過失相計에 관한 判例의 動向

이준현(Lee Jun?Hyeon) 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2011 法學論叢 Vol.25 No.-

채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임영역에서 손해의 공평, 타당한 분담을 실현하기 위해서는 과실상계제도가 있어야 한다는 점은 누구나 다 공감하는 부분이다. 그러나 우리 민법은 이러한 과실상계제도에 관하여 채무불이행으로 인한 손해배상에서 한 개의 조문을 두면서, 매우 간결하게 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임의 영역에서 채권자(피해자)에게 과실이 있는 경우 법원은 손해배상의 책임 및 그 금액을 산정함에 있어 그 채권자(피해자)의 과실을 참작하여야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 즉, 과실상계에서 가장 중요한 개념인 채권자(피해자)의 과실(손해의 기여도)과 그 판단능력에 대해서는 전혀 규정을 두고 있지 않으며, 또한 이를 참작한다고 할 때 그 비율이나 정도, 과실상계의 구체적 적용범위 등에 관하여는 그 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 이러한 우리 민법의 입법태도는 구체적 사건에 임하여 법관이 전문가적 소견에 따라 당해사건과 관련된 제반사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 가장 공평하고 타당한 손해배상책임범위를 정하게 한다는 점에서는 일단 부당하다고 할 수는 없는 것이나, 과실상계의 구체적 내용에 대하여 민법이 직접 규정하지 않고 판례에만 맡김으로써 과실상계의 운용과정에서 법관의 자의적 내지 독단적 판단이 개입할 우려가 있는 것도 부인하지 못할것이다. 앞으로 과실상계에 관한 구체적 내용을 대법원 판례에만 의지할 것이 아니라, 민법개정시에 적극적으로 반영하여 입법화할 필요가 있다고 하겠다. 여하튼 과실상계제도의 취지를 고려하여 대법원은 과실상계에 관한 요건 및 효과, 적용범위 등에서 다양한 입장을 나타내고 있다. 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인하여 발생된 손해를 공평, 타당하게 분담하고 과실상계제도의 운용과정에서 법적안정성이나 예측가능성을 지켜가기 위해서는 과실상계에 관한 대법원 판례의 전면적인 검토가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 논문에서는 현재까지의 과실상계와 관련된 대법원 판례의 동향을 살펴보고 그 타당성에 대하여 상세히 검토해 보고자 한다. 그럼으로써 손해의 공평, 타당한 분담을 위한 과실상계제도가 정당하고 예측가능하게 운용되는 데 기여할 것으로 기대한다. Everyone sympathizes that there should be a comparative negligence system, in order to actualize impartial and valid contibution of the damage due to default or tort in the filed of damage liability. But Korean civil law in compensation for damage due to default on comparative negligence has one article and regulates very briefly that a court should consider negligence of creditor (victim) in the filed of damage liability due to default or tort in case of a negligence of creditor (victim) in measuring damage liability and its amount. That is to say, there is no regulation in Korean civil law the negligence (related degree of damage) of a creditor (a victim) and the judgement capability the most important concept in the comparative negligence. Also there is no regulation in considering these, the rate and the degree, specific applicable range. This attitude of legislation in Korean civil law - in case of the judge with his own professional opinions considers the general circumstance in relation to the concerned cases synthetically and decides the most impartial and valid range of damage liability in specific cases - can not be stated unreasonable. But on the specific contents on the comparative negligence due to leave only precedent without direct regulating in civil law, in the operational process of the comparative negligence, apprehension to the arbitrary and dogmatic judgement of the judge intervenes can not be denied. In the future the specific contents on the comparative negligence will not depend on the precedent of Korean Supreme Court but it is necessary to legislate positively with a reflection of this content in the time of revision of the Korean civil law. Anyway in considering the intent of comparative negligence, Supreme Court of Korea shows various position in the requirement and effect, applicable range on comparative negligence. The damage occurred due to default and tort should apportion fair and validly in order to keep the legal stability and the predictable possibility in the operational process of the comparative negligence, overall examination on the precedent of the Supreme Court of Korea on the comparative negligence should be carried out. In this paper the author tries to search the trend of precedent of the Supreme Court in Korea on comparative negligence up to the present and examine on its validity in detail. By this study the comparative negligence system for impartial and valid contirbution of the demage, expects to contribute to operate fairly and predictably.

고 탁도 건설 폐수 응집 특성 분석

이준호, 김명호, 고대현 韓國交通大學校 2020 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.55 No.-

In this study, we tried to find an efficient coagulation agent by comparing and analyzing the coagulation properties of each coagulation agent by conducting a Jar-test on various coagulation agents used for the efficient treatment of high turbidity construction wastewater. The Jar test was conducted with wastewater with a turbidity of 1,150 NTU and SS 1500 mg/L using yellow soil. PACS-2, PACSS, PACSM, PACS300, Chitosan, and Alum were tested in Jar-test and the turbidity, pH, SS, standing analysis, filtration time, etc. were analyzed to compare the cohesive characteristics of each floc. PACS-2 ranges from turbidity 36.9~124 NTU (average 82.24 NTU), pH 6.934~7.100 (average 7.025) and SS 20~70 mg/L (average 45.2 mg/L). PACSS appeared to range from turbidity 6.59~59.3 NTU (average 21.29 NTU), pH 5.166~7.010 (average 6.331), and SS 6~28 mg/L (average 13.6 mg/L). Also PACSM was found to range from turbidity 4.16~94 NTU (average 35.18 NTU), pH 5.742~6.908 (average 6.582), and SS 4~118 g/L (average 34 mg/L). PACS300 ranged from turbidity 5.22~85.7 NTU (average 31.07 NTU), pH 5.968~6.875 (average 6.603) and SS 4~66 mg/L (19.6 mg/L on average). Chitosan was found to be in the range of turbidity 7.3~50.1 NTU (19.58 NTU on average), pH 6.738~7.097 (6.900 on average), and SS 4~32 mg/L (13.6 mg/L on average). Finally, the Alum was found to range from turbidity 22~217 NTU (average 132.72 NTU), pH 6.878~7.113 (average 6.984), and SS 22~224 mg/L (average 115.2 mg/L). As a result of the experiment, Chitosan is considered to have a high coagulation characteristics as a coagulation agent of high turbidity construction wastewater due to low change in pH and excellent coagulation characteristics.

에어리프트 펌프를 이용한 정밀여과막 세척

이준호,김명호,고대현 韓國交通大學校 2022 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.57 No.-

The MBR method, also known as the membrane separation active sludge method, does not require a precipitation tank and has many advantages such as stable discharging water. The biggest disadvantages of the MBR method, which has many advantages, are maintenance problems due to reduced flux due to fouling, decreased processing efficiency, and membrane replacement. In this study, in order to reduce membrane pollution, membrane cleaning was performed using the washing principle of the airlift pump, and shear force according to the amount of air was analyzed using the Ansys Fluent computational fluid dynamics program. As a result of the analysis, the film recovery rate was 93.8% to 97.3% and the average was 95.8%, and the CFD analysis showed the highest shear force at about 5.425×10-2Pa at 10m3/m2/hr. It is believed that the MBR device using Airlift in this study can maximize the flux recovery rate by reducing the problem of membrane contamination.

월악산 잣나무 및 화백나무 형성층의 계절적 활동과 적산온도와의 관계

박준희, 강현정, 이해진, 서정욱 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2022 農業科學硏究 Vol.38 No.2

The current study was conducted to investigate (1) the duration of cambial activity and (2) the effect of degree days on the initiation of cambial activity of the Pinus koraiensis (PK) and Chamaecy- paris picifera (CP) planted in Mt. Worak. In addition, the differences of the seasonal cambial activities according to the diameter were also investigated using C. picifera with a diameter of 30 cm (CPL) and 15 cm (CPS), which were planted in the same year. The cambium samples were weekly collected using a mini-borer (Ø 2 mm), so called Traphor, between April and October in 2017. The results obtained are as follow. The initiation of the cambial activity of CP (April 21-28) were slightly earlier than PK (April 21). The species with the longest cambial activity was CPS (147.2±12.1 days), followed by PK (141.6±9.8 days) and CPL (139±12.1 days). The degree days inducing the initiation of the cambial activ- ity for PK and CP were 180.5 and 180.5-242.8, respectively.

生産의 地球化와 世界經濟의 變化

曺俊鉉 동서대학교부설연구소 1997 연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.-

과학 개념학습에서 인터넷의 활용 방안

김준태,조희연,윤덕렬 공주대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 1998 과학교육연구 Vol.29 No.1

본 연구에서는 인터넷을 통해 과학 개념을 학습할 수 있는 방안을 연구하는 데 목적이 있다. 과학개념학습에서 인터넷은 학습자의 과학에 대한 흥미와 호기심을 고취하고 상호작용을 촉진하는 역할을 한다. 인터넷을 활용한 과학 개념학습 모형으로는 과제 분담 학습, 소주제 토의 학습, 포럼형 학습을 들 수 있다. 과제 분담 학습은 인터넷에 제시된 과제를 학습자들이 팀을 구성하여 인터넷 학습자료와 교사의 안내를 바탕으로 분담 학습하고 인터넷을 통해 학습결과를 발표하며 종합하는 형태이다. 소주제 토의 학습은 인터넷에 게시된 토의 주제에 대해 인터넷 학습자료를 바탕으로 학습자의 의견 교환을 통해 학습하는 형태이다. 포럼형 학습은 인터넷에 제시된 포럼주제를 개별학습하나 후 발표하게 하면서 개념을 종합, 정리하는 학습 형태이다. The purpose of this study isi to find the internet concept learning model. The role of internet in concept learning is to facilitate the interest, stimulate the curiosity. The proper internet data in concept learning make interaction possible between one student and another students or teacher. The patterns of internet concept learning are jigsaw style learning, small size topic learning and forum style learning. The jigsaw style concept learning is constructed by setting stage of small, sharing stage of learning task, announcing stage of learning result by internet and colligating stage. In small size topic learning, students' can get the concept by exchanging of opinion through internet. The forum style concept learning is constructed by individual learning stage, announcing stage of learning result by internet and colligating stage.

김정일 국방위원장의 '신사고'론과 신진 엘리트

전현준 고려대학교 북한학연구소 2001 北韓學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

1970年代 臺灣의 重化學工業化에 대한 分析 : 韓國과의 比較

曺俊鉉 신라대학교 경제경영연구소 2001 경제경영연구 Vol.2 No.-

SD Rats를 이용 1-hexene의 흡입독성 연구

김현영,임철홍,정용현,이권섭,이성배,이준연,한정희,전윤석,이용묵 한국환경독성학회 2001 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.16 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute (4 hours) and repeated-dose (6 hours a day, 5 days a week, 4 weeks) toxic effects of I -hexene on Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats which were treated by inhalation. The results were as follows; I. The median lethal concentration (LC_(50)) was estimated 52,694 ppm (confidence limit 95%; 49,494~55,447 ppm) in acute inhalation. Abnormal clinical signs related to the l-Hexene were not observed with the acute inhalation dose. Gross findings of necropsy revealed on evidence of specific toxicity related to the 1-hexene, II. By repeated inhalation exposure the body weight of male were more or less reduced by the dose of 2,500 ppm and 5,000 ppm compared with control group. However there were no significant variation hematology and blood biochemistry for the exposed rats compared with the control rats. Abnormal clinical signs and gross findings of necropsy related to the 1-hexene were not shown. In conclusion when we exposed I-hexene to SD rats for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, 6 hours per day, the Lowest observed effect level (LOEL) was over 2,500 ppm and Non observed effect level (NOEL) was below 500 ppm.

노후 공동주택의 개조실태 및 개조요구에 따른 주호평면계획에 관한 연구

최준영,권현호 啓明專門大學 産業開發硏究所 2002 啓明硏究論叢 Vol.20 No.1

본 논문은 노후 아파트 거주자의 개조실태 및 요구사항을 조사·분석하여 주생활변화에 따른 다양한 주요구 변화에 대응할 수 있는 내부평면계획을 위한 기초자료를 마련하는데 그 목적이 있다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 개조행위는 주부의 연령이나 가구의 월 소득수준. 가족생활주기. 거주년수에 따라 개조내용에 상당한 차이가 나타났다. 2) 내부공간적 측면에서의 개조요구는 가사작업공간>사적공간>공적공간>위생공간>서비스 공간순으로 나타났다. 더욱이 작업에 따른 불편, 가족생활주기, 생활변화에 따른 공간조절 가족취향에 맞는 분위기, 수납공간 부족과 같은 이유로 3가지 개조요구 및 4가지의 평면유형으로 분류되었다. 3) 구조적 측면에서는 공간의 변화와 확장을 위해 기존의 내력벽 구조에 독립기둥, 조적조, 가변형 벽체의 절충식 구조방식이 고려되어야 할 것이다. This study aims to provide basic data that investigate and analyze to actual condition and dwellers needs of repair about deteriorated multi-family hosing, planning of interior which correspond with various a dwelling needs according to change of housing life. The results were as follows: ⅰ) The repair behaviors showed differences in according to the wives age, monthly income, family life cycle and dwelling years ⅱ) In the aspect of interior space, the needs of repair appearance in the order of household space>private space>public space>sanitary space>service space. In addition, the contents and patterns of repair were each classified into three and four. ⅲ) In the aspect of structure, it should be consider eclectic structure with independent pillar, masonry structure to be variable wall for change and expand of space.