http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
鄭然植,趙顯傑 경북대학교 1987 社會科學 Vol.6 No.-
Hsu‥n Tzu lived in a day characterized by moral breakdown, frequent wars and a sense of impending doom. His influence on the form that confucianism ultimately assumed was tremendous. Hsu‥n Tzu's thought is to antithesis of that of Mencius. In contrast to Mencius, his theory succeeded to objectivism and empiricism of confucian school character. His basic doctrine is his contention that men is able to form a trinity with Heaven and human nature is evil. He recognized the importance of the desires and the emotions and of regulating them with li. The means of coping with desire is not to banish it but rather to guide them into the proper channels. Hsu‥n Tzu's ideas of goverment are essentially similar to those of confucius. Government is for the people, not for the ruler. But the wise king, he says, estabished li, went before the people with authority, guided them with li, admonished them by his decrees and instructed them by proclamations. Thus Hsu‥n Tzu developed confucianism into an authoritarian system.
김영건,육은주,김성걸,임의혁,성자원,김병호,허승식,이기천,정현용,이헌영 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1993 충남의대잡지 Vol.20 No.2
A clinical analysis was performed of 3055 pateints with peptic ulcer who were diagnosed with gastroduodenoscopy, in Hospital of Chungnam National University College of Medicine from July 1988 to May 1993. 1) During the period 1988-1993, The proportion of gastric ulcer among peptic ulcer decreased from 47.8% to 42.8%, but that of duodenal ulcer increased from 36.8% to 39.6%. 2) Of the 3055 cases, the number of patients with esophageal ulcer was 98(3.2%), with gastric ulcer 1407(41.6%), with. duodenal ulcer 1104(36.1%), with channel ulcer 149(4.9%), and with combind ulcer 297(9.7%). 3) We observed a peak incidence of peptic ulcer in the 50-69age group, gastric ulcer in the 5069age, duodenal ulcer in the 40-59age group. The ratio of male to female was 3.6 : 1 in peptic ulcer, 4.4 : 1 in gastric ulcer, 3.0 : 1 in duodenal ulcer. 4) The common site was angle in gastric ulcer, and bulb in duodenal ulcer. 5) The active stage was 39.4% of gastric ulcer, and 37.4% of duodenal ulcer, the healing stage was 34.2% of gastric ulcer, and 17.9% of duodenal ulcer, and the scar stage of gastric ulcer was 26.4%, and duodenal ulcer was 44.7%. 6) The size of ulcer was less than 1Cm in 66.7% of gastric ulcer, and in 75.5% of duodenal ulcer, the size of ulcer was greater than 2Cm in 13.2% of gastric ulcer, and in 6.5% of duodenal ulcer. 7) The frequency of multiple ulcer was 29.9% in gastric ulcer, and 16.5% in duodenal ulcer.
Evaluation of General Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Silkworm Extract Powder
Hyun-Suk Heo,Jae-Hun Choi,Jung-Ja Oh,Woo-Joo Lee,Seong-Sook Kim,Do-Hoon Lee,Hyun-Kul Lee,Si-Whan Song,Kap-Ho Kim,Yang-Kyu Choi,Kang-Sun Ryu,Boo-Hyon Kang 한국독성학회 2013 Toxicological Research Vol.29 No.4
The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The repeated toxicity studies and gentic toxicity studies of the silkworm extract powder were performed to obtain the data for new functional food approval in MFDS. The safety was evaluated by a single-dose oral toxicity study and a 90 day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The silkworm extract powder was also evaluated for its mutagenic potential in a battery of genetic toxicity test: in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. The results of the genetic toxicology assays were negative in all of the assays. The approximate lethal dose in single oral dose toxicity study was considered to be higher than 5000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 day study, the dose levels were wet at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day, and 10 animals/sex/dose were treated with oral gavage. The parameters that were monitored were clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. No adverse effects were observed after the 90 day administration of the silkworm extract powder. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of silkworm extract powder in the 90 day study was 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organ was identified.
Evaluation of General Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Silkworm Extract Powder
Heo, Hyun-Suk,Choi, Jae-Hun,Oh, Jung-Ja,Lee, Woo-Joo,Kim, Seong-Sook,Lee, Do-Hoon,Lee, Hyun-Kul,Song, Si-Whan,Kim, Kap-Ho,Choi, Yang-Kyu,Ryu, Kang-Sun,Kang, Boo-Hyon Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2013 Toxicological Research Vol.29 No.4
The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent ${\alpha}$-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The repeated toxicity studies and gentic toxicity studies of the silkworm extract powder were performed to obtain the data for new functional food approval in MFDS. The safety was evaluated by a single-dose oral toxicity study and a 90 day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The silkworm extract powder was also evaluated for its mutagenic potential in a battery of genetic toxicity test: in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. The results of the genetic toxicology assays were negative in all of the assays. The approximate lethal dose in single oral dose toxicity study was considered to be higher than 5000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 day study, the dose levels were wet at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day, and 10 animals/sex/dose were treated with oral gavage. The parameters that were monitored were clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. No adverse effects were observed after the 90 day administration of the silkworm extract powder. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of silkworm extract powder in the 90 day study was 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organ was identified.
유전독성 대체시험법(in vitro소핵시험)의 국내검증시험연구
이현걸 ( Hyun Kul Lee ),김종극 ( Jong Geuk Kim ),이우주 ( Woo Joo Lee ),맹은호 ( Eun Ho Maeng ),이종윤 ( Jong Yoon Lee ),정영신 ( Young Shin Chung ),김창환 ( Chang Hwan Kim ),김윤순 ( Yun Soon Kim ),장미해 ( Mi Hae Jang ),이석종 ( 한국동물실험대체법학회 2011 동물실험대체법학회지 Vol.5 No.1
This validation study was performed to introduce and set up the in vitro micronucleus test, as an alternative to the existing chromosome aberration test, in the test facilities in Korea, and to establish the competence of each facility to perform the in vitro micronucleus test independently. The 10 coded substances, including 6 positive and 4 negative in genotoxicity assay, were tested. Six facilities were divided into two subgroups, A and B. Three coded positive compounds and two negative compounds were sent to each test facility. The compounds were tested according to the facility`s GLP system. In group A, positive results were obtained from testing of the three positive compounds, and negative results were obtained from testing of the two negative compounds in all three facilities. In group B, positive results were also obtained from testing of the three positive compounds, and negative results were obtained from testing of the two negative compounds in all three facilities. For the Urethane, an in vitro equivocal compound tested by group B, negative results were obtained. These results suggested that the compound may be effectively activated only in in vivo environment. The results show that the six test facilities are capable of performing the in vitro micronucleus test independently and producing consistent results.
감잎차 추출액의 Sister Chromatid Exchange(SCE) 방법에 따른 항돌연변이 효과
송현순(Hyun-Soon Song),이현걸(Hyun-Kul Lee),장해동(Hae-Dong Jang),김종익(Jong-Ik Kim),박옥진(Ock-Jin Park),이미숙(Mee-Sook Lee),강명희(Myung-Hee Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 1996 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.25 No.2
돌연변이 유발 물질인 mitomycin C(MMC)를 처리하여 배양한 Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cell에 대한 감잎차 추출액의 항돌연변이 효과를 자매 염색 분체 교환(sister chromatid exchange, SCE) 시험법을 사용하여 측정하여 보았다. 감잎차 추출액 자체는 CHO 세포의 SCE 빈도수를 변화시키지 않았으며, 세포의 분열 주기중 S phase에 S9 mixture없이 감잎차 추출액이 처리되었을 경우 MMC로 유도된 SCE 빈도수를 감소시키지 않았다. 그러나 S9 mixture 존재하에 G₁ phase에서 MMC 처리 후 감잎차를 처리하는 후처리 방식으로 감잎차 추출액을 처리하였을 때, 저농도(≤40㎍/ml)에서 MMC로 인해 유발된 SCE 빈도수가 낮아지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이에 비해 고농도 (>40㎍/ml)에서는 SCE 빈도수의 감소 효과가 없었다.<br/> 본 연구 결과, MMC 처리된 CHO 세포에 대한 감잎차 추출액의 항돌연변이 효과를 볼 수 있었고, 이 효과는 S9 mixture 존재하에서 저농도의 감잎차 추출액이 G₁ phase에 처리되었을 때 나타났다. 감잎차 추출액의 이러한 항돌연변이 효과의 기전은 감잎차 추출액의 대사산물이 MMC 처리된 CHO 세포에 대한 DNA-excision repair activity를 촉진시키기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. The antimutagenic effects of persimmon leaf tea extracts(PLTE) on mutagen-induced sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) were studied. These PLTE did not affect spontaneous SCEs in cultured Chinese hamster cells. The frequency of SCEs induced by mitomycin C(MMC) was not affected by the simultaneous treatment with PLTE without S9 mixture in the S phase of the cell cycle. However, when cells were posttreated with PLTE in the presence of metabolic enzymes of rat liver(S9 mix), the antimutagenic effects on the induction of SCEs by mutagen were observed. MMC-induced SCEs were suppressed by the posttreatment with PLTE at low concentrations(≤40㎍/ml) with S9 mix. In contrast, at a high concentration(>40㎍/ml) of PLTE with S9 mix, MMC-induced SCEs were not affected. The antimutagenic effects of PLTE were shown to occur in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle. The results suggested that PLTE could promote DNA-excision repair activity and resulted in an antimutagenic effect.
Evaluation of 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity of <i>Areca catechu</i> in F344/N rats
Kim, Hyun-Ji,Ko, Je-Won,Cha, Seung-Beom,Heo, Hyun-Suk,Seo, Jong-Hun,Cha, Mi-Jin,Bae, Jin-Sook,Lee, Hyun-Kul,Song, Si-Whan,Kim, Jong-Choon Elsevier 2018 Food and chemical toxicology Vol.114 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigated the potential toxicity of the Areca catechu water extract after 13-week repeated oral administration at 0, 166.7, 500, and 1500 mg/kg/day in rats. During the study period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, urinalysis, estrous cycle, sperm count and motility, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were examined. At 1500 mg/kg/day, both sexes exhibited an increase in the incidence of abnormal clinical signs, which included, decreased body weight gain and food consumption, and increased urine bilirubin, ketone bodies, specific gravity, and protein and kidney weight. An increase in liver weight and estrous cycle alterations was observed in females. Serum biochemical and histopathological investigations revealed an increase in the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, and the incidence of hepatic necrosis in females. At 500 mg/kg/day, an increase in the incidence of abnormal clinical signs including diarrhea and soiled perineal region, was observed in both sexes. No treatmentrelated effects were observed at 166.7 mg/kg/day. Under the present experimental conditions, the target organs were determined to be the liver, kidney, and female reproductive system in rats. The no-observedeffect level was considered to be 166.7 mg/kg/day in rats.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Subchronic toxicity of <I>Areca catechu</I> water extract was investigated in rats. </LI> <LI> The target organs of the extract were determined to be the liver, kidney, and female reproductive system. </LI> <LI> The no-observed-effect level of the extract was considered to be 166.7 mg/kg/day in rats. </LI> </UL> </P>
연구논문 : 유전독성 대체시험법(in vitro소핵시험)의 국내검증시험연구
이현걸 ( Hyun Kul Lee ),김종극 ( Jong Geuk Kim ),이우주 ( Woo Joo Lee ),맹은호 ( Eun Ho Maeng ),이종윤 ( Jong Yoon Lee ),정영신 ( Young Shin Chung ),김창환 ( Chang Hwan Kim ),김윤순 ( Yun Soon Kim ),장미해 ( Mi Hae Jang ),이석종 ( 한국동물실험대체법학회 2011 동물실험대체법학회지 Vol.5 No.1
This validation study was performed to introduce and set up the in vitro micronucleus test, as an alternative to the existing chromosome aberration test, in the test facilities in Korea, and to establish the competence of each facility to perform the in vitro micronucleus test independently. The 10 coded substances, including 6 positive and 4 negative in genotoxicity assay, were tested. Six facilities were divided into two subgroups, A and B. Three coded positive compounds and two negative compounds were sent to each test facility. The compounds were tested according to the facility`s GLP system. In group A, positive results were obtained from testing of the three positive compounds, and negative results were obtained from testing of the two negative compounds in all three facilities. In group B, positive results were also obtained from testing of the three positive compounds, and negative results were obtained from testing of the two negative compounds in all three facilities. For the Urethane, an in vitro equivocal compound tested by group B, negative results were obtained. These results suggested that the compound may be effectively activated only in in vivo environment. The results show that the six test facilities are capable of performing the in vitro micronucleus test independently and producing consistent results.
Salmonella typhimurium Strain TA98, 100에서 감잎차, 녹차, 우롱차 추출물의 돌연변이 억제효과
송현순(Hyun-Soon Song),이현걸(Hyun-Kul Lee),강명희(Myung-Hee Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 1999 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.28 No.3
실제 음용 조건으로 추출한 한국산 감잎차, 녹차, 우롱차 추출물의 돌연변이 억제효과를 보기 위하여 간접 돌연변이 물질로 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon인 B[a]P, heterocyclic amine인 IQ, aromatic amine인 2-AA, 그리고 직접 돌연변이 물질인 4-NQO에 대하여 salmonella/microsome assay를 응용하여 실험하였다. 실험 결과, 음용하는 조건으로 추출한 감잎차, 녹차, 우롱차 추출물에는 간접 돌연변이 물질에 의한 colony 생성에 미치는 돌연변이 억제 효과가 탁월함을 볼 수 있었다. 간접 돌연변이 물질 중 B[a]P이나 IQ의 경우는 차 추출물의 농도 증가에 따라 돌연변이 물질에 대하여 농도 의존적으로 colony 생성을 억제시키었으나 2-AA의 경우는 저농도 첨가시 co-mutagenic하게 작용하여 colony 수를 증가시키다가 고농도 첨가시 colony 생성을 억제시킴을 보였다. 이와는 달리 직접 돌연변이 물질인 4-NQO의 경우는 저농도 첨가시에는 큰 변화가 없다가 고농도 첨가시 colony 생성을 더 증가시키는 결과를 보였다. 돌연변이 억제효과의 작용 양상을 보면, 각 차 추출물에 따른 차이는 크게 볼 수 없었으며 TA98과 TA100 등 균주에 따른 경향의 차이도 볼 수 없었으나 돌연변이 물질의 종류에 따라서는 많은 차이를 보였다. 본 실험 결과 실제 음용하는 조건으로 추출한 한국산 감잎차, 녹차, 우롱차 추출물이 간접 돌연변이 물질들에 대하여 억제효과를 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 직접 돌연변이 물질에 대해서는 억제효과를 볼 수 없었다. 이 결과로부터 본 연구에서 사용한 차 추출물의 돌연변이 억제효과 기전은 각 차 추출물들이 돌연변이 물질과 직접 결합하여 돌연변이를 억제한다기보다는 돌연변이 물질의 체내 활성화 대사과정을 억제하는 물질로 작용하는 것으로 생각되었다. Water extracts of persimmon leaf tea(PLTE), green tea(GTE) and oolong tea(OTE), at the concentration used for human consumption, were examined for inhibitory effects on the mutagenicity of major classes of dietary and environmental mutagens including indirect-acting mutagens, B[a]P(benzo[a]pyrene), IQ(2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline), 2-AA(2-aminoanthracene) in the presence of S9 mix and direct-acting mutagen, 4-NQO(4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) without S9 mix, using the modified Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. PLTE, GTE and OTE showed very potent and concentration-dependent antimutagenic effects against indirect-acting mutagens B[a]P and IQ. At the maximum concentration(16,200㎍/plate) of each tea extract, number of colonies decreased in a dose dependent manner up to 82~100%. Similar inhibition of PLTE, GTE and OTE were seen at higher concentration in the mutagenicity of the 2-AA following an initial increase in the activity at lower concentration. However, the mutagenicity of the direct-acting mutagen 4-NQO were not suppressed at lower concentration of the three tea extracts, and higher concentration of the tea extracts enhanced mutagenic activity of the mutagen. There were no differences in the mode of antimutagenesis between PLTE, GTE, and OTE, in both Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains against the same mutagen. In conclusion, the water extracts of persimmon leaf tea, green tea and oolong tea possess marked antimutagenic potential against a variety of important dietary and environmental indirect-acting mutagens, but the activity was not observed against the direct-acting mutagens. These results suggest that the mode of inhibitory action may not have resulted from direct interaction between tea extracts and the mutagens, but rather from indirect metabolic inactivation of mutagens by tea extracts.