The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

연작업자들에서의 δ -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 유전형질의 다형성이 신기능에 미치는 영향

안익수,황보영,김용배,리갑수,이성수,장봉기,함정오,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 2001 순천향산업의학 Vol.7 No.1

δ-aminolevulinic acid hehydratase (ALAD) is a polymorphic enzyme that has two alleles, ALAD1 (ALAD1-1 as phenotype) and ALAD2 (ALAD1-2 or ALAD2-2 as phenotype). ALAD genotype has been reported to modify the toxicokinetics of lead. To investigate the influence of ALAD genotype polymorphism on renal function in lead workers, author studied 1022 male lead workers and 149 non lead workers in the same industries. For the cross-sectional renal function indices, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, uric acid and total protein were selected. Blood lead and blood zinc protoporphyrin were also measured as indices of lead exposure. Information on weight, age, job duration, smoking & drinking history were collected. Following results are as follows: 1. Whereas the mean (standard deviation) of blood lead and blood ZPP of lead workers were 27.2±12.5 ㎍/㎗ and 57.7±37.8 ㎍/㎗, those of non-lead workers in the same premises were 14.9±6.5 ㎍/㎗ and 44.6± 15.8 ㎍/㎗ respectively. The difference of mean blood lead and blood ZPP between two groups were statistically significant. 2. Whereas the prevalence of the variant allele, ALAD2 in 1022 lead workers was 10.2 %, the prevalence of that in 149 non-lead workers was 7.4 %. But there was no difference of prevalence between two groups. 3. The mean±standard deviation of blood lead of subjects with ALAD1 was 25.5± 12.7 ㎍/㎗ and was slightly lower than that of subjects with ALAD2 (26.5±10.9 ㎍/㎗), and the mean±standard deviation of blood ZPP of subjects with ALAD1 was slightly higher than that of subjects with ALAD2 (56.7±37.3 ㎍/㎗ vs 48.9±18.6 ㎍/㎗). But the differences of blood lead and blood ZPP between two genotypes were not statistically significant. 4. There were no differences of cross-sectional renal function indices (BUN, serum creatinine, uric acid and total protein) either by lead workers and non-lead workers or two genotypes. 5. In multiple regression analysis of ALAD genotype on BUN after controlling for possible confounders (sex, weight, job duration, smoking and drinking status), the mean of BUN in ALAD2 subjects was 0.629 ㎎/㎗ lower than ALAD1 subjects with a weak statistical significance (p=0.07). But in logistic analysis of ALAD genotype on median value of BUN revcaled that subjects of ALAD2 genotype were 32% less likely to have median value or more of BUN than subjects of ALAD1 with odd ratio of 0.618 (95% confidence interval 0.411-0.920). 6. In multiple regression analysis of ALAD genotype on serum creatinine after controlling for possible confounders (sex, weight, job duration, smoking and drinking status), the mean of serum creatinine in ALAD2 subjects was 0.0271 ㎎/㎗ lower than ALAD1 subjects with statistical significance (p=0.02). On the other hand, in logistic analysis of ALAD genotype on median value of serum creatinine revealed that subjects of ALAD2 genotype were 30% less likely to have median value or more of scrum creatinine than subjects of ALAD1 with odd ratio of 0.700 (95% confidence interval 0.442-1.080). With the above results, it was found that the variant allcle, ALAD2 appeared to modify the association of lead and renal function and ALAD2 genotype may be supportive for the protective effect of lead.

주파수확산통신을 위한 카오스 PN 시퀀스의 특성

이익수,여지환 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1999 科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.5

The existing random numbers or PN sequences are secure and reproducible with a implementation of digital circuit. But it is hard to change random sequences that is due to limit period size and digital system realization. This work proposes the chaotic PN sequence(CPNS) of analog and binary types which is coded by the chaotic sequence, that can be extracted from a 3-dimensional discrete time chaotic generation equation(3D²CGE) for generating various chaotic signals. A CPNS method using 3D²CGE has several advantage: the generation is easy, and various families with arbitrary size and sequence period can be obtained because the chaotic systems has parameters. Furthermore, we have tested a correlation function and the degree of statistical independence of each CPNS that is evaluated in order to apply to spread spectrum communication. Experimental results show that the proposed CPNS codes are used for the spreading sequence and secure communication codes.

직업적 연폭로가 일부 신경행동학적 검사수행에 미치는 영향

안익수,안현철,김용배,리갑수,김화성,황규윤,최은,장봉기,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1999 순천향산업의학 Vol.5 No.1

In order to investigate that blood lead levels of lead exposed workers is associated with decreased performance in neurobehavioral tests in adults, we investigate 78 workers in a battery industry. Three items among neurobehavioral core test battery of World Health Organization, including digit span, Santa ana dexterity, digit symbol were administered to workers occupationally lead exposed workers by operational guide for the WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. Blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood (ZZP) were selected as an index of lead exposure. Detailed occupational history such as exposed agent, age, work duration, smoking and drinking habits, were recorded as confounding factors. After controlling age, the results of digit span and digit symbol among the neurobehavioral tests were significant contributed by PbB.

철학(哲學) : 우암(尤庵) 송시열(宋時烈)의 직철학(直哲學)과 교육문화

김익수 ( Ik Soo Kim ) 한국사상문화학회 2008 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.42 No.-

우암 송시열(1607~1689)은 理學은 율곡이이(李珥 1536~1584)에게서 전수했으나 直哲學은 스승인 金長生(1548~1631)으로부터 전수(傳受)받았는데 조선조에서 直의 哲學은 송익필(1534~1599)로부터 비롯된 것이다. 우암은 孔子, 孟子, 程子, 朱子, 靜庵, 退溪, 栗谷 등의 사상을 貫通할 수 있는 直哲學 하나(一)로 義理之學을 세웠으니 ``大人之學``이라고 칭할만하다. 조선시대의 학문은 性理學이지만 시대를 초월하여 古今이 通貫되는 것이 直哲學이며 교육문화이므로 원천적으로 孔子易學의 直哲學으로 소급해서 연구되어야 한다. 우암의 直哲學은 平生의 生活哲學이었지만 모든 인류를 바르고 곧고(正直) 淸明하고 光明하게 문화민족으로 살아갈 수 있는 교육문화가 꽃필 修養論이기에 時·空을 초월한 永續性을 갖는다. 朱子를 尊信하고 朱子學에 전심한 우암의 春秋大一統思想의 義理는 민족의 주체성과 국가관이 확고하며 나아가서는 平天下, 곧 世界人類 平和思想임이 확실하다. 현대의 우리나라는 정치와 교육이 일치(政·敎一致)되지 않고 있어서 민족의 주체가 확고하지 않고 윤리가 지극히 문란하며 교육의 본연을 잃고 있다. 國史의 正體性이 허약하고 도덕이 부실(不實)한 토대위의 경제건설은 미래지향적이 아니다. 이런 때에 우암의 直哲學과 교육문화로 시대의 철학과 교육문화로 정착하여 世界化할 때 세계속에 우리나라가 도덕종주국으로 찬란한 교육문화가 인류평화사상으로 꽃필 가능성이 높다고 전망한다. 21세기는 문화의 세기라고 한다. 우암의 直哲學의 修養論은 현대 교육문화철학으로서 가치가 절대적이라고 판단되므로 새로운 정립이 시급하다. Uam Song Si-yeol(1607-1689) inherited the study of li from Yulgok Yi I(1536-584) while he succeeded the tradition of the philosophy of Righteousness from his teacher Kim Jang-saeng(1548-1631). The tradition of the philosophy of the Righteousness began with Song Ik-pil(1534-1599) at the early period of Joseon Dynasty. Uam would be considered as a ``Great Man in Neo-Confucianism because he established the philosophy of Righteousness that provide the theory unifying the cores of the teachings of Confucius, Mencius, Ch`engcius, Chu His, Jeongam, Toegye, and Yulgok. The major trend of the scholarly tradition of Joseon was Neo-Confucianism, however, this timeless philosophy of Righteousness is the core as well as the education. That is why Confucius study of Righteousness needs to be the first step to understand the Neo-Confucian tradition of Joseon. Uam`s philosophy of Righteousness was the philosophy of his life itself. At the same time, he emphasized the education to cultivate the all humankind to live with righteousness and wise to live as civilized men. From this his idea of education receives the respect regardless the time and space. Uam`s righteousness from his philosophy of the Great Union of Spring and Autumn, which reflects his dedication and respect for the Chu His is the one to set up sound national and racial self-esteems to achieve the peaceful co-existence of the mankind. There is a gap between politics and education in Korea today and it causes the collapse of education with the lack of identity and moral. Economic development cannot be futuristic when it lacks the identity in national history and collapse of moral standard. This is why the Uam`s philosophy of Righteousness and civilized education need to be reestablished and internationalized to promote the possibility of Korea becomes a leader of world moral and education. Since twenty-first century is the era of culture, Uam`s thoughts and the concept of education has an unchallengeable values.

외상성 대장 및 직장 손상

김익용,김상희,윤광수,김히욱 대한대장항문학회 1997 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.13 No.3

고추 복합내병성 계통 선발에 관한 연구

김익준,이장수,김경제 동국대학교 산업기술환경대학원 1996 산업기술논총 Vol.3 No.-

The progenies of 108 combination crossed among Korean Lines and resistant lines introduced from Italy and Japan were tested with innoculation of p.capsici in order to select the multi-resistant lines to red pepper diseases 5 resistant lines to TMV, 7 resistant lines to PVY, 3 resistant lines to nematode and 10 resistant lines to p.capsici were selected among 241 lines introduced from Naples university in Italy 149 lines showed susceptibility to Japan race of p.capsici among the 241 line, 82 partial resistant lines and 10 resistant lines were selected in Tokuku seed company in Japan, respectively. The 11 combinations among 108 combinations crossed between Korea lines and the resistant 10 lines showed resistance to Korean p.capsici. The 12 combination with TMV resistance and p.capsici according to the result of immoculation test. Therefore, the possible result of improvement for the multi-resistant variety to PMV and p.capsici was obtained.

복강경 충수 절제술과 개복 충수 절제술의 비교 연구

권수인,강용익 世宗醫學硏究所 1993 世宗醫學 Vol.10 No.2

한국산 큰가시고기과 어류의 형태변이와 핵형

김익수,윤창호,이지현 全北大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1991 基礎科學 Vol.14 No.1

우리나라 연안과 담수역에 서식하는 큰가시고기과(Gasterosteidae)어류의 많은 표본은 1988년 3월부터 1989년 6월까지 채집하여 이들의 형태변이와 분류학적 위치에 대하여 검토하였다. 큰가시고기 Gasterosteus aculeatus 6개 조사집단의 체측인판수는 모두 32-35개였고 그 형태는 완판형으로 국내에서는 아직 육봉형이라고 생각되는 저판형이나 반판형은 발견되지 않았다. G. aculeatus의 척추골수, 세파수, 지느러미 기조수 등의 계수형질이나, 두장, 안경 및 등지느러미가시길이의 계측치는 집단간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 가시고기 Pungitius sinensis와 잔가시고기 P. Kaibarae ssp. 집단의 체측인판수는 모두 31-35개의 완판형이었고, 등지느러미가시 기조수, 척추골수 및 체고비등에 잇어서 2종간에 구별되었지만, 잔가시고기 P. Kaibarae ssp.의 집단에서는 등지느러미가시 기조막에 담회색을 딘 표본(white form)이 출현하였는데 이것은 이들이 서식하는 환경과 관련된 변이라고 본다. 이 2종의 염색체의 수는 모두 2N=42로서 같지만 G. aculeatus의 핵형은 metacentrics이 6개, submetacentrics이 6개 subtelo-acrocentrics이 30개이고, P. sinensis와 P. Kaibarae ssp.는 모두 metacentrics이 4개, submetacentrics이 4개 subtelo-acrocentrics이 34개로 2속 사이에는 서로 달랐다. Three species of Korean sticklebacks family Gasterosteidae were reviewed based on the specimens of several populations for the study of their morphological variations and taxonomical positions. All specimens of Gasterosteus aculeatus observed have a complete row of lateral plates ranging from thirty-two to thirty-five in number. The low-plate morph regarded as landlocked type is virtually absent. And no difference was recognized among six population of G.aculeatus in the meristic characters, i.e. number of vertebrae, gill rakers and fin rays. the Pungitius sinensis and P. Kaibarae ssp. shown local variations have scutes ranging from 31 to 35, but not clinal in the morphometric characters. But P.sinensis was statistically different from P.kaibarae ssp. in some characters such as the number of dorsal spine rays and vertebrae, and body depth, although their ranges overlapped. No significant taxonomic difference was detected between white form and black form in dorsal spinous membrane of P.Kaibarae ssp. Although these three species of Korean sticklebacks have the same diploid chromosome number(2N=42), G. aculeatus is obviously different from the two species of genus Pungitius in their karyotype; G. aculeatus consists of six metacentrics, six submetacentrics, and thirty subtelo-acrocentrics, and both P. sinensis and P. kaibarae ssp. have four metacentrics, six submetacentrics, and thirty-four subtelo-acrocentrics.

瀟灑園의 경관분석에 관한 연구

박익수 호남대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.8 No.-

소쇄원은 조선시대 사대부의 별서 정원으로 한국 전통 정원중에서 가장 뛰어난 산수정원의 경관을 자랑한다. 소쇄원의 전통적 경관을 보존하고 복원하기 위한 방법 중 하나는 전통적 경관 인식속에 깃든 의미를 찾는 일이라 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 경관요소들에 대한 인지도와 경관이미지의 의미구조를 파악함으로써 소쇄원의 경관 특성을 찾고자 한다. 소쇄원의 경관요소의 인지도는 수경요소, 정자요소, 담장요소, 식물요소에서 뚜렷이 나타고 있으며, 경관이미지는 안정감, 생동감, 친밀감, 변화감, 청명감, 우아감 등 6개 차원의 인자를 지닌 경관 의미 구조로 이루어진다. So-Shae-Won(瀟灑園) is Byulseo-garden(別墅庭園) in Chosun Dynasty and is the most beilutiful among the traditional gardens in korea. An important method to restore and to preserve S0-Shae-Won is to find out the meaning of the traditional landscape cognition. This paper is an experimental study to extract meaning structure and to clarify the correlativity through the analysis of landscape elements to sample into representative rating scales on So-Shae-Won. As the results of this study, the landscape image of So-Shae-Won is recognized as six dimensional factors - stablility, vividness, intimacy, variation, clearness, gracefulness -.