법조인 선발제도별 비용분석과 진입유인 분석

천도정 ( Do Jeong Cheon ),황인태 ( In Tae Hwang ) 한국회계학회 2016 회계저널 Vol.25 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 기존 사법시험이 갖는 소위 ‘고시낭인’이 되어 역기능으로서 사회가 부담하고 있는 사회적비용을 감소시키고 법조인의 다양성과 전문적 지식을 법에 도입하기 위한 제도로서 법학전문대학원(law school; 로스쿨: 이하 ‘법전원’)이 갖는 장점에도불구하고 법전원의 고비용구조가 우리 국민 모두가 진입할 수 있는 법조영역에 대한 진입장벽이 되어 특정 소득계층이 진입하지 못하는 문제가 과연 존재할 수 있는지의 여부를 분석하고자 하는데 있다. 법전원이 출범했음에도 불구하고 지금까지 구체적인 분석이 이루어지지 않고 막연한 추측과 여론에 의하여 고비용구조이기 때문에 법조인이 되는데 진입장벽이 되고, 오히려 기존의 사법시험을 존치하여 문제를 해결하여야 한다는 주장이 많이 제기되고 있는 실정이다. 현재 국회에는 김용남 의원 등이 발의한 사시 존치 관련 법안 4건이 계류되어있다. 여기에 오신환 의원이 대표발의한 사시 존치 법안이 지난 6월 제출되어 법안소위 회부를 기다리고있는 상태다. 그러나 기존의 사법시험과 비교하여 얼마나 많은 비용차이가 발생하는지 구체적인 분석은 이루어진 적이 없다. 본 분석의 목적은 기존 사법시험제도와 법전원체제에 대한 가치판단의 문제에 대한 접근은 제외하고, 순수한 비용분석에 의하여 국민소득계층에서 법조계에 진입하지 못하는 소득계층이 존재하는지 여부를 비교분석하는데 있으며, 만일 존재한다면 어떠한 계층이 진입할가능성이 적은지를 분석하였다. 이러한 분석은 국민의 교육과 직업기회에 대한 형평성과 법조분야의 발전에 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 비용분석은 법전원 출신의 변호사시험과 기존 사법시험과의 분석에서 측정 불가능한 요인은 배제하고, 측정 가능한 범위 내에서 비용의 총액과 차액분석을 통하여 비교하고, 법조인이 되기 위한 기회비용을 이용하여 비용의 차이를 비교 분석하여 소득계층의 진입가능여부의 판단기준을 제시한다는 것은 원가(비용)분석의 사례로서 큰 의미가 있다고 생각한다. The goal of this cost analysis is to explore and analyze, despite the advantages the new ``law school`` system, which reduces the social costs of the ‘entrance exam vagabond’ problem by solving this social issue the previous judicial bar entrance exam had, and allows the for the diversification of the pool of applicants and encourages professional knowledge in the law industry, if in fact there is a possibility that the cost structure of law school serving as an entrance barrier for certain socio-economic groups to apply to be a Judicial Officer is a problem that exists. Even though the law school system was established, there has not yet been a detailed analysis, and the reality is that through vague guesswork and media spin, the system is blamed as being of high cost and therefore the cause for being a high barrier of entry to certain socioeconomic classes to become a Judicial Officer, and that it also retains the problems of the previous judicial bar examination, so there are many opinions that these problems of the new law school system need to be solved. However, there has yet to have been a detailed cost comparison analysis to explore how much the cost difference is with the old judicial bar examination system. The goal of this analysis is in the case where the previous judicial bar examination has been abolished and the law school system goes into full effect, excluding the qualitative comparison of which selection process is more practical in turning out Judicial Officers, to evaluate from a strictly cost analysis point of view whether the law school system serves as a barrier of entry to any socioeconomic group. And if in fact this barrier exists, to analyze which socioeconomic group has the least chance of being able to enter. Such analysis can be seen as having significant meaning in supporting the fairness of Korea’s education system and job opportunity system and also the advancement of the Judicial Officer selection and law industry. Therefore, this study excludes any elements in the current law school entrance exam system and the previous judicial bar examination system that cannot be accurately quantified, and compares the two systems within the bounds of quantifiable ranges, such as the analysis of the total and differential costs, and also the opportunity cost of becoming a Judicial Officer. All these factors are used for comparative analysis, and to present an official set of criterion that can be used to predict the chance of a certain socioeconomic group being successfully selected as a Judicial Officer has significant meaning as a case study of cost analysis. If the law school system continues, a phenomenon in which the entry of individuals into legal circles is determined according to their economic income quantiles will set in. Therefore, various reviews on the lawyers training system should be performed. In relation to the costs of training lawyers, critics about the national judicial examination point out the seriousness of the problem of social opportunity costs due to numerous “unemployed individuals produced after failing in the examination” because the acceptance ratio remains at 3%. The costs borne by examinees who prepare for the existing national judicial examination are explicit costs that are borne by the examinees themselves. As they are willing to pay the costs, these costs can be viewed as avoidable costs. However, the costs borne by examinees for law schools are imputed costs under a system, and therefore, are more of unavoidable costs. Operating costs borne by universities to operate law schools, and scholarships and other costs borne by universities to meet the conditions required to operate law schools are indirect costs, and thus, these may be categorized as indirect opportunity costs borne by society. In addition, we should be aware that if the bar examination following the law school system continues to be operated for a long time, opportunity costs incurred by declines in the acceptance ratio should be borne. This study conducted an analysis that is limited to the analysis of costs that will actually be incurred or are projected to be incurred while excluding overall axiological judgements on the lawyers training system or discussions on the appropriateness of the system. Therefore, it should be noted that there can be a number of variations according to circumstantial changes. However, there was a limitation in the cost analysis. For example, the operating costs of law schools borne by universities and implicit social indirect costs were excluded from the analysis because it was actually impossible to obtain data on these costs or measure them.

環境危機 發生의 原因에 관한 硏究

千寅鎬 東亞大學校 大學院 1996 大學院論文集 Vol.21 No.-

S.Moscovici asserted the 20th century to be inevitably fallen into the environmental crisis. In other words, he insisted that if the one of the critical problems in the 18th century was related to the political rights-gainning of citizens and the social problem in the 19th century to workers, the important problem of the 20th century be to that of ecological crisis and pollution. According to the Previous analyses of economics to the environmental problems, however they have presented the methods of improvement and their complemental policies, the cause-and-effect analyses of econometrics, and the policies for maintenance of optimal quantity of pollutants. But few studies have suggested the change of paradigms and view of values to find out the causes of environmental problems through their close analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the fundamental causes of the environmental crisis that western civilization and previous economics as well have produced, and to reconize the necessity to conversion of them into new civilization and new economic views. The abstract of this treatise is as follows. 1)The mechanism of the environmental crisis are based upon A.Schnaiberg's social environmental dialectic, and upon the clash of environmental values and material values. The one, his opinion, is that economic growth is the "thesis" as its social request, the environmental pollutio nis the "antithesis" as the inevitable by-products from economic growth, and therefore the "synthesis" from both the results bring forth to economic synthesis, the synthesis of scarce resources and ecological synthesis. And he thinks that the present environmental crisis was brought about by the previous civilization that the economic synthesis has preponderated over the ecological synthesis. The othe rtells that while the existence, health,material welfare and suchlike people have sought after are all material values, environmental values pursues quite the opposite. In both interrelationship, however, environmental crisis is brought about in which material values dominate over environmental value. 2)The previous western civilization has produced the cause of environmental problem as follows. First, the protestant view of environment. It is a thouth that only human beings aming other creatures were endowed by God the rights to control the environment. It became the basis cause of men's dominance and exploitation over nature and environment, and of environment crisis as well. That view is base don the following five principles. ①The principle of excludability of only one God and unforgiveness, ②the principle that conquest of nature is virtue ③that the management and control of history and society are virtue ④that the increase of productive capacity is virtue, and ⑤the principle that enlargement and satisfaction of desires are virtue. Therefore, the present crises in environment are from protestant view of it that has become the main stream of modern civilization. Second, there is the paradigm of Bacon-Descrate-Newton that separated hyman beings and nature and completed a mechanistic world-view. It justified the way of thinking about men's arrogant exploitation to nature and environment. The "mechanistic thinking" that would enable men to conquest and utilize nature caused the formation of an economic construction for mass productio adn consumption througf "industrial revoultion" to destory and pollute environments. 3)The economic causes to environmental crisis:first, in case of the leading economics, individualism is important. therefore, the thought that would be able to use the environment with no payments has caused the crisis that environment goods as a common property was exploited over the persuit of individual profit. And the thought of resonable Homo Economicus admired material-centered production and ostentatious consumption and so accelerated environmental crisis. Moreover, in case of the problem-solvings of pollution in the main-current economics, they has suggested the short-run and cost-saving alternatives that when they admitted environmental crisis to market failure and controlled it with optimal taxation and some incentives, or internalized external effects, they should be solved promptly. Under socialist states the theory of labor value menas only if man's labor power puts into nay nature resource. And in the conversion process of worthless environment into something worth indipensibly produced pollutants. Moreover, with no private-ownership system or the state property system they have no inentives to solve environmental conflicts that polluters and inveloved parties can make on an equal footing. And consequently, whoever may hae the means of production, the economic system seeking only after technical development and economic growth would pollute environments more and more. In this view, capitalistic system or soialistic system, the two are much the same. 4)It is evident that he present mechanic civilization and any economic system could hardly surmount the environmental crisis. And so, in view of civiliation it should consist of an eco-oriented, environment-oriented and hyman-ecological component. In particular, it is desirable and immediate that the economic system should be changed into being beneficial to hyman beings and that harmless to environments. in one word, it means conversion an ecological economics.

New Method for Simultaneous Quantification of 12 Ginsenosides in Red Ginseng Powder and Extract: In-house Method Validation

In, Gyo,Ahn, Nam-Geun,Bae, Bong-Seok,Han, Sung-Tai,Noh, Kil-Bong,Kim, Cheon-Suk The Korean Society of Ginseng 2012 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.36 No.2

For quality control of components in Korean red ginseng powder and extract, a new method for simultaneous quantification of 12 ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rh_1$, $Rg_2$[S], $Rg_2$[R], $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, Rd, $Rg_3$[S], and $Rg_3$[R]) was studied. Compared to the official method for quantification of marker substances (ginsenosides $Rg_1$ and $Rb_1$), the proposed methods were guaranteed by in-house method validation. Several criteria such as linearity, specificity, precision and accuracy were evaluated. For red ginseng powder, recovery (averaging 95% to 105%) was calculated, and analysis of variance was carried out to estimate the relative standard deviation (0.20% to 2.12%). For red ginseng extract, the average recovery rate was 90% to 99% and the relative standard deviation was 0.39% to 2.40%. These results indicate that the proposed method could be used in the laboratory for determination of 12 ginsenosides in red ginseng powder and extract. In addition, this method was found to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products and potentially offer time and cost benefits.

New Method for Simultaneous Quantifi cation of 12 Ginsenosides in Red Ginseng Powder and Extract

Gyo In,Nam-Geun Ahn,Bong-Seok Bae,Sung-Tai Han,Kil-Bong Noh,Cheon-Suk Kim 고려인삼학회 2012 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.36 No.2

For quality control of components in Korean red ginseng powder and extract, a new method for simultaneous quantifi cation of 12 ginsenosides (Rg₁, Re, Rf, Rh₁, Rg₂[S], Rg₂[R], Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rd, Rg₃[S], and Rg₃[R]) was studied. Compared to the offi cial method for quantifi cation of marker substances (ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb₁), the proposed methods were guaranteed by in-house method validation. Several criteria such as linearity, specifi city, precision and accuracy were evaluated. For red ginseng powder, recovery (averaging 95% to 105%) was calculated, and analysis of variance was carried out to estimate the relative standard deviation (0.20% to 2.12%). For red ginseng extract, the average recovery rate was 90% to 99% and the relative standard deviation was 0.39% to 2.40%. These results indicate that the proposed method could be used in the laboratory for determination of 12 ginsenosides in red ginseng powder and extract. In addition, this method was found to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products and potentially offer time and cost benefi ts.

중학생의 흡연 실태

천민경,박인숙 충남대학교 간호과학연구소 2002 충남대 간호학술지 Vol.5 No.1

The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for improving the health promotion behavior of adolescents, by examining to what extent middle school students actually had a smoke, in consideration of home, social and school life variables. The subjects in this study were 840 students randomly selected from two middle schools in rural area and three in urban area, North Chung-cheng Province, which included 420 girls and 420 boys. The data were collected for 17 days from June 12 through 30, 2000. And the responses from 799 students were selected for final analysis. The questionnaire used in this study was consisted of 35 items regarding four areas: general characteristics, home variables, social variables and school life variables. The collected data were analyzed with SAS PC + program. The frequency and percentage were employed to find out the general characteristics of the subjects, and x2 test was conducted to determine the relationship of smoking behavior to home, social and school life variables. The findings of this study were as follows : 1. General Characteristics First, as a result of analyzing smoking behavior by grade, gender and place of residence, it' s found that the number of smoker student increased with the advance of grade. Boy students had a smoke, more than girl did. The percentage of smoker student was 75.66% of the boys and 24.34% of the girls. The smoking rate was higher in urban area than in rural one. Second, as a result of investigating when the smoker students started smoking by grade, gender and place of residence, the largest number of them began smoking in elementary school. Third, as a result of analyzing the motivation of smoking by grade, gender and place of residence, their smoking behavior was mostly prompted by curiosity. 2. Family Variable and Smoking Behavior First, the more their family was peaceful, the less they smoked. This factor made a significant difference in smoking behavior.(p<0.001). Second, regarding parental acceptance and parental rejection, the students whose parent had an acception attitude smoked less, and there was a significant difference between the groups(p<0.01). For parental autonomy and control, the students whose parent showed an autonomous attitude smoked less, and the difference between the two was significant(p<0.05). Third, whether or not their fathers smoked didn't give a significant impact on their smoking, but mothers' smoking yielded a significant difference(p<0.05). 3. Social Variable and Smoking Behavior First, those who had more smoker friends smoken more, and the nonsmoker students had no smoker friend or had just one or two. This difference was significant(p<0.001). Second, smoking was affected by time they spent to get together with friends after school, and there was a significant difference in this point between the smoker and nonsmoker groups(p<0.001). Third, 19.74% of the smoker students hung around after school with 6 friends or more, and the rate of the nonsmoker students who got together after school with 6 friends or more was 9.89%. The difference between the two was statistically significant(p<0.001). Fourth, the percentage of having the best friend, among those who had ever been punished in or outside school, was 26.97% of the smokers and 9.87% of the nonsmokers. The disparity between the groups was significant(p<0.001). 4. School Life Variable and Smoking Behavior First, the smokers mostly ranked low in their class, while the nonsmokers ranked high in many cases. This difference was significant(p<0.01). Second, 4.61% of the smokers stayed away from school without due notice three times or more for the last three months, and the same case for the nonsmokers was 0.77%. The difference between the two was significant(p<0.001).

링레이저 자이로 기반 2축 회전형 관성항법장치 오차해석에 대한 연구

김천중(Cheon-Joong Kim),유해성(Hae-Sung Yu),이인섭(In-Seop Lee),오주현(Ju-Hyun Oh),이상정(Sang-Jeong Lee) 한국항공우주학회 2018 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.46 No.11

관성항법장치 순수항법 성능을 개선하는 방법으로 관성센서 오차가 상호 상쇄되도록 관성센서뭉치를 회전시켜 항법 성능을 개선하는 방법이 있으며 이러한 원리로 동작하는 항법장치를 회전형 관성항법장치라 한다. 관성센서 오차에 의한 회전형 관성항법장치의 정확한 항법 성능 분석을 위해서는 이에 대한 이론적 오차해석이 요구되나 기존의 많은 연구에서는 지구회전 각속도 및 중력 가속도에 의한 영향을 무시하고 오차해석을 수행하여 회전형 관성항법장치의 정확한 항법 성능 분석이 수행되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 링레이저 자이로 기반 회전형 관성항법장치의 정확한 항법 성능 분석을 위하여 지구회전 각속도 및 중력 가속도 항을 포함한 이론적인 오차해석을 수행하고 이를 기반으로 회전형 관성항법장치의 항법 성능 분석 결과를 제시하였다. There is a method to enhance the pure navigation performance of INS(Inertial Navigation System) through the rotation of inertial measurement unit to compensate error sources of inertial sensors each other and that INS using this principle of operation is called rotational INS. In this paper, the exact error analysis of rotational INS based on ring laser gyro considering the coupling effect with gravity and earth rate is performed to evaluate the navigation performance by inertial sensor error sources. And error analysis and performance evaluation result confirmed by modelling and simulation is also proposed in this paper.

國民學校 및 中學校의 科學科 敎育課程의 系列性에 關한 硏究(物理科學分野)

宋寅命,禹榮均,金千中 공주대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 1976 과학교육연구 Vol.8 No.1

The results of the examination for the new science curriculum shows that the selection and arrangement of the contents of the teaching subjects is reasonable, but that the contents is difficult and the quantity of the subjects is abandant in both side of teaching and learning is dominant opinion. The results of the sequence analysis of the teaching contents are as follows: (1) the selection of the fundamental concepts, the level of teaching in primary and junior high school, and the sequence of the contents are of no gross faults. (2) The sequence of the "Waves" included the properties of light is cut off, because they do not deal with the waves in the energy concept in junior high school. (3) The unit, "Magnetic Effect of a Current" is dealt with in interaction unit in primary school, and on the other hand it is dealt with in energy unit in junior high school. So, there is room for examination in magnetic effect of current from a viewpoint of the concept development and sequence maintenance. Next, we discussed the theoretical background for the formation of sequence and especially have set up the hierarchy of the inquiring process, in the viewpoint of organizing the contents and techniques dealt with in inquiring activities. And, on the basis of a survey of public opinion, analysis of sequences, and general theory of formation of sequence, we proposed the general rule for organizing the sequence of the concepts and the process-skills between the primary and the junior high school, and for organizing the sequence of the seience curriculum in itself. On the basis of these discussion, we have selected some unit and framed the teaching programme which will serve as a good reference to the practical teaching. We hope that a large number of teachers put the contents proposed in this paper and teaching programme organized process-skills into practical use, and they research and practice the various teaching techniques continuously in order to reach to educational purpose of the new science curriculum.

엘리엇의 초기 시에 나타난 삶의 흔적들

여인천 칼빈대학교 2003 칼빈論壇 Vol.2003 No.-

Eliot, in his critical essays, said that every poets should escape from personality and emotion by throwing up all of their mental anguish which they had suffered from and then transforming it into the materials for the poems. But he has a contradiction in his impersonal theory by way of showing his experiences mine personal than objective or general especially in the early poetry. The memory of his parents who told him the story of his ancestors emigrated to New England in America from East Coker in England; the experience of a child of ten, a small boy peering through sea-water in a rock-pool, and finding a sea-anemone for the first time; the experience of watching animals with his nurse, Annie Dunne in Forest Park; the experience of going to the Eads Bridge to watch Mississippi in flood; the experience of watching yellow fogs from the factories on the other side of Mississippi; the experience of listening to girls' laughter from a high brick wall separated his family's backyard garden from the Mary School yard-all of these things Eliot had in his mind for years from childhood are transformed into 'persona' figure, who are substituted for Eliot himself, through his imaginative pressure, and then re-appear in his poems. In other words, Eliot used 'persona' figures in his poems, through whom his personal experiences and thoughts would be spoken indirectly means of dramatic monologue. Using 'persona' was a proper way for him to hide himself behind it and speak his own mind and feelings through it. In conclusion, It is believed that the biographical elements are the key to unraveling the mystery hidden in his poetry.

한우 난소에서의 angiogenin분포와 mRNA발현에 관한 연구

이흥식,이인세,강태천,서제훈,송승훈 대한해부학회 1999 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.32 No.1

쌍화점의 형식과 장구형

全仁平 고려대학교 한국학연구소 1998 한국학연구 Vol.10 No.-