한국 최초의 근대식 의사 김익남의 가문에 관한 연구

이영아 ( Lee Young Ah ),황상익 ( Hwang Sang-ik ) 아시아문화학술원 2017 인문사회 21 Vol.8 No.4

김익남은 한국 최초의 근대식 의사이자, 근대의학 교육의 선구자이다. 그는 과거시험 폐지 이전에 `가숙(家塾)`에서 3년 동안 한의학을 공부했고, 과거제도가 폐지되자 곧 관립일어학교에 들어갔으며, 뛰어난 일본어 능력과 근대교육에의 적응력으로 당시 파일(派日) 유학생들 중에서도 가장 두각을 나타내어 한국인으로는 최초로 근대의학을 정식으로 배운 의학자가 되었다. 그런데 그동안 전형적인 양반 가문인 청풍김씨 가문의 후손으로 알려져 왔던 김익남의 직계 조상을 조사해 본 결과 그는 기술직 중인 가문의 후예로 보는 것이 타당함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 잡과방목 등에는 그의 직계조상들의 본관이 해주김씨로 기록되어 있었다. 이러한 점에서 김익남은 의과, 역과, 운과(음양과) 등으로 세전되어 온 기술직 중인 가문인 해주김씨의 후손이라는 사실을 발견하게 되었다. 한국근대의학의 선구자인 김익남의 조상들은 지금까지 알려졌던 것과는 달리 약 300년 동안 전형적인 기술직 중인 가문으로 살아왔다. 그리고 김익남이 1890년대 당시로는 쉽지 않았을 일본유학을 결정하고 낯선 유학생활을 무사히 마치고 한국인으로서는 최초로 근대식 의사가 된 데에는 중인 가문 출신이라는 배경이 긍정적으로 작용했을 것이다. Unlike what has been known so far, the ancestors of Dr. Kim Ik-Nam, the most forerunning figure in the modern Korean medical history, had lived not as yangban class but as the typical jungin class for almost 300 years. It is thought that they could incorporate into Kim lineage of Chungpoong, the famous yangban family, through the achievements of successive generations as professional middle class, and their desire of status ascension based upon the achievements. Dr. Kim Ik-Nam`s jungin class background is considered to have positively influenced on the decision of studying abroad to Japan to be the first modern Korean medical doctor, which was very difficult in the 1890s. And it would be the same case to his cousin`s son Kim Kyu-Sik, the famous independence activist.

The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

철학(哲學) : 우암(尤庵) 송시열(宋時烈)의 직철학(直哲學)과 교육문화

김익수 ( Ik Soo Kim ) 한국사상문화학회 2008 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.42 No.-

우암 송시열(1607~1689)은 理學은 율곡이이(李珥 1536~1584)에게서 전수했으나 直哲學은 스승인 金長生(1548~1631)으로부터 전수(傳受)받았는데 조선조에서 直의 哲學은 송익필(1534~1599)로부터 비롯된 것이다. 우암은 孔子, 孟子, 程子, 朱子, 靜庵, 退溪, 栗谷 등의 사상을 貫通할 수 있는 直哲學 하나(一)로 義理之學을 세웠으니 ``大人之學``이라고 칭할만하다. 조선시대의 학문은 性理學이지만 시대를 초월하여 古今이 通貫되는 것이 直哲學이며 교육문화이므로 원천적으로 孔子易學의 直哲學으로 소급해서 연구되어야 한다. 우암의 直哲學은 平生의 生活哲學이었지만 모든 인류를 바르고 곧고(正直) 淸明하고 光明하게 문화민족으로 살아갈 수 있는 교육문화가 꽃필 修養論이기에 時·空을 초월한 永續性을 갖는다. 朱子를 尊信하고 朱子學에 전심한 우암의 春秋大一統思想의 義理는 민족의 주체성과 국가관이 확고하며 나아가서는 平天下, 곧 世界人類 平和思想임이 확실하다. 현대의 우리나라는 정치와 교육이 일치(政·敎一致)되지 않고 있어서 민족의 주체가 확고하지 않고 윤리가 지극히 문란하며 교육의 본연을 잃고 있다. 國史의 正體性이 허약하고 도덕이 부실(不實)한 토대위의 경제건설은 미래지향적이 아니다. 이런 때에 우암의 直哲學과 교육문화로 시대의 철학과 교육문화로 정착하여 世界化할 때 세계속에 우리나라가 도덕종주국으로 찬란한 교육문화가 인류평화사상으로 꽃필 가능성이 높다고 전망한다. 21세기는 문화의 세기라고 한다. 우암의 直哲學의 修養論은 현대 교육문화철학으로서 가치가 절대적이라고 판단되므로 새로운 정립이 시급하다. Uam Song Si-yeol(1607-1689) inherited the study of li from Yulgok Yi I(1536-584) while he succeeded the tradition of the philosophy of Righteousness from his teacher Kim Jang-saeng(1548-1631). The tradition of the philosophy of the Righteousness began with Song Ik-pil(1534-1599) at the early period of Joseon Dynasty. Uam would be considered as a ``Great Man in Neo-Confucianism because he established the philosophy of Righteousness that provide the theory unifying the cores of the teachings of Confucius, Mencius, Ch`engcius, Chu His, Jeongam, Toegye, and Yulgok. The major trend of the scholarly tradition of Joseon was Neo-Confucianism, however, this timeless philosophy of Righteousness is the core as well as the education. That is why Confucius study of Righteousness needs to be the first step to understand the Neo-Confucian tradition of Joseon. Uam`s philosophy of Righteousness was the philosophy of his life itself. At the same time, he emphasized the education to cultivate the all humankind to live with righteousness and wise to live as civilized men. From this his idea of education receives the respect regardless the time and space. Uam`s righteousness from his philosophy of the Great Union of Spring and Autumn, which reflects his dedication and respect for the Chu His is the one to set up sound national and racial self-esteems to achieve the peaceful co-existence of the mankind. There is a gap between politics and education in Korea today and it causes the collapse of education with the lack of identity and moral. Economic development cannot be futuristic when it lacks the identity in national history and collapse of moral standard. This is why the Uam`s philosophy of Righteousness and civilized education need to be reestablished and internationalized to promote the possibility of Korea becomes a leader of world moral and education. Since twenty-first century is the era of culture, Uam`s thoughts and the concept of education has an unchallengeable values.

중국어 외래어 표기법 발음 괴리의 문제

嚴翼相(Eom Ik-sang) 중국어문학연구회 2009 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.54

This article points out sound discrepancies between the current Koreanization System of Chinese loan words and the actual Mandarin pronunciations of the given words. Since many Koreanization systems of Mandarin have been proposed up to date, this article limits its discussion to the system proposed by the Korean government in 1986. It claims that the governmental system, which strictly followed the guidelines by the government, is good to be simple but fails to sound like Chinese personal and place names. It is particularly problematic to transcribe Mandarin b-, d-, g- into Koeran p-, t, -k- and Mandarin vowel o into Korean o, u, and eo. This article suggests to employ Eom's system, which was originally proposed by Ik-sang Eom in 1996 and revised in 2002, to resolve such problems. It urges the National Institute of Korean revise the current Koreanization System of Chinese loan words as soon as possible.

주파수확산통신을 위한 카오스 PN 시퀀스의 특성

이익수,여지환 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1999 科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.5

The existing random numbers or PN sequences are secure and reproducible with a implementation of digital circuit. But it is hard to change random sequences that is due to limit period size and digital system realization. This work proposes the chaotic PN sequence(CPNS) of analog and binary types which is coded by the chaotic sequence, that can be extracted from a 3-dimensional discrete time chaotic generation equation(3D²CGE) for generating various chaotic signals. A CPNS method using 3D²CGE has several advantage: the generation is easy, and various families with arbitrary size and sequence period can be obtained because the chaotic systems has parameters. Furthermore, we have tested a correlation function and the degree of statistical independence of each CPNS that is evaluated in order to apply to spread spectrum communication. Experimental results show that the proposed CPNS codes are used for the spreading sequence and secure communication codes.

이중주어 구문에 대한 분석

이익환 연세대학교 한국어학당 1987 외국어로서의 한국어교육 Vol.12 No.1

This paper attempts to provide the syntax and semantics of the so-called 'double subject constructions' in Korean, within the framework of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, introduced in works such as Pullum (1982), Pollard (1984, 1985a,b), Gazdar, Klein, Pullum & Sag (1985), and Ik-Hwan Lee (1985a, b). In particular, the present paper discusses the types of sentences exemplified in (1) and (2). (1) Cheolswu ka meli ka coh ta. SP head SP good DP 'Cheolswu is bright.' (2) Cheolswu ka Mica ka coh ta. SP SP good DP 'Cheolswu is fond of Mica.' Notice that in (1), and similarly in (2), the two NP's are marked by the subject case particle. In order to account for this construction, several analyses have been proposed within the tradition of generative grammar, and recently altanative analyses have been proposed in the framework of GPSG. This paper examines several previous analyses, and notes important problems in them. In order to resolve the noted problems; the present paper subcategorizes adjectives such as cho 'good' into intransitive adjectives and transitive ones. This distinction has an important semantic consequence. Furthermore, for the constructions such as (1), an abstract discourse predicate (DSP) is postulated and its translation is appropriately provided. To conclude, it is hoped that the paper has shown the effectiveness of GPSG, with the suggested revision and extension, in a proper treatment of double subject constructions in Korean.

역사 속의 학부(學部)"의학교", 1899 - 1907

황상익 한국과학사학회 2000 한국과학사학회지 Vol.22 No.2

The medical school named "Uihakgyo"(醫學校) has historic meanings in several aspects. Uihakgyo was the first modern medical school in Korean history. The school, founded in March 1899 by the co-effort of Korean government and people, had been run mainly by the Korean government(Ministry of Education, 學部) and Koreans themselves including Dean Ji Seog-Yeong(池錫永), Professors Kim Ik-Nam(金益南, the first Korean physician completing regular modern medical course in Japan) and Yu Byeong-Pil(劉秉珌, one of the first graduates of Uihakgyo) throughout the period of its existence until March 1907 when it was emerged into Japanese-ruled "Daehanuiwon"(大韓醫院). The school produced 54 graduates with full medical licenses, including 19 persons graduated in 1902, first in Korean history. Except them and several practitioners trained abroad, there were only 7 regularly educated modern physicians graduated from "Severance Uihakgyo" in June 1908 until Korea was occupied by Japanese in 1910. The activity of Uihakgyo was not confined to student education, but was extended to patient care, research and enlightenment of the people. Although most of the activities are supposed as somewhat primitive in the present point of view, it is adequate to say that Uihakgyo did its best in adversity of that period. Moreover, such activities by the staff and graduates of the school lasted long after the close of Uihakgyo in 1907 and the fall of the country in 1910.

제주도 지하수 질산염 농도의 시·공간적 변화 특성: 장기(1993-2015) 모니터링 자료의 평가

김호림(Ho-Rim Kim),오준섭(Junseop Oh),도현권(Hyun-Kwon Do),이경진(Kyung-Jin Lee),현익현(Ik-Hyun Hyun),오상실(Sang-Sil Oh),감상규(Sang-Kyu Kam),윤성택(Seong-Taek Yun) 대한자원환경지질학회 2018 자원환경지질 Vol.51 No.1

1993년부터 2015년까지 관측된 제주도 지하수 장기모니터링 관측정(N = 4,835)에서 수집된 지하수 수질자료(N = 21,568)를 기반으로 질산성질소의 시공간적 변동 특성을 평가하였다. 제주도 지하수의 질산성질소 농도의 중앙값은 2.5 mg/L로서 다른 국가나 대륙의 조사 결과에 비해 다소 높거나 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지하수 용도, 행정구역 및 고도 별로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 특히, 산간 지역에 비해 저지대 해안가에 위치한 농업 및 주거지역에서 농도가 높음을 확인하였다. Mann-Kendall 및 Sen’s slope 분석을 활용한 질산성질소 농도의 추세 분석 결과, 하류 저지 대에 비해 중산간지역에서의 질산성질소 농도 증가 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 제주도 내 토지 피복의 시계열 변화 특성과 결부 지어 보면, 중산간지역의 오염 증가 추세는 농업지역의 확장 등 인위적 활동 증가에 기인한 결과로 판단된다. 반면,기지정된 지하수자원특별관리구역에서는 전반적으로 질산성질소 농도의 감소 경향이 나타났는데, 이는 지하수 관리 측면에서 수질관리를 위한 적극적인 정책이 유효함을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 지하수의 질산성질소 오염관리를 위한 적정 방안을 제안한다. The spatio-temporal variations of nitrate concentrations in groundwater of Jeju Island were evaluated by an analysis of time series groundwater quality data (N = 21,568) that were collected from regional groundwater monitoring (number of wells = 4,835) for up to 20 years between 1993 and 2015. The median concentration of NO 3 -N is 2.5 mg/L, which is slightly higher than those reported from regional surveys in other countries. Nitrate concentrations of groundwater in wells tend to significantly vary according to different water usage (of the well), administrative districts, and topographic elevations: nitrate level is higher in low-lying agricultural and residential areas than those in high mountainous areas. The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope analysis show that nitrate concentration in mid-mountainous areas tends to increase, possibly due to the expansion of agricultural areas toward highland. On the other hand, nitrate concentrations in the Specially Designated Groundwater Quality Protection Zones show the temporally decreasing trend, which implies the efficiency of groundwater management actions in Jeju. Proper measures for sustainable groundwater quality management are suggested in this study.

서비스업의 품질개선 기법에 관한 연구

임익성 남서울대학교 2008 남서울대학교 논문집 Vol.14 No.2

As the percentage of the service industry is increased, an importance of service quality is getting more interested in. A numerous quality improvement technique could be applied to the service industry. In this paper, the service improvement model which combines the blueprint, FMEA, and FTA is presented. In addition, this paper explains how and when to use each different tools or technique. Advantage of this suggested approach is expecially useful when identification of the service failure is difficult or is related to human errors. Key Words : FMEA, FTA, Human errors, Blue print

어휘의 사용과 의미 구조

김익환 계명대학교 국제학연구소 2000 국제학논총 Vol.5 No.-

Language has been viewed as communicating meanings through the medium of concepts. On this view, each lexical item is associated with a concept Knowing a ward involves various kinds of word knowledge. Increasing knowledge of one word knowledge aspect could help improve knowledge of related aspects. The different kinds of word knowledge are interrelated. Frequency is related to formality in that more frequent words tend to be less formal, and tend to be more formal. Thus, greater awareness of formality is likely to be somewhat related to awareness of a word's frequency of occurrence, even if this awareness is unconscious. Words have a core meaning that is relatively universal and is likely to be acquired before other figurative meanings, prototype theory has been developed to explain how people deal with fuzzy meaning. The theory proposes that the mind uses a typical "best example" of a concept. This paper surveyed some of the important research findings about meaning organization and register knowledge. Register is a complex set of informations that is affected by many different factors. Register is connected with the paradigmatic issue of getting things done with language. This paper also examined association research that indicates the nature of meaning organization. Word association studies suggest that words are organized in the mind. This organization changes as one matures or as one's language proficiency increases.