Characterizing a Full Spectrum of Physico-Chemical Properties of Ginsenosides Rb<SUB>1</SUB> and Rg<SUB>1</SUB> to Be Proposed as Standard Reference Materials

Il-Woung Kim,Hee-Do Hong,Sang Yoon Choi,Da-Hye Hwang,Youl Her,Si-Kwan Kim 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.4

Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-based quality control is an integral component of the common technical document, a formal documentation process for applying a marketing authorization holder to those countries where ginseng is classified as a medicine. In addition, authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenoside reference materials, and qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures are prerequisites for certifying GMP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose an authentication process for isolated ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 as reference materials (RM) and for these compounds to be designated as RMs for ginseng preparations throughout the world. Ginsenoside Rb, and Rg. were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of the isolated ginsenosides was made according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantitation, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides were proven to be a single compound when analyzed by three different HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.940% for Rb1 and 0.485% for Rg1, meaning that the net mass balance for ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were 99.060% and 99.515%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physicochemical properties for the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

A new validated analytical method for the quality control of red ginseng products

Il-Woung Kim,Kyu-Min Cha,Jae Joon Wee,Michael B. Ye,Si-Kwan Kim 고려인삼학회 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.4

The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are accepted as marker substances for quality control worldwide. The analytical methods currently used to detect these two compounds unfairly penalize steamed and dried (red) P. ginseng preparations, because it has a lower content of those ginsenosides than white ginseng. To manufacture red ginseng products from fresh ginseng, the ginseng roots are exposed to high temperatures for many hours. This heating process converts the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 into artifact ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2, among others. This study highlights the absurdity of the current analytical practice by investigating the time-dependent changes in the crude saponin and the major natural and artifact ginsenosides contents during simmering. The results lead us to recommend (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as new reference materials to complement the current P. ginseng preparation reference materials ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. An attempt has also been made to establish validated qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures for these four compounds that meet International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and system suitability. Based on these results, we suggest a validated analytical procedure which conforms to ICH guidelines and equally values the contents of ginsenosides in white and red ginseng preparations.

Perceived Quality of Private Brand: Antecedent Factors and Their Results

( Il Woung Wang ),( Seong Huyk Hwang ),( Jung Hee Lee ) 한국유통경영학회(구 한국유통정보학회) 2011 유통정보학회지 Vol.14 No.3

글로벌화 물결과 인구의 성장 및 구조변화, 소득수준의 향상, 소비자의 라이프스타일과 구매행위가 합리적이고 실용적인 방향으로 변화하는 등 경제 전반에 걸친 환경의 변화는 유통산업에도 큰 변혁을 초래하고 있다. 이러한 변화에 힘입어 대형마트는 2003년을 기점으로 백화점을 제치고 국내 최고 업태로 자리매김하게 되었다. 그러나 대형마트 업계의 급속한 외형적인 성장에도 불구하고 동종업체간의 경쟁뿐만 아니라 업태간의 경쟁이 심화되고 있다. 따라서 대형마트는 치열한 경쟁에서 살아남고, 수익성을 향상시키기 위한 차별화전략의 하나로 유통업체 브랜드(private brand; 이하 PB)개발하였다. 다양한 품질 및 가격을 주도하는 PB 개발은 소비자의 구매행위의 변화에 대응할 수 있는 기회의 확대와 제조업체에 대한 영향력 강화, 제조업체 상표(national brand)에 대한 견제, 유통업체 상품기획 능력 향상 등 여러 가지 이점의 제공과 급변하는 유통환경에 대응하기 위한 수단이므로 PB는 더욱 주목받고 있다. PB에 대한 업계 및 학계의 지속적인 관심에도 불구하고 PB 상품과 관련된 속성(유통업체속성, 상품속성, 제조업체속성)의 관계 및 품질 지각에 미치는 연구와 품질 지각이 고객만족, 고객신뢰, 결과적으로 선호도로 이어지는 상관관계에 대한 통합적인 연구가 여전히 부족하다. 본 연구는 고객선호도와 선행변수들과의 관계를 체계적으로 밝혀 유통업체의 PB 전략 수립 및 실행에 유용한 지침을 제공하고자 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 분석 결과 첫째, 유통업체 이미지, 판매촉진, 유통업자 신뢰, 분위기, 유통업체 상표이미지, 상품가격, 상품효용, 제조업체 신뢰가 높을수록 지각된 품질이 높아진다는 것을 확인했다. 둘째, 지각된 품질이 높을수록 고객만족이 높아지고, 고객만족이 높을수록 고객신뢰 및 선호도가 높아지고 고객신뢰가 높을수록 선호도가 높아지는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 실증분석 결과는 지각된 품질에 영향을 미치는 선행요인과 결과요인에 대한 보다 명확한 이해를 바탕으로 PB상품의 마케팅 전략을 수립하는데 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다. Changes of market environment such as globalization, population growth, improved income level, and rationalization of consumers` life style, and purchase behavior throughout the economy brought about huge revolution in retailing industry. Hypermarkets owe the success of business condition by beating out departments at the starting point of 2003 to the support of theses current changes. However, competition of the businesses as well as the same field of business is growing fiercer, even though hypermarket industry achieved rapid growth. Hypermarkets are striving to get preoccupancy of a market share by developing PB (private brand) as one of the differentiated strategies. PB has been used as a strategic tool to improve customer preferences, since it has been proven that PB is an effective method to improve customer preference over customer satisfaction so as to survive under fierce competitive environment. This present study has figured out influences of each factor such as attributes of retailer, product, and manufacturer, related with the perceived quality based on relationship among factors verified in the preceding research. In order to find investigation for relationships between customer satisfaction and perceived quality as well as customers` preference and reliability, relationship among 12 theoretic factors to provide academic and practical preview were set up. Data for analysis were collected for 320 customers who use hypermarket over 20 years old living in Seoul and capital area, and 320 analysis papers were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 7.0. The main results of this study are as follows. First of all, the higher reliability of a manufacturer, retailer image, sale promotion, retailer reliability, environments, PB image, price and utility has confirmed the higher perceived quality. Second, it is surveyed that the higher perceived quality shows the higher customer satisfaction, the higher customer satisfaction builds the higher reliability and preference of customer. In addition, the higher customer reliability improves its preference. Finally, this present study has suggested proposals for implications, limitation of study, and future researches.

[P2-35] Evaluation of butanol partition chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of crude ginseng saponin

Il-Woung Kim,Si-Kwan Kim,Hee-Do Hong,Sun-Kyun Yoo 한국식품영양과학회 2008 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2008 No.10

Characterization of Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Citrus platymamma hort. ex Tanaka

Il-Woung Kim,Song-I Han,Dong-Shik Yang,Jae Hoon Kim 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2014 No.07

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes cinnamyl aldehydes into cinnamyl alcohols, the final step in lignin biosynthesis. In this studied the purification, identification and characterization of a new cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene isolated from Citrus platymamma hort. Ex Tanaka. We expressed CAD potential gene in E.coli and then characterized its features in variety of specificity aldehydes substrates. The recombinant CAD protein was shown highest efficiently catalytic toward cinnamyl and coniferyl aldehydes and the shown lowest efficiently catalytic toward sinapyl aldehydes. We used a new improved analytical HPLC method in CAD enzymatic assay for fast and accurately measurement in various aldehydes substrates. In conclusion, our studies indicated the enzymatic activity of cDNA cloned CAD protein from Citrus platymamma hort. Ex Tanaka.

Characterizing a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 to be proposed as standard reference materials

Il-Woung Kim,Won Suk Sun,Bong-Sik Yun,Na-Ri Kim,Dongsun Min,Si-Kwan Kim 고려인삼학회 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.1

The authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenosides reference materials as well as qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures is a prerequisite for certifying good manufacturing practice (GMP). Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, representing protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, respectively, are accepted as marker substances in quality control standards worldwide. However, the current analytical methods for these two compounds recommended by Korean, Chinese, European, and Japanese pharmacopoeia do not apply to red ginseng preparations, particularly the extract, because of the relatively low content of the two agents in red ginseng compared to white ginseng. In manufacturing fresh ginseng into red ginseng products, ginseng roots are exposed to a high temperature for many hours, and the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are converted to artifact ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2 during the heating process. The analysis of ginsenosides in commercially available ginseng products in Korea led us to propose the inclusion of the (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3, including ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, as additional reference materials for ginseng preparations. (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of those isolated ginsenosides was achieved according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantification, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides showed 100% purity when determined by the three HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.534% for (20S)-Rg3 and 0.920% for (20R)-Rg3, meaning that the net mass balances for (20S)-Rg3 and (20R)-Rg3 were 99.466% and 99.080%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

Evaluation of butanol partition chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of crude ginseng saponin

Il-Woung Kim(김일웅),Si-Kwan Kim,Hee-Do Hong,Sun-Kyun Yoo 고려인삼학회 2009 고려인삼학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.5

Characterizing a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)-and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 to be proposed as standard reference materials

Kim, Il-Woung,Sun, Won Suk,Yun, Bong-Sik,Kim, Na-Ri,Min, Dongsun,Kim, Si-Kwan The Korean Society of Ginseng 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.1

The authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenosides reference materials as well as qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures is a prerequisite for certifying good manufacturing practice (GMP). Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, representing protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, respectively, are accepted as marker substances in quality control standards worldwide. However, the current analytical methods for these two compounds recommended by Korean, Chinese, European, and Japanese pharmacopoeia do not apply to red ginseng preparations, particularly the extract, because of the relatively low content of the two agents in red ginseng compared to white ginseng. In manufacturing fresh ginseng into red ginseng products, ginseng roots are exposed to a high temperature for many hours, and the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are converted to artifact ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2 during the heating process. The analysis of ginsenosides in commercially available ginseng products in Korea led us to propose the inclusion of the (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3, including ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, as additional reference materials for ginseng preparations. (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of those isolated ginsenosides was achieved according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantification, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides showed 100% purity when determined by the three HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.534% for (20S)-Rg3 and 0.920% for (20R)-Rg3, meaning that the net mass balances for (20S)-Rg3 and (20R)-Rg3 were 99.466% and 99.080%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

Characterizing a Full Spectrum of Physico-Chemical Properties of Ginsenosides Rb₁ and Rg₁ to Be Proposed as Standard Reference Materials

Kim, Il-Woung,Hong, Hee-Do,Choi, Sang-Yoon,Hwang, Da-Hye,Her, Youl,Kim, Si-Kwan The Korean Society of Ginseng 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.4

Good manufacturing practice (GMP)-based quality control is an integral component of the common technical document, a formal documentation process for applying a marketing authorization holder to those countries where ginseng is classified as a medicine. In addition, authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenoside reference materials, and qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures are prerequisites for certifying GMP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose an authentication process for isolated ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ as reference materials (RM) and for these compounds to be designated as RMs for ginseng preparations throughout the world. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of the isolated ginsenosides was made according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantitation, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides were proven to be a single compound when analyzed by three different HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.940% for $Rb_1$ and 0.485% for $Rg_1$, meaning that the net mass balance for ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ were 99.060% and 99.515%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physicochemical properties for the ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$ as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

A new validated analytical method for the quality control of red ginseng products

Kim, Il-Woung,Cha, Kyu-Min,Wee, Jae Joon,Ye, Michael B.,Kim, Si-Kwan The Korean Society of Ginseng 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.4

The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are accepted as marker substances for quality control worldwide. The analytical methods currently used to detect these two compounds unfairly penalize steamed and dried (red) P. ginseng preparations, because it has a lower content of those ginsenosides than white ginseng. To manufacture red ginseng products from fresh ginseng, the ginseng roots are exposed to high temperatures for many hours. This heating process converts the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 into artifact ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2, among others. This study highlights the absurdity of the current analytical practice by investigating the time-dependent changes in the crude saponin and the major natural and artifact ginsenosides contents during simmering. The results lead us to recommend (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as new reference materials to complement the current P. ginseng preparation reference materials ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. An attempt has also been made to establish validated qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures for these four compounds that meet International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and system suitability. Based on these results, we suggest a validated analytical procedure which conforms to ICH guidelines and equally values the contents of ginsenosides in white and red ginseng preparations.