On Plural Anaphora

( Kiyoshi Ishikawa ) 한국언어정보학회 1998 국제 워크샵 Vol.1998 No.-

In order to formulate truth-conditionally satisfactory semantics in a compost-tional manner, model-theoretic semanticists sometimes posit morphology-semantics mismatches. Among them are Kamp and Reyle (1993), who occasionally ignore English plural morphology in constructing their analysis of anaphora. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that natural language morphology is a better guide for a compositional semantics than Kamp and Ryle assume. By refining the semantics of plurality put forth in Ishikawa (1995a), we construct an analysis of plural anaphora in a way that respects English plural morphology. Our results suggest that natural language morphology is not as redundant as usually assumed.

Lexicogrammar of the L2 English Essays Written by Asian College Students: A Corpus-Based Study

Shin’ichiro Ishikawa 아시아테플 2024 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.21 No.1

By combining a contrastive interlanguage analysis (Granger, 1996, 2015) and a multidimensional analysis (Biber, 1988), this study compared the essays written by Asian college students (in China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand) and L1 English native speakers (ENS). These essays were taken from the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE; Ishikawa, 2023a). Through four analyses based on dimension scores, key lexicogrammatical features, clustering, and classification, this study revealed that Asian learners tended to write less informational, less narrative, less overtly expressive, less abstract, and less time-constraint types of essays than ENS. It was also suggested that the lexicogrammatical features of essays were influenced more strongly by learners’ L2 proficiency levels than their countries/regions and that learner essays were classified into four archetypes: colloquial and personal, interactive and persuasive, static and descriptive, and dynamic and reflective. These findings will shed new light on our understanding of Asian learners’ L2 English use.

韓国学習者の日本語動詞獲得モデル: 学習者総体モデルとの比較 ― 「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」の絵描写作文を用いた検証 ―

石川慎一郎 ( Shin’ichiro¸ Ishikawa ) 한국일어교육학회 2021 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.56

本論文では「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」(I-JAS)に含まれる韓国学習者(KLJ)による絵描写作文を習熟度レベルごとに分析し、KLJの動詞獲得過程のモデル化を試みた。分析結果は、同コーパスに含まれる海外日本語学習者の総体(WLJ)データを分析した石川(2021)と比較された。RQ1(動詞使用量)については、習熟度別に見た場合、KLJとWLJともに逆U字型のパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ2(マーカー動詞)に関して、母語話者との比較の結果、KLJが使用できない動詞には(a)複合動詞,(b)慣用動詞、(c)否定的ニュアンスを含む動詞など、KLJのみが使用する動詞には(d)意思·意図に関する誤用、(e)文脈の不適合、(f)複合動詞要素の誤用、(g)不要な内容の言語化などが含まれ、いずれもWLJと同じパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ3(習熟度分類)については、KLJの動詞獲得がⅠ(存在動詞·移動動詞など)→Ⅱ(動詞の拡張)→Ⅲ(複合動詞成分·アスペクト成分·サ変動詞など)→Ⅳ(高度な複合動詞成分·変化動詞など)の4段階に区分され、ほぼWLJに重なることが示された。RQ4(習熟度推定)については、7種の動詞(入る·為る·見る·仕舞う·知る·来る·入れる)の使用頻度によって習熟度を63%の精度で予測できるが、予測モデルに含まれる動詞はWLJの場合とは異なることが示された。動詞獲得におけるKLJの固有特性は限定的で、KLJの特徴の大部分は日本語学習者全般の特徴であると言える。この点をふまえれば、日本語学習者コーパス研究においては、L1差よりもL2習熟度差を優先した分析が必要だと考えられる。 Using the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS), this study analyzed the picture description essays written by Korean learners of Japanese (KLJ) at different L2 proficiency levels to explore the process of their acquisition of L2 Japanese verbs. The results were compared to the verb acquisition process of the whole learners of Japanese (WLJ) reported in Ishikawa (2021). The corpus-based analyses showed that (1) an inverted U pattern existed in terms of the number of tokens/ types of the verbs used in the essays for both KLJ and WLJ, (2) when compared to the verb usage of Japanese native-speakers (JNS), some verbs were used only by JNS and others only by KLJ, and these “marker” verbs were almost the same for KLJ and WLJ, (3) KLJ’s verb acquisition process could be subdivided into four stages: 1 (existential verbs/ verbs of moving), 2 (a greater variety of verbs), 3 (composite verbs and aspectual verbs), and 4 (complex composite verbs and verbs of change), which were almost identical to the patterns for WLJ, and (4) KLJ’s L2 proficiency could be explained by the frequency of seven types of verbs (hairu, suru, miru, shimau, shiru, kuru, ireru) with 63% accuracy, though these verbs were different from a set of verbs adopted in the regression model for WLJ. These findings corroborated that KLJ’s verb acquisition pattern did not differ much from the pattern for WLJ, which may suggest the need for the Japanese learner corpus studies focusing on learners’ L2 proficiency rather than on their L1 types.

Common people involved with the Chosun Expo, as seen form visual records

ISHIKAWA Atsuko 서울대학교 환경대학원 2017 環境論叢 Vol.60 No.-

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of One C₃and Two C₄Chenopodiaceae Plants to Three CO₂Concentration Conditions

Ishikawa, Shin-Ichi 한국생태학회 2008 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.31 No.4

Growth and photosynthetic responses of one C₃and two C₄plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three CO₂concentration ([CO₂]) conditions-low (about 243 μmol mol-1, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the C₃plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing [CO₂], though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the C₃plant drastically decreased with increasing [CO₂], suggesting that the C₃plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower [CO₂] conditions. The two C₄plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of C₃and C₄plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric [CO₂] but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-CO₂world. Growth and photosynthetic responses of one C₃and two C₄plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three CO₂concentration ([CO₂]) conditions-low (about 243 μmol mol-1, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the C₃plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing [CO₂], though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the C₃plant drastically decreased with increasing [CO₂], suggesting that the C₃plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower [CO₂] conditions. The two C₄plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of C₃and C₄plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric [CO₂] but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-CO₂world.

Condensation of Nano-Size Polymer Aggregates by Spin Drying

Ishikawa, Atsushi,Kawai, Akira The Society of Adhesion and Interface 2005 접착 및 계면 Vol.6 No.1

Condensation control of nano-particles has become important in order to fabricate minute condensed structures. In this study, we focus our attention on condensation mechanism of polymer aggregates in a resist film. The polymer aggregate is structural component of a resist material which is used in lithography process. The condensation nature of polymer aggregates in the resist film surface is observed by using atomic force microscope (AFM). By using the AFM, the condensation of polymer aggregates can be observed clearly. The condensation of polymer aggregate strongly affects to precise fabrication of resist pattern below 100nm size. The interaction force among polymer aggregates can be analyzed based on Derjaguin approximation. We also discuss about condensation nature of polymer aggregates in the resist film surface with the help of micro sphere model.

Commercial Activities of Chinese Merchants in the Late Nineteenth Century Korea

Ishikawa Ryota(이시카와료타) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2009 International Journal of Korean History Vol.13 No.-

자유무역체제에 포섭된 19세기 후반의 동아시아에서는 중국인 상인이 활발한 지역내 무역(intra-regional trade)을 전개하였다. 중국인 상인은 1880년대 후반에 조선에도 진출하고 조선이 국제시장에 포섭되는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 맡았다. 이 글에서는 서울대학교에 소장되는 중국인 상인 同順泰의 경영자료를 이용하고, 19세기 후반을 중심으로 그 상업활동의 구조를 밝히려고 하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 사실이 밝혀졌다. 동순태의 경영자인 譚傑生은 중국 廣東省 출신이고, 上海ㆍ香港ㆍ日本 등 동아시아 각지에 분포하는 광동성 출신 상인들과 다각적인 네트워크를 형성하고, 상품 매매나 금융, 정보교환 등 여러 측면에서 서로 도와주었다. 이러한 상인간 네트워크는 미성숙한 근대적 인프라스트럭처를 보완하고 광역적인 상업활동을 촉진하였다. 한편 조선 국내에서는 서울을 본거지로 삼아 주변 지방도시에 출장원을 파견하고 수출품을 구입하도록 하였다. 국제상업이 수입초과가 되기 쉬운 동순태에 대해 국내상업에 의한 수출품 조달은 불가결한 활동이었다. 또한 동순태는 서울과 지방도시를 연결하는 조선인 객주의 네트워크를 이용하고, 본점과 출장원 사이에서 긴밀한 정보교환이나 송금을 실현하였다. 중국인 상인이 광역적인 국제상업과 조선 국내상업을 연결시키고 긴밀한 상업활동을 실현하기 위해 조선인 상인의 협조가 필요하였다.

<i>RHESSI</i>IMAGING SURVEY OF γ-RAY BREMSSTRAHLUNG EMISSION IN SOLAR FLARES

Ishikawa, S.,Krucker, Sä,m,Takahashi, T.,Lin, R. P. IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.728 No.1

<P>We present a high-energy (>150 keV) imaging survey of all solar gamma-ray flares observed by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) to study bremsstrahlung emission from relativistic electrons. Using RHESSI rear segment data, images in the energy range from 150 to 450 keV integrated over the total duration of the impulsive phase of the flare are derived. Out of the 29 gamma-ray peaks in 26 RHESSI flares, we successfully obtained images for 21 gamma-ray peaks in 20 flares. The remaining eight peaks have >150 keV fluences of less than a few hundred photons per cm(2) and counting statistics are too poor for detailed imaging. The flux ratio of the footpoint sources is found to be similar at 50 keV and above 150 keV, indicating that relativistic electrons are present in both footpoints of the flare loop. No correlation between the footpoint separation and the fluence ratio of the 2.2 MeV line and the >300 keV photons is found. This indicates that the relative efficiency of proton to electron acceleration does not depend on loop length, as could have been expected from stochastic acceleration models. As previously reported, the three flares with the best counting statistics show not only footpoint emission, but also a coronal gamma-ray bremsstrahlung source. For events with lower counting statistics, no coronal source could be identified. However, instrumental limitation could easily hide a coronal source for events with lower statistics, suggesting that coronal gamma-ray bremsstrahlung sources are nevertheless a general feature of gamma-ray flares.</P>

Simple Equivalent Circuit for Efficiency Calculation of Brushless DC Motors

Ishikawa, Takeo,Tsuji, Takuma,Hashimoto, Seiji,Kurita, Nobuyuki Journal of International Conference on Electrical 2014 Journal of international Conference on Electrical Vol.3 No.1

This paper shows a calculation method of several types of loss and the efficiency of brushless DC motors coupled with a load system by using a simple equivalent circuit, in which copper loss, eddy current loss, hysteresis loss, friction loss, viscous loss, and inverter loss are taken into account. We clarify each loss and motor efficiency at different motor speeds and different output torques by using the Microsoft-Excel. Moreover, the calculated results are in good agreement with the measured ones.

Analysis of a PM Motor Drive System by a Coupled Method with MATLAB and FEM

Ishikawa T.,Sunaga T.,Nakamura S.,Mori D.,Hashimoto S.,Matsunami M. The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2005 KIEE International Transactions on Electrical Mach Vol.b5 No.3

Finite element method (FEM) is a very powerful tool for the calculation of magnetic field of electromagnetic devices. MATLAB/Simulink is also well known as a very useful tool for control systems. This paper proposes a very promising method, where the FEM is coupled with MATLAB. We apply this method to analyze a permanent magnet (PM) motor drive system, and compare with results using MATLAB only.