. 본 연구에서 실험적으로 가토에 aconite를 전신에 투여하여 시신경병증을 일으킨 후 고용량의 MP를 즉시 투여한 경우에 시신경의 기능을 정상상태까지 회복시키는데는 한계가 있으나 부분적으로 시신경의 기능을 회복시키는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다(한안지 37:1730~1740, 1996). Studies in animals indicate that aconitine or aconite has toxic effects in the visual system of a rabbit model. Such a toxic effects causes myelo-optic neuropathy in the visually evoked cortical potential(VECP) and histopathologic studies. Whether the administration of intravenous high-does of methyprednisolone(MP) in the myelo-optic neuropathy caused by aconitine(1.5㎖/㎏, equivalent to 0.7㎎/㎏ of aconitine) is experimentally effective remains uncertain. The group treated with MP(daily 30㎎/㎏×2 for 3 days followed by 15㎎/㎏ for 3 days) in addition to aconite was compared with the aconite alone group and the normal control group. In the MP treated group, increased recovery of onset latency, peak latency, and amplitude in VECP in comparision with the aconite alone group was recorded at 2 weeks(p<0.05). The MP treated group in comparision with the normal control group showed a significant delay in onset latency at 1 month and 2 months(p<0.05). But, the amplitude in both the MP treated group and the aconite alone group increased at 2 months and did not show a significant difference in comparision with the normal group(p<0.05). In histopathologic study, pathologic findings of myelin sheath in the MP treated group were less severe than in the aconite alone group generally. The true benefit of high-does MP was at least clear within 2 weeks. The authors conclude that treatment with intravenous high-does MP immediate after aconite injection may have some beneficial effects in recovery of neurologic function although such a treatment do no have the definite recovery in aconite induced myelo-optic neuropathy(J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 37:1730~1740, 1996).

Treadmill 부하 Program 영역이 성인비만여성의 신체조성에 미치는 영향

이석인,박재석 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2003 體育硏究 Vol.- No.18

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference between the treadmill load during the oxygen-consuming exercise and constant velocity oxygen-consuming treadmill program through controlling the velocity after setting the treadmill load during the oxygen-consuming exercise in several stages subjecting the adult fat women group(Fat)30%, N=10), and then to provide the basic data to develop the adequate treadmill exercise program which can decrease the fat risk with the base of the change of the physical composition(body weight, body fat rate, body fat volume, total fat rate, and body water volume) of the adult fat women group. The 10 minutes of the warming-up exercise, 10 minutes of the summary exercise, and the main exercise(treadmill load program, constant velocity treadmill program) was set as 25 ~ 45 minutes according to the individual difference, and the subject people were asked to walk or run according to the treadmill program, and the intensity of the exercise was applicable to 65 ~ 90% of the maximum cardiac pulse frequency, that is, in the extent of 65 ~ 90% of HRmax the program was executed. In order to examine the difference between before and after the exercise, the paired t-test was applied, and in order to examine the influence on effects of the individual group(group), between before and after the event(time), and group and the interaction between before and after the event(group x time), the two-way ANOVa which is the examination for the average difference of the estimated variable was executed, and the acceptance standard for the proposition was set up as P〈.05. 1. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body weight was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body weight was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05). Additionally, the influence on the body weight in each group didnot show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, but there was very meaningful difference between before and after the exercise(P〈.001), and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 2. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body fat rate was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body fat rate was decreased between before and after the exercise, but there was no meaningful difference. Additionally, the influence on the body fat rate in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, but there was very meaningful difference between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 3. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body fat volume was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body fat volume was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05). Additionally, the influence on the body fat volume in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, but there was very meaningful difference between before and after the exercise(P〈.001), and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 4. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body fat volume was increased between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body fat volume was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05), but there was no meaningful difference. Additionally, the influence on the body fat volume in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 5. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body water volume was decreased between before and after the exercise, and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body water volume was decreased between before and after the exercise, but there was no meaningful difference. Additionally, the influence on the body water volume in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups.