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돼지에서 정맥, 근육 그리고 경구 투여시의 enrofloxacin의 약물동태학
윤효인,김무열,박승춘,조준형,박병권,이내경,노상석,장범수,신광순,조명행 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 1996 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.4 No.-
In order to characterize pharmacokinetic profiles according to route of a new enrofloxacin salt form (Enrotil®), it was given to 4 healthy pigs via oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) administrations at a dose rate of 5 ㎎/㎏ body weight. Enrofloxacin (ENFX) in serum was detected by bioassay using E. coli BE1186 as a test organism. The biological elimination half-lives (t_1/2(β)) of ENFX were 6.76±0.99 h (i.v.), 7.16±2.30 h (i.m.) and 11.45±3.90 h (p.o.), Volume of distribution (Vd) of enrofloxacin was 2.20±0.31 L/㎏ (i.v.), 2.52±0.60 L/㎏ (i.m.) and 1.88±0.33 L/㎏ (i.m.). Mean residence time (MRT) was 8.77±1.26 h after i.v. injection and the maximal concentration time (Tmax) following p.o. and i.m. administration was 0.76±0.09 h and 0.60±0.12 h, indicating a rapid absorption from these routes. Bioavailibility (F) was calculated as 64.1% for p.o. administration and 59.71% for i.m. injections. In summary, the newly formulated enrofloxacin salt form has shown a high water solubility, rapid absorption and large tissue distribution, suggesting a potential antibacterials for oral application on a large scale in veterinary sectors.
장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4
Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.
서형범(Seo Hyoung-beom) 한국현대문학회 2004 한국현대문학연구 Vol.0 No.16
In Korean traditional literature, mong-yu style narratives have guided readers to fantastic world which have relation to real world. Although its two worlds have not same structure, mong-yu style narratives' authors have placed instructive message on their writings and readers have read them following authors' instructions. Because they believe that the problems of real world are able to be represented in fictional world(in the narrative) and readers, even if th narratives have unreal and fantastic story, can find out the important point of whole human life and contempotary circumstance and make them instruction in the real world. Till now these are not suspected by reseatchers.<br/> But we must make a sharp distinction between author's instruction and instruction created by text. The real instruction which reader follow is re-constructed by text and its context. Because the processes of interpretation made by reader are variable, author's instruction in specific text is closed only by text and reader.<br/> Through the method of ecrit( the act of narrating or writing) we can find out the intention of narrating in the gyemong seosa(the specific narrative for the Enlightenment in Korean Early Modem Period) and the meaning of distance between the author's purpose and the reader's impression. Literary subject(this means subject as writer or author not as actor in narrative) can identify himself by writing. But if subject as writer or author is convinced that he can express his firm belief for educating people(as reader of his writings) and their eyes would be opened by his education, the real text written by him would not be suitable his intention because of specific narrative structure or wrods' meaning made by context and reading convention.<br/> Shin's Kkeum-haneul(The Dream in the Heal-'en) expresses Shin Chae-ho(the real author of the text)'s thought for Korean peoples' ethic rule and education, but its mong-yu style narrative-structure make the author's expressive writings complex. Han-nom(represented as Shin himself)'s statement and experience look like Shin's, but in text those are presented by narrator ruled by mong-yu narrative. First of all we should deal with them as Han-nom(playing a role as hero}'s statement and experience because mong-yu narrative's narrator playa role of narrator and role at the same time and secondly should make a sharp distinction between Han-nom(represented as Shin himself)'s statement and experience and Han-nom(playing a role as hero)'s. Then we can find out that traditional mong-yu narrative's rules can not explain the rhetoric and strategy of Kkum-hanuel, Shin's educational and enligntenning intention placed on that narrative and various native styles in kaehwa-kyemong gi(civilization and enligntenment period specially called in Korean Modern Literature).