Nutrient Utilization, Body Composition and Lactation Performance of First Lactation Bali Cows (Bos sondaicus) on Grass-Legume Based Diets

Sukarini, I.A.M.,Sastradipradja, D.,Sutardi, T.,Mahardika, IG.,Budiarta, IG.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.12

A study on energy and protein utilization, and milk production of Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 first lactation cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) during a period of 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, graded improved rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. R1 contained on a DM basis 70% elephant grass (PP, Penisetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 55% GS supplemented with 15% Hibiscus tilliactus leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, where R3 was not and R4 supplemented with zinc di-acetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. In vivo body composition by the urea space technique validated by the body density method and supported by carcass data was estimated at the start and termination of the experiment. Nutrient balance and rumen performance characteristics were measured during a balance trial of 7 days during the 3rd and 4th week of the lactation period. Results indicated that quality of ration caused improvement of ruminal total VFA concentration, increments being 52 to 65% for R2, R3 and R4 above R1, with increments of acetate being less (31 to 48%) and propionate being proportionally more in comparison to total VFA increments. Similarly, ammonia concentrations increased to 5.24 to 7.07 mM, equivalent to 7.34 to 9.90 mg $NH_3-N/100ml$ rumen fluid. Results also indicated that feed quality did not affect DE and ME intakes, and heat production (HP), but increased GE, UE, energy in milk and total retained energy (RE total) in body tissues and milk. Intake-, digestible- and catabolized-protein, and retained-protein in body tissues and milk (Rprot) were all elevated increasing the quality of ration. Similar results were obtained for milk yield and components with mean values reaching 2.085 kg/d (R4) versus 0.92 kg/d (R1) for milk yield, and 170.22 g/d (R4) vs 71.69 g/d (R1), 105.74 g/d (R4) vs 45.35 g/d (R1), 101.34 g/d (R4) vs 46.36 g/d (R1) for milk-fat, -protein, and -lactose, respectively. Relatively high yields of milk production was maintained longer for R4 as compared to the other treatment groups. There were no significant effects on body mass and components due to lactation. From the relationship $RE_{total}$ (MJ/d)=12.79-0.373 ME (MJ/d); (r=0.73), it was found that $ME_{m}=0.53MJ/kgW^{0.75}.d$. Requirement of energy to support the production of milk, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kg/d, follows the equation: Milk Prod. ($Q_{mp}$, kg/d)=[-2.48+4.31 ME($MJ/kg^{0.75}.d$)]; (r=0.6) or $Q_{mp}$=-3.4+[0.08($ME-RE_{body\;tissue}$)]MJ/d]; (r=0.94). The requirement for protein intake for maintenance ($IP_m$) equals $6.19 g/kg^{0.75}.d$ derived from the relationship RP=-47.4+0.12 IP; (r=0.74, n=9). Equation for protein requirement for lactation is $Q_{nl}$=[($Q_{mp}$)(% protein in milk)($I_{mp}$)]/100, where $Q_{nl}$ is g protein required for lactation, $Q_{mp}$ is daily milk yield, Bali cow's milk-protein content av. 5.04%, and $I_{mp}$ is metabolic increment for milk production ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

Novel Zirconium Nitride and Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Coating: Detailed Analysis and Functional Properties

Nathanael, A. Joseph,Yuvakkumar, R.,Hong, Sun Ig,Oh, Tae Hwan American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.12

<P>A new type of high-quality zirconium nitride (ZrN) and hydroxyapatite (HA) bionanocomposite was prepared by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering for biomedical applications. Detailed analysis of this composite coating revealed that a higher substrate temperature (ST) (>300 °C) increased its crystallinity, uniformity, and functional properties. This nanocomposite showed some encouraging functional properties. Mechanical analyses of the nanocomposite showed improved hardness, modulus, and wear resistance, which were found to be due to the increasing volume fraction of ZrN at higher ST. Biomineralization and in vitro cell analysis revealed increased weight gain and enhanced cell activity with increased substrate temperature. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that this nanocomposite coating could become a promising alternative for biomedical applications.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-12/am5023557/production/images/medium/am-2014-023557_0014.gif'></P>

Template-Free Growth of Novel Hydroxyapatite Nanorings: Formation Mechanism and Their Enhanced Functional Properties

Nathanael, A. Joseph,Hong, Sun Ig,Mangalaraj, D.,Ponpandian, N.,Chen, Pao Chi American Chemical Society 2012 Crystal Growth & Design Vol.12 No.7

<P>Template-free, single crystalline novel hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanorings with an inner diameter of 70 nm were grown by a combined high gravity and hydrothermal approach. Nanodisks were suggested to be formed by oriented aggregation and Ostwald ripening of mostly calcium pyrophosphate nanospheres prepared initially by the high gravity method with a stepwise increase of flow rate of phosphate solution. The prolonged hydrothermal treatment of nanodisks appeared to induce the nanoring formation via acid penetration along the dislocations in HAp nanodisks. The presence of edge dislocations in the central region of nanodisks was confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical evaluation of high molecular weight polyethylene (HMWPE) composite with various shaped HAp nanocrystals and in vitro cellular analysis of HAp nanocrystals revealed that mechanical and bioactive performances improved with an increase of the specific surface area of HAp nanocrystals. The enhanced mechanical performance of HMWPE/HAp nanoring composite and the excellent cell viability for HAp nanorings are attributed to the superior interface bonding and cell activity, respectively, both of which are enhanced by the high specific surface area.</P><P>This work describes the template free growth mechanism and the enhanced properties of novel hydroxyapatite nanorings. Formation of nanodisk was explained by initial oriented aggregation and Ostwald ripening. Nanoring formation was suggested to be induced by acid penetration along the dislocations. Mechanical and in vitro analysis proved the enhanced functional properties of this novel structure.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cgdefu/2012/cgdefu.2012.12.issue-7/cg3003959/production/images/medium/cg-2012-003959_0001.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cg3003959'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Characterization of silver nanoparticle aggregates using single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS)

Kim, Hyun-A.,Lee, Byung-Tae,Na, So-Young,Kim, Kyoung-Woong,Ranville, James F.,Kim, Soon-Oh,Jo, Eunhye,Eom, Ig-Chun Elsevier 2017 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.171 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was applied to characterize the aggregates of AgNPs. was applied to characterize the aggregates of AgNPs. Two sizes of citrate-AgNPs and PVP-AgNPs were used at relatively high and predicted environmental concentrations under various ionic strengths. Citrate-AgNP aggregated with increases in the ionic strength, whereas PVP-AgNPs were sterically stable. The critical coagulation concentrations were 85 mM and 100 mM NaNO<SUB>3</SUB> for 60 nm and 100 nm citrate-AgNPs at 2 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> as total Ag obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS). At 2 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> as total Ag, the mass of an aggregate gradually increased with increasing ionic strength for both citrate-AgNP during spICP-MS analyses. The average number of single particles derived from the mass in an aggregate was calculated to be 8.68 and 5.95 for 60 nm and 100 nm citrate-AgNPs at 85 mM and 100 mM NaNO<SUB>3</SUB>, respectively after 2 h. The mass fractal dimensions were determined to be 2.97 and 2.83, further implying that the aggregate structures were very rigid and compact. Only marginal increases in the average mass and number of single particles in the aggregate units were found during 24 h under environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations. The average number of single particles constituting an aggregate unit for 60 nm and 100 nm citrate-AgNPs was 1.24 and 1.37 after 24 h at a high ionic strength. These results indicate that under environmentally relevant conditions, the collision frequency is predominant in the aggregation and that NPs are likely to encounter natural colloids such as clay and organic matter to form hetero-aggregates.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> spICP-MS was recommended for characterization of silver nanoparticle aggregates. </LI> <LI> The gradually increase of mass in an aggregate was observed in spICP-MS analysis. </LI> <LI> The number of single particles in an aggregate was calculated based on the mass. </LI> <LI> The aggregates structures are characterized by mass fractal dimension. </LI> </UL> </P>

Cu₅₅Zr₃₀Ti₁₀Pd₅ 비정질 합금의 기계적 거동

최원욱,김형섭,홍순익,Choi Won Wook,Gato H.,Kim Hyoung Seop,Hong Sun Ig,Inoue A. 한국재료학회 2005 한국재료학회지 Vol.15 No.4

Room and high temperature deformation behaviors of Cu-Zr-Ti-Pd bulk metallic glasses produced by copper mold casting were investigated. The addition of Pd was shown to enhance the glass forming ability and thermal stability of Cu-Zr-Ti base bulk metallic glass. The compressive strength of $Cu_{55}Zr_{30}Ti_{10}Pd_5$ bulk metallic glass was 2230 MPa with 1.8 plastic strain. The stress overshoot and yield drop phenomenon were observed below $487^{\circ}C$ and a drastic decrease in the flow stress was observed at $487^{\circ}C$. The stress overshoot is thought to be associated with stress-induced structural relaxation.

흐름 장-흐름 분획기를 이용한 나노물질의 분리

김성희(Sung Hee Kim),이우춘(Woo Chun Lee),김순오(Soon Oh Kim),나소영(So Young Na),김현아(Hyun A Kim),이병태(Byung Tae Lee),이병천(Byoung Cheun Lee),엄익춘(Ig Chun Eom) 大韓環境工學會 2013 대한환경공학회지 Vol.35 No.11

최근 들어 나노기술의 발전에 따라 다양한 산업 및 상업분야에서 나노물질의 사용이 급증하고 있다. 이러한 나노물질이 환경에 유출되어 사람의 건강 및 생태계에 악영향을 줄 수 있다는 문제가 지속적으로 제기되어 왔다. 이에 따라 다양한 환경매질 내에서 나노물질의 거동특성 및 생독성 등에 대한 평가들이 요구되어진다. 이러한 평가들이 진행되기 위해서 필연적으로 다양한 매체 내에서 존재하는 나노물질을 효과적으로 분리하고 이들의 특성을 정량화하는 기술들이 수반되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 나노물질의 분리기술들 중 시료의 교란이 비교적 적고 전처리과정이 단순한 장-흐름 분획기술을 이용한나노물질 분리에 대한 국내외 선행연구들을 살펴보았다. 특히 가장 많이 활용되어온 흐름 장-흐름 분획기를 중심으로 기본원리를 살펴보고 분리대상인 나노물질의 종류에 따라서 지금까지 수행되어온 연구들을 분류하고 분석해 봄으로써 이 분야의 연구자들에게 실제적인 정보를 제공하고자 한다. 장-흐름 분획기를 이용하여 다양한 환경매질로부터 나노물질을 효과적으로 분리하기 위해서 분리대상인 나노물질의 종류와 특성을 고려한 전처리, 적절한 멤브레인과 운반용액의 선택, 흐름조건의 최적화 등이 중요한 것으로 조사되었다. 뿐만 아니라 분리 후 나노물질의 특성을 정량화하기 위해서 다양한 검출기 및 분석기와의 연계가 필수적으로 보인다. 하지만 아직까지 일부 환경매질에만 국한되어 연구가 진행되었으며, 또한 분리대상인 나노물질의 종류도 극히 제한적인 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 이러한 나노물질에 대한 분리 및 측정에 대한 국내 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이며 나노물질 사용량이 급증하고 있는 현실을 고려하면 이 분야에 대한 연구가 절실히 요구된다. Recently, the consumption of nanomaterials has been significantly increased in both industrial and commercial sectors, as a result of steady advancement in the nano-technologies. This ubiquitous use of nanomaterials has brought up the concern that their exposure to environments may cause detrimental effects on human health as well as natural ecosystems, and it is required to characterize their behavior in various environmental media and to evaluate their ecotoxicity. For the sake of accomplishing those assessments, the development of methods to effectively separate them from diverse media and to quantify their properties should be requisitely accompanied. Among a number of separation techniques developed so far, this study focuses on Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF) because of its strengths, such as relatively less disturbance of samples and simple pretreatment, and we review overseas and domestic literatures on the separation of nanomaterials using the FFF technique. In particular, researches with Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (FlFFF) are highlighted due to its most frequent application among FFF techniques. The basic principle of the FlFFF is briefly introduced and the studies conducted so far are classified and scrutinized based on the sort of target nanomaterials for the purpose of furnishing practical data and information for the researchers struggling in this field. The literature review suggests that the operational conditions, such as pretreatment, selection of membrane and carrier solution, and rate (velocity) of each flow, should be optimized in order to effectively separate them from various matrices using the FFF technique. Moreover, it seems to be a prerequisite to couple or hyphenate with several detectors and analyzers for quantification of their properties after their separation using the FFF. However, its application has been restricted regarding the types of target nanomaterials and environmental media. Furthermore, domestic literature data on both separation and characterization of nanomaterials are extremely limited. Taking into account the overwhelmingly increasing consumption of nanomaterials, the efforts for the area seem to be greatly urgent.

LDPC 부호의 저복잡도 복호 알고리즘 성능 개선 연구

이기준(Kijun Lee),이현진(Hyunjin Lee),손지석(Jiseok Son),정하봉(Habong Chung),최은아(Eun-A Choi),장대익(Dae-Ig Chang) 한국통신학회 2008 한국통신학회 학술대회 및 강연회 Vol.2008 No.4

Design and Implementation of the 155Mbps Adaptive CODEC for Ka-band Satellite Communications

Eun-A Choi,Dae-Ig Chang,Nae-Soo Kim 대한전자공학회 2002 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2002 No.7

Macroparticles Reduction Using Filter Free Cathodic Vacuum Arc Deposition Method in ZnO Thin Films.

Yuvakkumar, R,Peranantham, P,Nathanael, A Joseph,Nataraj, D,Mangalaraj, D,Hong, Sun Ig American Scientific Publishers 2015 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.15 No.3

<P>We report a new method to reduce macroparticles in ZnO thin films using filter free cathodic vacuum arc deposition without using any cooling arrangements operated at low arc current. The detailed mechanism has been proposed to reduce macroparticles during thin film deposition. The successful reduction of macroparticles was confirmed employing FESEM-EDX studies. FESEM images of ZnO thin films deposited with cathode spot to substrate distance from 10 to 20 cm revealed that the population of the macroparticles were reduced with the increase of cathode spot to substrate distances at low arc current. The prepared ZnO films were characterised and showed good structural and optical properties.</P>

적응형 TC-8PSK 복호기 설계 및 성상도 매핑에 따른 성능분석

장대익(Dae-Ig Chang),최은아(Eun-A Choi),오덕길(Deock-Gil Oh) 한국통신학회 2001 한국통신학회 학술대회 및 강연회 Vol.2001 No.4