역사이해력 향상을 위한 감정이입적 역사 학습 프로그램 개발 : Emphasis on the 6th Grade Social Studies Curriculum

박혜인 이화여자대학교 교육대학원 2002 이화교육논총 Vol.12 No.-

In history, it has been called that empathic understanding is a trial to come in the mind of bygone people. It could also be said 'empathic history-understanding', which has an appreciative eye with the viewpoint in the very time, not with contemporary one. However, nowadays, most of our history class has just been used for memorizing fragment knowledge. Hence, these history classes are accepted as tedious and meaningless lessons. Therefore, this study has started on the purpose to improve historical understanding by developing history-learning program with empathy, which stands on the basis of imaginary insight, focusing on children group age 13, the final grade in elementary school. This program can let children have familiar experience about life and history in the past. It has also developed a learning procedure about empathy based on previous related studies. That is to tell flows, as one of the methods for learning history, to learn history with empathy in fixed idea-empathy in general-empathy in context-in this order. The empathy in fixed idea is to examine meaning and influence of events in history from the contemporary viewpoint and the empathy in general can also be regarded as an attempt to get in the very time of the history. It may need more coherent consideration and the process to attempt historical empathy more authentically. The empathy in context means the critical and appraising aspect. Hence, it could be estimated the completion of basic-elementary school level-understanding of history. In order to prove effect of this program, pretest and post-test measurement in the same group has been used. It is for analysing the effects of this program from quality-based viewpoint. The equivalent-test reliability analysis has also performed with other group, which has similar social, economical, studying capabilities in the same community, by taking pretest and post-test. Consequently, it obtains .9579 reliability coefficient and has been proved that this test has relatively high level reliability. In this study, I would consider the significance of history understanding, based on the concept of history understanding and theoretical results. Then, the stage of empathy, which is based on results by preceding studies, has been fixed and developed as the sample class in this stage. In addition, I would present a scheme to improve historic understanding by empathy. In this stage, I would try to use easier history-learning method for empathy such as imaginative writings, drawings, speaking, assumed talks, history-paper making and historical roll playing. Moreover, I would also make this program focus on the application of learning method, which is shown in the evaluation for 7th textbook. This study, as an experiment for 7th textbook evaluation, has been carried out with 40 children in age 13. Each test has lasted for 70 minutes and total six tests have operated with chapter 2'-the way towards modern society. After six tests, with the level of teacher reference, and pretest, this program has put into and post-test has operated to verify usefulness of this program. This pretest and post-test have been made for the purpose to estimate synthetically history understanding and each test consists of two parts, ability for historic empathy and evaluation of recognition. I would expect the decrease of learning difference as an indirect effect of history learning program by empathy. Hence, I would compare learning improvement after dividing into three group, group A, B, C, with total score from the top to the bottom previously. Additionally, the performance assessment by teachers keeps pace with self-assessment by children for the analysis of process. The analysis for process has been managed SPSS/WIN statistical program, then, the result has been examined with dependent sample t-test. After operating this program for improving history understanding based on empathy, there is meaningful difference between pretest and post-test in general history-learning ability including empathic history understanding area, historical facts and concept knowledge. The difference shows in scope .05 of significance level as .000 significance probability. In addition, compared to average on a maximum scale of 60 points, there is 7,825 points increase after operating program. It could reasonably accepted that this program contributes the improvement of learning ability based on empathy and historical knowledge for children. Furthermore, there is significant difference in the most of leveled group A, B, C, which are sorted for proving results. Especially, group B and C have showed more prominent progress. Therefore, it could be understood that this program will service to make solution to smooth learning difference. In conclusion, empathic history-learning method would make children approach lives in the past and improve ability of empathy. In consequence, there is remarkable progress from the standpoint of concept recognition and historical facts.

진주지역 유치원의 변천과정에 대한 연구

강인언,임성혜,손영수 진주여자전문대학 1992 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the history of early childhood education in Chinju city. And the second purpose is to find out various problems in the field of early childhood education in Chinju, and seek improved suggestions. To carry out this study, the researchers gathered many kinds of data from forty kindergarten located in Chinju city. The opening date, the present situations, and the number of teachers, children and classes of each kindergarten were included in the data. The findings and suggestions of this study are as follows : 1. The kindergarten openting in Chinju for the first time in 「Chinju Chiristian Kindergarten」opened in 1916, which is two years later than the first kintergarten for the Korean childern, 「Ewha Kindergarten」opened in 1914 in Seoul. 2. Most of the private kindergartens in Chinju are very poor in financial aspect. 3. The salary level of the teachers of private kindergarten is lower than that of public kindergarten. 4. The concept of the parents on early childhood education is distorted much more than that of the specialists. 5. Educational programs according to ages (3-5 years old children)is required. 6. To elevate the efficiency of early childhood education, the financial support of provincial government as well as central government is required. 7. To recommendate the encouragement of learning in kindergaten, many of the school inspector are necessary in the special field of the early childhood education.

프로그램 개발의 창의적 유형에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

서인해,공계순 한국사회복지연구회 2003 사회복지연구 Vol.22 No.-

본 연구는 종합사회복지관에서 이루어지는 프로그램 개발과 관련된 일련의 특성들을 살펴 보고 일련의 과정에서 나타나는 기관의 개발실태에 영향을 미치는 요인을 밝혀보고자 하였다. 연구내용으로는 첫째, 프로그램의 개발여부, 개발횟수, 프로그램 개발의 창의성 유형, 기존 프로그램의 수정내용과 정도 등을 중심으로 기술통계분석을 통하여 개발실태를 파악하였다. 둘째, 개발의 실태에 영향을 미치는 변수를 응답자 개인 및 기관의 인구학적 변수, 개인의 특성 및 개발관련 교육변수, 그리고 기관의 업무특성과 프로그램 개발과정관련 변수들을 독립변수로 설정하여 판별분석 및 회귀분석을 통하여 알아보았다. 본 연구를 위한 조사방법으로는 전국의 335개 종합사회복지관을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시했으며, 응답자는 청소년복지률 담당하고 있는 사회복지사로 하였다. 회수율은 57%이다. 본 연구의 주요결과로는 사회복지관에서 프로그램의 개발활동은 비교적 활발하여 전체기관의 72.5%가 프로그램을 개발하고 있고, 기존 프로그램을 일부 수정하는 형태가 가장 많은 55%이며, 창의적인 개발이 42%, 기존 프로그램을 그대로 채택하는 경우는 3%이다. 프로그램 개발은 주로 20대의 3년 이하 근무기간을 가진 사회복지사들에 의해서 1개월 미만의 짧은 기간에 이루어지고 있다. 프로그램의 개발여부에 영향을 미치는 요인은 개발담당자의 근무기간, 개발관련 지식, 전문성에 대한 정체감, 학력이었으며, 개발횟수에 영향을 미치는 변수는 개발 동기, 개발관련 교육에 관한 자신감, 개발지식이다. 창의적인 개발과 수정한 개발형태를 결정짓는 데는 오직 프로그램 개발에 참여사람의 수만이 영향을 미쳤다. 기존 프로그램을 수정한 경우에 수정정도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 기관내 프로그램관련 의사결정 참여정도, 개발관련 교육정도, 개발지식, 창의적인 문제해결력이다. 본 연구의 결과들이 사회복지실천 및 학술적인 측면에서 시사하는 바가 논의되었다. 기존문헌과 비교하여 비슷한 결과를 보이고 있는 면도 있으나 상반된 결과도 나타났다. 실천적인 측면에서 개발담당자를 배치할 때 고려할 점, 프로그램 개발에 관한 공식적인 교육의 증대 및 교육할 때 고려할 점 등이 제시되었다. It has been ignored of the importance of creativity in program development process although recent social work studies has emphasized the possibility of creativity to social work practice. The researchers think that the complicated phenomena in the program development has been caused from lack of understanding the creativity in the program development. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate how the creativity was embedded into program development in the social welfare centers in Korea. A questionnaire was constructed with three parts, including 16 major variables, 201 questionnaires were collected from 335 agencies during two months. As the result of the descriptive analyses, the four noticeable features were found; (1) the activity of program development are shown as creativity and adaptation; (2) the pattern of ‘borrowing’ in the program development was rarely observed in the field; (3) the staff in his/her twenties are in charge of program development; (4)the respondents get knowledge from individual studies rather than from academic institutes. Discriminant analysis and multiple regressions were applied to analyze the sequential feature of program development in the social welfare centers. The results of the discriminant analysis show that four variables have influence on the difference between the agencies experiencing the program development and the agencies not experiencing the program development, and only one variable has influence on the difference between ‘creating’ and ‘borrowing’ in the program development. The results of the multiple regression show that three variables influence the number of program development experience, and four variables make influence on the degree of modifying the program design in the process of program development. Major findings were discussed and several suggestions were made for future research and improvement of the program development in social welfare centers.

특수교육대상학생 교육과정 운영에 대한 특수학급 교사 및 통합학급 교사의 인식

전혜인(Hae-In Jeon),정효철(Hyo-Chul Jeong) 한국콘텐츠학회 2021 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.21 No.5

특수교육 현장에서 특수교육대상학생들을 위한 교육과정 운영은 특수교사 및 통합학급 교사들에게 주어지는 역할인데, 많은 교사들이 교육과정 운영에 어려움을 경험한다는 선행연구들이 있다. 본 연구에서는 질적연구방법을 통해 특수교사와 통합학급 교사들의 교육과정 운영 경험 및 교육과정 운영의 어려움과 제안사항 등에 대해 알아보는 것을 통해 특수교육대상학생 교육과정 운영의 방향을 모색하고 교육과정 운영을 위한 적합한 지원방안을 찾고자 하였다. 본 연구의 참여자는 경력 15년 이상의 특수교사 및 통합학급 교사를 대상으로 이루어졌으며 모든 면담은 일대일 심층면담으로 실시하였다. 모든 면담을 전사본으로 작성 후, 지속적 비교법을 통해 분석한 결과 대주제 6가지와 하위주제 12가지가 도출되었으며 도출된 대주제와 하위 주제는 다음과 같다; 교사마다 다른 교육과정 운영, 교육과정 적용의 어려움, 부족한 지원체계, 전문적 자질 문제, 통합학급에서 더 어려운 특수교육 교육과정, 통학학급 교사의 매일의 고민. 논의에서는 특수교육대상학생 교육과정 운영의 방향과 교육과정 운영을 위한 적합한 지원방안에 대해 논의하고, 연구의 제한점을 제시하며 제언하였다. In special education, the operation of curriculum for students subject to special education is a role given to special teachers and integrated class teachers, and there are prior studies that many teachers experience difficulties in operating the curriculum. In this study, it was intended to find out the direction of special education courses and appropriate support measures for the operation of special education courses by exploring the experiences of special teachers and integrated class teachers, difficulties and suggestions in operating the curriculum. Participants in this study were special and integrated teachers with more than 15 years of experience, and all interviews were conducted in one-on-one in-depth interviews. After all the interviews have been prepared in full-length versions, the analysis has resulted in six major subjects and twelve subtopics; each teacher has different curriculum operations, difficulties in applying the curriculum, insufficient support systems, professional qualifications, and daily concerns of teachers in integrated classes. In the discussion, the direction of operation of special education courses for students and appropriate support measures for the operation of curriculum were discussed, and the limitations of research were presented and proposed.

<자료> 국립국악원 교원연수 프로그램 개선 방향 모색을 위한 수요조사 분석

우해인(Woo, Hae-In) 국립국악원 2021 국악원논문집 Vol.44 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 새로운 시대 변화에 대응하는 국립국악원 교원연수 프로그램의 내용 및 운영 방법, 신규 연수 등에 대한 참여자 수요를 파악하여 국악원 교원연수 중장기 개선 방향을 도출하는 것이다. 이를 위해 전국 초·중등 음악수업 담당교사를 대상으로 (무선표집)온라인 설문을 실시하였으며 초등 483명, 중등 239명, 총 722명이 참여하였다. 연수 내용 면에서 연수 영역 희망 비율은 실기(52.9%), 감상 및 이론(22.6%), 수업설계(24.5%)로 나타났다. 국악 수업 관련 희망 강좌는 ‘놀이형’, ‘교과연계형’, ‘학생공연형’ 등 순이며, 실기 희망 강좌는 사물놀이, 장구 반주, 민요/ 판소리 등 순으로 나타났다. 연수형식 면에서 원격연수 방식 도입에 대해 블렌디드형 찬성, 원격연수 별도 개발, 원격연수 도입 반대순으로 나타났다. 선호하는 연수 시수는 초급과정은 15시간, 중급과정은 30시간이었다. 희망 신설 연수로는 ‘선택실기 지역거점형(30시간)’, ‘타악 집중 연수 3박 4일 숙박형(20시간)’, ‘다양한 국악수업 집합형 1일 연수(6시간)’ 등 순이었다. 국립국악원 교원연수 중장기 개발 방향에 대한 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연수 대상 규모를 온·오프라인 양방향으로 확대해야 한다. 둘째, 현장 맞춤형 연수 내용 적용 및 다양한 운영 방식의 신규 연수 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 국립국악원 교원연수와 자체 국악교육 사업의 연계를 강화해야 한다. 넷째, 국립국악원은 국악교원연수 전국적 생태계 조성을 위한 플랫폼 역할을 해야 한다. This study aimed to examine the needs of participants for the ideal contents and management methods of the in-service teacher training program, designed by the National Gugak Center, in response to the changes of the time and supervision direction for the mid-and long-term improvement of the Center s in-service teacher training program. For this purpose, the examiner conducted a (random sampling) of online survey with teachers, who are responsible to music lessons in elementary and secondary school around the nation. A total of 722 teachers participated in the survey with 483 and 239 in elementary and secondary school, respectively. In terms of in-service training contents, 52.9% of the respondents hoped to receive in-service training in the area of performance practice, followed by music appreciation and theory classes (22.6%), and class model (24.5%). The majority of teachers wanted “play-type” lectures, preceded by “subject-connected” and “student performance” styles. They chose Samullori first for the performance practice class, followed by janggu accompaniment and Minyo (folk song)/Pansori classes. When asked about the introduction of remote in-service training program, the biggest percentage of teachers asked for a mixed-type, heralded by separate devices of remote in-service training classes and by the disagreement to the introduction of distant in-service training program. They preferred 15 and 30 hours of in-service training classes for elementary and intermediate courses, respectively. The biggest number of the respondents hoped to add a “local-based selective practice type training program (30 hours),” followed by an “accommodation style classes, concentrated on percussion instruments courses for three nights and four days (20 hours)” and “one-day in-service training type program with a collection of various gugak lessons (6 hours)”. Based on these findings, this study made the following proposals for the mid-and long-term development directions of the in-service teacher training program of the National Gugak Center: First, the scale of teachers eligible for in-service training should be expanded, both online and offline. Secondly, it is necessary to apply so called “customized-to-field” content to the training program, and also to develop new in-service training sessions applying various management methods. Thirdly, there is a need to strengthen connection between the Center s in-service teacher training program and its in-house Gugak education projects. And finally, the Center should serve as the platform to build a nationwide ecosystem for in-service teacher training program for Gugak.

수집소비의 동기와 의의

김해인 ( Kim Hae In ),이준영 ( Lee June Young ) 한국소비자학회 2019 소비자학연구 Vol.30 No.2

본 연구는 현대 소비사회에서 다양하게 등장하는 소비자 유형 중에서 수집소비를 하는 소비자를 분석하기 위해 진행하였다. 이를 알아보기 위해 현재 수집을 하고 있는 20~30대 소비자들 13명을 대상으로 심층인터뷰를 실시하였다. 이를 통해 수집 전 행동, 수집 과정, 수집 후 행동으로 구분하였고, 수집소비의 의미를 분석, 도출하여 연구 결과를 범주화하여 정리하였다. 연구의 주요 분석결과로서 첫째, 수집 전 행동에 있어서 수집품 정보 탐색이 내·외적으로 이루어지며 수집행위 시 비의도적 동기로 시작했으나 점차 의도적 구매로 전환되고, 수집품 구매 시 적절하게 구매예산의 상한선을 두는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 수집과정에서는 수집을 하는 소비자들이 과거, 현재, 미래에 모두 수집을 했거나 또는 할 것이라는 수집의 관성적인 특성을 보였고, 수집품 구매 시 긍정적인 감정과 태도를 표출하는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 수집 이후 행동에서는 보유효과 등의 심리 때문에 수집품을 버리는 등의 처분을 하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 수집에 의미에 있어서 수집물들은 기억과 추억을 기록하는 대상물인 동시에 나를 위한 가치소비로서 여겨지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 수집소비는 다양한 소비욕구가 다층적으로 나타나는 행위임을 발견하였다. 본 연구를 통해 수집소비의 보편성과 특수성을 이해할 수 있었으며, 취미와 취향이 보다 세분화되어 가고 있는 소비문화의 변화 속에서 수집소비자에 관한 이론적·실무적 시사점을 제공한다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior of consumers who purchase items specifically for personal collections among the various types of consumers emerging in the modern consumer society. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 consumers in their 20s or 30s who were carrying out collection activities. Based on the output of the interviews, consumer behavior was divided into pre-collection behavior, the process of collection, and post-collection behavior. The meanings of collection-oriented consumption were analyzed and obtained, and the research results were outlined through categorization. The findings of this study were as follows: First, in terms of the pre-collection behavior, the subjects unintentionally started collection activities along with their internal and external searches for information on items for collection, but they gradually moved towards intentional purchases and set appropriate upper limits for their consumption budgets. Second, in the process of collection, the consumers who were collecting showed the inertial characteristic of collection that they had collected in the past and were collecting currently and would continue to collect in the future, and they also expressed positive emotions and attitudes during the purchase of items. Third, in terms of the post-collection behavior, they did not dispose of their collections due to psychological reasons, such as the endowment effect. Fourth, regarding the meaning of collection, the consumers perceived their collections as objects recording their memories and reminiscences, as well as valuable consumption for themselves. Moreover, collection-oriented consumption was found to be a multilayered act that reflected various consumption needs. This study helps understand both the universal and distinct characteristics of collection-oriented consumption and provides theoretical and practical implications on collection-oriented consumers, amid changes in consumption culture in the form of further segmentation in consumer hobbies and tastes.

부산지역 수돗물과 지하수의 중금속 농도

김준연,손지언,김형수,김두희,원미숙,김인식,이혜령 동아대학교 산업의학연구소 2000 산업의학연구소 논총 Vol.- No.5

This study investigated mean airborne CO concention of 15 workplaces, suspected of CO exposure and conducted self-reported questionnaire completion and indirect COHb concentration measure using Micro II Smokerlyzer to healthy 702 adult subjects from 1999 May to 1999 September in order to find a relation of CO exposure and occupational factors, socioeconomic factors, and health related behaviors and confirm the related conditions in the screening test for CO exposure. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. In the CO exposed and non exposed group, COHb concentrations of the smokers were 2.55±0.96% and 2.21±0.97% and that got a statistically significant difference, There were not statistically significant differences in the age and total smoking index. Passed times after the last smoking, Working time/day, and working duration were statistically significant difference (p〈0.05). 2. In the CO exposed and non exposed group, COHb concentrations of non-smoking group were 0.94±0.35% and 0.68±0.47% and that got a statistically significant difference. There were not statistically significant differences in the age and working duration but Working time/day was a statistically significant difference(p〈0.05). 3. In the CO exposed group, r-square of multiple regression of the smokers was 38.5 % and passed time after the last smoking, working time/day, and job category were statistically significant differences (p〈0.05). And r-square in the CO non-exposed group was 38.3 % and age, passed time after the last smoking, and total smoking index were statistically significant difference. 4. In the CO exposed group, r-square of multiple repression of the non-smokers was 66.3% and job category and airborne CO concentration were statistically significant differences(p〈0.05). But r-square of non-smokers in the CO non-exposed group was 1.0% and there was not a statistically significant difference(p〈0.05). 5. In the smokers of CO exposed and non exposed groups, relation of COHb concentration and passed time after the last smoking was expressed as exponential function, Y = 2.9182e-0.0083x and r-square of this function was 37.4%. Therefore it was more than 150 minutes that passed time after the last smoking was when COHb concentrations were measured as less than 1%. In conclusion, variable, that was statistically significant to COHb concentraion in the both CO exposed and non-exposed smokers, was a passed time after the last smoking. We suggest that you have to restrict the smoking of smokers at least 150 minutes in the exposed and non exposed group before COHb concentration measure in order to exclude smoking effects

영양사 유무에 따른 재가노인 급식서비스 제공기관의 실태 분석

정현영,양일선,채인숙,이해영 대한영양사협회 2004 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.10 No.2

The purposes of this study was to analyze the operational difference of foodservice center for homebound elderly by the presence of the dietitian. The questionnaire was developed to measure all variables for menu management and distributed to 103 meal service centers in charge of congregate meal service program and 57 centers for home-delivered meal service program. The data of 160 centers in charge of congregate meal service and home-delivered service centers were usable for analysis. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS 8.1 package program for descriptive analysis and chi-square test. Only 2 1.9% meal service centers had dietitians, what is more, they were not professionals who did menu management but foodservice managers, volunteers, cook or social workers. The current foodservice programs for the homebound elderly were operated without professional. In the part of menu management, dietitians were more actively involved in menu planning in the elderly foodservice center in the presence of the dietitians. The performance level of healthcare service was not significantly different, but the nutrition education in the elderly foodservice center with the dietitians was more frequently performed than that without the dietitians(p<0.05). In the food purchasing and food production management, the significant differences were shown that in the elderly foodservice centers in the presence of the dietitians, the proportion of the contract purchasing was significantly higher than that of direct purchasing(p<0.01). In food sanitaq management, the significant differences were not shown in the part of management of keeping meal for identifying the cause of food-borne illness and left-over, but the sanitation education for the foodservice employees was performed more frequently by the presence of the dietitians(p<0.01). In conclusion, the foodservice management was more systematically conducted in the elderly foodservice centers in the presence of the dietitians than that without dietitians. The elderly foodservice program has offered the health-related support for homebound elderly. Although there were several problems in elderly foodservice management, the program delivered well-targeted, effective, and efficient nutrition services and wide range of supportive service to the at-risk older population. It needs to be managed by professional for the improvement in the elderly foodservice.

일부 흡연 대학생의 지각된 스트레스와 흡연실태에 대한 상관관계 연구

강초록,권시내,권혜림,박수경,송인혜,오해인,이미지,한승아,황선아,김수지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2003 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.37

In spite of the seriousness of smoking harm has been developed these days. the increase of national smoking rate and that the people in the twenties are especially leading the rise of national smoking rate is an important issue of national health. Smoking of the university students can occur health problem and cause loss of manpower and expenses in their social activity period. So then the actual state for prevention of smoking and development of a program to prohibit smoking has to be seized urgently and starting with the study of the realities of university students, the effort to find a related fluent of smoking has to be studied. Related to this, the purpose of this study is to seize the general characteristics of smoking university students and to find out the relationship between perceived stress and smoking status among smoking university students. In addition, by collating the relationship between perceived stress and smoking status among smoking university students we have the purpose to furnish the basal data of stress care, the best way to cope with stress through group training and the plan for nursing implementation to decrease the smoking rate. For this study, a survey was conducted for 204 smoking university students of 13 universities in Seoul from 9th of May to 16th of May, 2003. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, Pearson Correlation and ANOVA in the statistical packages SPSS/PC. Major findings of this study are as follows; 1. Of the 204 respondents 85.4% of them were male and 14.6% of them were female. The average age of the sample was 23.19 years old and 41.8% of them were in senior, 21.4% in junior, 16.9% in sophomore, 19.9% in freshman grade. The major motivation to start smoking was 'because of curiosity'(33.8%) and the first smoking experience was at 'senior high school' (41.9%) and at 'college' (41.9%). 2 The highest scored stress factor of smoking university students were stresses about school work. 3. 72.7% had experience to quit smoking at least one or more times. Most of the reason to keep on smoking was 'short will to quit'(51.0%) and the smoking place was usually at 'school' (41.4%). Most respondents for the number ofsmoking friends were '5 people and above' (73.2%). 4. There was a negative relationship between the general characteristics and the entire perceived stress, however, there was a positive relationship between the general characteristics and the perceived stress in 4 categories which is 'sex distinction', 'major of study', 'residence form' and' inmate'. 5. There was a negative relationship between the general characteristics and the entire smoking status, however, there was a positive relationship between the general characteristics and the smoking status in 2 categories which is 'presence of hobby' and 'number of smoking friends'. 6. There was a negative relationship between the perceived stress and the smoking status. Through this study we have seized the relationship between the general characteristics, perceived stress and the smoking status of smoking university students. There was a positive relationship between some of the general characteristics with the perceived stress and the smoking status of smoking university students. Also there was a negative relationship between the perceived stress and the smoking status.

In-Situ X-Ray Fluoroscopic Observation for Motion of Bubbles in Liquid Iron for Correction of Drag Coefficient Used in Numerical Simulation

In-Beom Park,Sang-Joon Kim,Hae-Geon Lee,Youn-Bae Kang 대한금속·재료학회 2016 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.22 No.4

Rising of Ar bubble in C-saturated liquid iron was investigated in-situ by employing a high power X-Ray fluoroscope (maximum power of 450 kV and 4.5 mA) coupled with a high speed camera. This analysis enabled to track the actual motion of rising bubble in the liquid iron. After post-processing of X-Ray images, size, shape, velocity, and trajectory of the bubble were obtained. The bubbles were found to be not spherical, but ellipsoidal. Their average size could be estimated about 1.1×10 -2 m. The bubbles wobbled during rising and arrived at their terminal velocities within 0.1 sec. The obtained terminal velocities revealed that the governing forces acting on the motion of ellipsoidal bubble were inertia and surface force. This was quite different from that of spherical bubble which was widely used in the assumption for the numerical analysis. As a result, widely applied equation for the drag coefficient (CD = 24 (1 + 0.15Re 0.687 ) / Re) is seen to be applicable only for low Re regime, and this was also confirmed by the drag coefficient derived from the present experimental observation. Therefore, it is suggested to use the following equation for the drag coefficient CD = max [24 (1 + 0.15Re 0.687 ) / Re, 8Eo / 3(Eo + 4)]. Numerical simulation for the Ar bubble behavior in the three dimensional (3D) continuous casting mold was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the drag coefficient for the behavior of spherical and ellipsoidal bubbles. The numerical results showed that the increased CD based on ellipsoidal regime affected the entire fluid in the mold.