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청말(淸末) 악서북(鄂西北)지역 비밀결사의 요언(謠言) 유포와 교안(敎案)
金賢善 ( Kim¸ Hyunsun ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.134
This paper aims to investigate the creation and spread of rumors and fake news through the Anti-Church Cases occurred in the mountainous region of Hubei Province. In addition, it deals with the control methods respectively adopted by central governments and local authorities during the times of outbreaks and disseminations. The epidemic has broken out in the north area of Hubei province in the summer of 1892. At that moment, Chinese government didn't take any effective measures regarding proper medical assistance, active control and prevention. The epidemic seriously harmed people's lives and health, and people were extremely anxious psychologically. It was rumored that it was missionary of Catholicism who bribed people to poison the well water. The rumor spread rapidly, Catholicism became the target on which people vented their fears and anxiety. People burned and robbed the believer house and church in Xiangyang and Gucheng. The secret society was the secret manipulator behind the Anti-Christian case. They were spreading rumors, burning and robbing the believer, to besieging the church, they were all active organizers and participants in the Gucheng·Xiangyang Anti-Christian case. The government was afraid of causing interference between China and foreign countries on one hand, and afraid of evoking mass uprising on the other hand. So, the government sought social stability by suppressing them, and tried to mediate with believers.
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金賢善 ( Kim¸ Hyunsun ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.55
The COVID-19 began in 2019 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province. COVID-19 spread all over the world and threatened many people. Many scientists expect the virus that causes COVID-19 to become endemic and causes continuous epidemics, which is giving people fear and huge stress. At the same time, racism and hatred are occurring all over the world towards Asian people as a result of such a fear. However, in the nineteenth century the exact opposite happened, when Cholera first spread from India to other parts of the globe in 1817 and reaching Hubei and Hunan Provinces in 1820. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the influx of Cholera in the Hubei and Hunan Provinces during the nineteenth century. Furthermore, this article tried to examine the course of cholera becoming endemic in the Hubei and Hunan Provinces. Cholera widely spread into the China in the years of 1820s. At that time, an epidemic broke out in the Mountainous areas of Hunan Province, which according to the baojingxian(保靖縣) gazetteers was called "mazuwen(麻足瘟)", its name which indicates symptoms known with Cholera infection, such as muscle cramps due to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. At that time, Guangdong(廣東) Province was an important area for the spread of Cholera. The Cholera imported into China in 1820s, widely spread into Hunan province through the trade routes with the Guangdong Province, which increased the chances of contact and the routes of transmission of the disease. In 1832, an epidemic occurred in the Hubei and Hunan Provinces, which based on its link to the trade routes, its high death rate, and its waterborne nature, it is highly probable to have been the Cholera. The frequent floods have provided a favorable environment for Cholera to spread. Since then, Cholera became more prevalent in the Hubei and Hunan Provinces and remained. The prelude to a new epidemic era had opened. Studying the Cholera inflows will improve the understanding of Chinese cholera history. By examining the history of infectious diseases, we gain a better understanding of not only today's Corona crisis but also any future pandemic that might arise. At the same time, the understanding that the Hubei and Hunan Provinces were themselves once victims of infectious diseases inflows would allow for a more unbiased perspective towards the current outbreak, which could hopefully help reducing a racism and hatred that has been triggered and spreading ever since.
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이현선 ( Lee¸ Hyun-sun ) 한국중국학회 2021 중국학보 Vol.97 No.-
≪訓蒙字會≫는 朝鮮 중종 22년(1527년)에 간행된 한자 학습서로 한자의 훈과 음을 훈민정음으로 기록하여 초학자의 편의를 고려하였다. 중국어에 능통했던 저자 최세진은 주석에 훈민정음으로 기재한 훈과 음, 한자로 풀이한 釋 외에도 ‘俗呼…’, ‘俗稱…’, ‘今俗謂…’, ‘今呼’, ‘俗指…曰…’, ‘俗呼…曰…’, ‘俗又呼…’, ‘俗又名…’ 등으로 당시 중국에서 사용하던 중국어 어휘를 수록하였다. 이는 조선시대 사역원에서 편찬한 중국어 어휘집인 ≪譯語類解≫(1690)보다 시기적으로 훨씬 앞선다. ≪訓蒙字會≫에서 ‘俗呼’ 등으로 기록된 近代 중국어 어휘들 중에는 접사 野-, 老-, -子, -兒, -頭, 명사화의 -的 등이 포함되어 있으며 現代 중국어 구어에서 지금까지 사용하고 있는 어휘도 다수 포함되어 있어 明代의 구어 어휘로 볼 수 있다. 또한 관화뿐만 아니라 남방, 옛 楚나라 지역, 河北 지역, 關中 지역, 江東 지역, 峽中 지역, 지금의 복건성 일대인 閩 지역 등지의 어휘도 수록하고 있다. Hunmongjahoe (訓蒙字會) is a textbook of studying Chinese characters including phonetic notation, was written by Choe Sejin who was expert in the study of Chinese translation in 1527, Chosun dynasty. There are many Modern Chinese vocabulary on the annotation, which starts with ‘Sok-ho’, ‘Sok-ching’ and so on. The book is much former than Yeokeoyuhae (譯語類解), the Chinese-Korean dictionary published by Sayeokwon (司譯院) in 1690. Through this study, those Modern Chinese words is considered as common colloquialism of Modern Chinese, have prefixes and suffixes like 野-, 老-, -子, -兒, -頭, -的, and many of Contemporary Chinese vocabulary. The Modern Chinese vocabulary of Hunmongjahoe (訓蒙字會) includes Modern Mandarin, also includes Southern dialect, Chu(楚) dialect, Hebei(河北) dialect, Guanzhong (關中) dialect, Jiangdong (江東) dialect, Xiazhong (峽中) dialect and Min (閩) dialect.
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Perceptions of World English: Different Attitudes from Inner and Expanding Circles
Hyunsun Im 한국영어어문교육학회 2018 영어어문교육 Vol.24 No.1
This paper reports on a survey study that asked native English speakers (NESs) and non-native English speakers (NNESs) about concepts and issues related to communication with speakers of World Englishes (WE). The purpose of the paper is to examine NESs’ and NNESs’ concepts of the English language and attitudes towards varieties of English, with the goal of raising awareness of the need for better education about WE. The population of NNESs now outnumbers that of NESs speakers. More, the English users in Asia alone are more than the total populations of the USA, the UK combined. This gap will keep increasing, which will lead to ever-greater variety and new forms of English with unique traits. Drawing on the notion of WE, NESs need to recognize the diversity that already exists, and develop the awareness and communicative skills needed for interacting with speakers of Englishes that are different from their own varieties. This paper argues that school curricula should include education about WE in order to better meet the needs of our rapidly changing societies and educators also need to be sensitive and appreciative of the existence of WE acting as guides to bring students to full awareness of WE.
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