소파 방정환의 종교교육사상 : John Dewey와의 대화를 위한 시론 An essay in Dialogue with John Dewey' Philosophy

丁惠貞 한국종교교육학회 2004 宗敎敎育學硏究 Vol.18 No.-

방정환의 교육사상은 한국적 근대교육의 기점으로 자리매김할 수 있다. 수운주의에 입각한 아동이해를 바탕으로 그는 유교전통에 대한 비판과 아동해방을 주장하면서 아동의 心身성장의 자연교육과 예술교육의 정신성장을 제시했다. 이 세상에 필요한 사람이 되려면 사람됨의 바탕을 가져야 되고 이는 자유로운 심신의 활동에서 얻어진다. 그리고 이러한 새생명의 활동에 의해 새 세상을 제각기 창조한다. 심신의 성장을 가장 올바르게 잘 키우는 것은 자연인데, 자연은 곧 한울님이기 때문이다. 자연을 대하는 아이들의 의식 속에는 시각적, 청각적, 직관적 영상이 인식된다. 어린이는 자연 속에서 자연과 자신을 일치시키는데 이 때 어린이는 참생활과 참지혜를 배우며 그러는 중에 몸과 마음이 우쭐우쭐 자란다. 아동이 자연을 통해 심신이 커나갈 수 있는 것은 자연과 하나가 되는 전일성의 체험에 있다. 자연교육이 자연과 일체되는 경험에서 한울님의 성장을 지향하듯이 예술교육 또한 한울님의 경험을 직관적으로 경험하고 표현한다. 특히 아동예술 가운데 (동화) 는 아동 정신생활의 중요한 일부이고 最緊한 식물이다. 또한 방정환은 실제교육과 조선혼의 교육을 제시하는데 교육이란 그 시대를 살아나가는 데 필요한 지식을 갖추어 주는 것이어야 하고, 그 시대와 떨어지는 교육, 실제생활과 관계없는 교육은 아무 고마울 것 없는 헛된 노력이라고 방정환은 말한다. 그리고 이는 궁극적으로 조선의 현실을 지상천국의 건설로 바꿀 어린 동무를 교육하고자 함이었다. 이러한 방정환의 교육사상은 자아의 문제, 심신의 성장과 자연, 종교·예술교육, 아동의 사회화 교육과 사회창조의 측면에서 John Dewey와의 대화가 가능하다. Bang, Jung-Hwan is representative, educational thinker of Korea in modern ages. He criticized confucian education and asserts the emancipation of children. His main theory of education is based on Chundokyo(Xic). That is the natural education for the growth of mind and body, and the artistic education for the spirit, the practical education is connected interest, and education of spirit of Korea. For the sake of the growth in mind and body He emphasizes the nature. The nature is Hanulnim. Children are in accord with nature and them self. By the experience of integration, children's growth is possible. Also, artistic education is able to express the experience of integration intuitively. Therefore He emphasized an juvenile story, children's song, and a children picture as the art of children. The art of children gives form to the inner world of them and makes the way of experience of truth like the nature. On the other hand to him, Education is to teach the practical knowledge that is needful to live for them and is connected with practical life of them. Lastly the aim of his education is to construction of new world. The new world is to go back to the Wholeness by everybody. So he introduced the Choson's history and culture, great man, and so forth. Therefore it is possible to comparative Bang, Jung-Hwan' thought with John Dewey. First comparison is about to "self". To Bang, Jung-Hwan, self is a by-product of cultivating inner Hanulnim. Also to Dewey, self is to form by choice of action continuously. The active concern about things in a kind and quantity express the self of quality. Second, the problem is about to "nature". To Bang, Jung-Hwan the growth of children is formed by the emotion of unity in the nature. So he said that "the nature is not an instrument to reorganize the experience but one body with human being to hold the wholeness in common." Third, religion of education in Bang, Jung-Hwan is based on the Suunism. The aim of religious education is to cultivate the own divine. On the other hand, in John Dewey, it is to integrate the personal character wholly by the scientific and social intelligence.

나혜석의 『구미여행기』와 새로운 글쓰기

안영희 ( An Young-hee ),정혜영 ( Jung Hye-young ) 한민족어문학회 2021 韓民族語文學 Vol.- No.91

남존여비의 유교이데올로기와 ‘文’의 의식이 여전히 강했던 식민지 시기 조선에서 신여성들은 극심한 편견, 비난 속에서 나혜석은 남성과 동등한 한 사람의 작가로서 혹은 화가로서 자신의 삶의 영역을 구축해갔다. 이 과정에 대한 세밀한 고찰은 한 편으로는 식민지 시기 조선 신여성의 의식의 실체와 식민지 조선이 경험한 근대의 실체를 밝혀가는 것이면서 또 한 편으로는 한 인간이 어떻게 편견과 무지에 맞서 인간의 존엄성을 확보해 가는가를 살펴보는 과정이기도 하다. 이 과정에서 일본 신여성 요사노 아키코(擧謝野晶子)의 파리 체험에 대한 비교 고찰은 필수적이다. 나혜석과 요사노 아키코는 제각각 조선과 일본 신여성 1세대를 대표하는 인물로서, 작가로서 다수 작품을 발표하였고 두 사람 모두 당시 신여성으로서는 드물게 파리에서 체류한 경험이 있다. 이와 같은 공통점 이외 본 연구에서 조선 신여성 나혜석의 의식을 고찰하기 위해 요사노 아키코를 비교 대상으로 설정한 또 하나의 중요한 이유가 있다. 나혜석이 자신의 글에서 논문과 시 창작에 매진했던 요사노 아키코를 자신의 롤 모델로서 언급하고 있기 때문이다. 이와 같은 상황에 근거하여 본 연구에서는 나혜석의 『구미여행기』를 중심으로 나혜석으로 상징되는 조선 신여성의 의식의 제 특징을 고찰하고 있다. During the colonial Joseon period, where the general predominance of men over women was strong due to Confucian ideology and there still existed a strong sense of Mun (文), modern women often experienced extreme prejudice and accusations. Na Hye-sok, however, had built up her own successful career as a writer and a painter who was equal to the men in her fields. A detailed examination of this process reveals on one hand, the realities of the lives that modern Joseon women led during the colonial period, and the reality of the modernity experienced by the general population living in colonial Joseon society. On the other hand, this analysis also reveals the process which an individual goes through in order to gain dignity during the fight against prejudice and accusations. During this process, a comparative study with the Parisian experience of Akiko Yosano, a modern Japanese woman, is essential. Na Hye-sok and Akiko Yosano are both representatives of the first generation of modern women in Joseon and Japan, and have published numerous works as writers. Both of them had rarely stayed in Paris as modern women during that time.Additionally, it is also important to set Akiko Yosano as a comparative subject in order to more critically examine the significant role of Nae Hye-sok during the colonial Joseon time period, as Na Hye-sok refers to Akiko Yosano, who was also actively involved in writing articles and poetry, as her role model. Based on this information, this study examines the characteristics of the general circumstances and significance of Joseon modern women, as symbolized by Na Hye-sok, by focusing specifically of her experience traveling in Europe and America.

완암(浣巖) 정내교(鄭來僑) 묘문(墓文)의 특성(特性) 고찰(考察) -<금택보묘지명(金澤甫墓誌銘)>과 <제처유인변씨묘지(弟妻孺人邊氏墓誌)>를 중심으로-

강혜정 ( Kang Hye-jung ) 한민족어문학회 2016 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.74

본고는 浣巖 鄭來僑의 <金澤甫墓誌銘>과 <弟妻孺人邊氏墓誌>를 대상으로 그의 글이 기존의 묘문과 비교했을 때, 개성이 발휘된 측면이 무엇인지, 또 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 묘문으로서의 상투적 성격을 보여주는 부분은 무엇인지 밝히고, 그 원인에 대해 논의하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본고에서 다루는 두 묘지는 중인 정내교가 그의 친구와 가족을 대상으로 쓴 것인데, 이 묘주들은 사회 경제적 처지가 정내교 자신과 비슷한 여항인들이었다. 사대부의 전유물이었던 묘문이 중인 작가의 손에서 중인 묘주들을 위해 기술되면서 기존의 묘문과는 변별되는 지점이 만들어질 수 있었던 것이다. 두 묘문은 모두 서문과 의론부를 갖추고 있는데, 서문에서 완암의 독특한 글쓰기 방법이 드러났다. <金澤甫墓誌銘>은 서두에서 망자를 함부로 무력을 행사하던 부정적인 인물로 묘사했는데 이는 `稱美而不稱惡`이라는 묘지의 서술원리에 위배되는 것이다. 하지만 후반부에 깨달음을 얻은 이후 크게 변화된 모습을 서술하여 결국에는 망자의 인품과 행적을 더욱 높이는 효과를 주었다. 이는 먼저 굽혔다가 후에 높이는 `俯仰折旋`의 기법을 사용한 것이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 기법으로 칭송 일변도이던 기존의 묘문과 차이를 보이면서, 진실성을 획득하고, 실감 있는 인물로 형상화되며 망자를 기리는 묘문으로서의 효과는 극대화시킬 수 있었다. <弟妻孺人邊氏墓誌>는 삶의 행적을 기록한다는 묘문의 본래적 성격과 달리 묘주의 삶의 행적은 외면하고 임종의 장면만을 생생하게 기록하였다. 긴장감이 감도는 임종의 장면에서 직접인용을 통해 진실성과 객관성을 확보하며 망자의 성품을 구체화시키고 있는데 이는 簡詳法을 극단적으로 적용한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 서문에서 완암의 개성적인 글쓰기로 형상화된 인물은 의론부에서 문인과 열녀로 평가받고 있다. 삶의 행적을 기록하는 서문에서는 개성 있는 글쓰기 기법으로 형상화되었지만, 의론부의 인물평은 유교적 가치관을 최우선으로 하는 사회에서 당대의 가치 규범을 따른 것이라 할 수 있다. 이는 사대부와는 다른 사회적, 경제적 배경을 가졌지만, 그 지향가치는 사대부와 다르지 않았던 중인이라는 작가의 신분적 특성에서 기인한 것이며, 당대 서울을 중심으로 유행하였던 소품체라는 새로운 글쓰기 방식의 영향과 묘문이라는 장르가 가진 보수성이 복합적으로 작용한 것으로 볼 수 있다. This paper analyzes both the unique and the conventional aspects of the epitaphs written by Jung Naegyo(鄭來僑), as compared to the typical epitaphs of the period. At the start of < The Epitaph of Kim Taebo >, Kim is described as an undesirable person and a bully, and this passage violates the unstated premise of epitaph writing that the author should always write positive things about the deceased. However, later in life, Kim became a great man after he changed his perspective, which Jung recounts. This epitaph is illustrative of his style, as he liked to use the technique of initially blackening his subject`s reputation and praising him or her later. This tactic allows readers to recognize Kim`s remarkable abilities and to gain an authentic sense of him. Jung`s epitaphs are distinguished from many other eputaphs through the use of this technique. < The Epitaph of Mrs. Byun, Sister-in-Law > subverts another convention, as it omits the story of Byun`s life and details only the events surrounding the eve of her death instead. While it runs counter to the convention of epitaph writing that the auther should relate the arc of the deceased`s life, it describes how Mrs. Byun was undaunted by the fear of death, and how her fortitude complemented her benevolence as a mother and wife. In the end, Kim and Byun are evaluated as a great writer and a virtuous woman, respectively. The first halves of both epitaphs are replete with unique techniques, but their subjects are ultimately praised as honorable people, as was the case with the subjects of other epitaphs. I believe the dual aspects of these epitaphs, the unique and the conventional, are related to the dynamic between Jung Naegyo`s iconoclastic temperament and his middle class status. Since he was relatively free from the strictures of custom, he could display his indivual writerly style. However, as he lived in Confucian society, he also looked forward to becoming a respected member of that society.

서정주의 「김소월 시론」을 통해 본 현대시와 전통

허혜정(Huh Hye Jung) 동악어문학회 2011 동악어문학 Vol.56 No.-

일제말기 ‘국민시론’에서 출발한 서정주의 전통론은 해방기에 이르러 문학의 정치성에 대한 회의와 불신, 그리고 모더니즘 시의 방만한 개인주의적 표현에 대한 비판의식 속에서 정밀한 논리로 구체화된다. 이 과정에서 전통을 불변하는 문학적 보편성과 당대성의 대화로 이해한 엘리어트의 전통론은 서정주의 전통론에 상당한 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 유럽문화전통을 재건하기 위해 “고전적 지혜의 회복”을 역설한 엘리어트처럼 서정주는 한국의 고전들에 눈을 돌렸고, 역사의식, 통합적 감수성, 시적 지성 등의 논의를 빌려 동양문예전통과 유기체적 관계를 이루는 한국문학의 전통을 설계하고자 했다. 그 과정에서 서정주는 ‘지, 정, 의’의 통합적 시정신과 서구의 “아의 시학”과는 다른 “무아(無我)의 시학”을 제기한다. 서정주의 전통론이 총체적으로 투영되어 있는 「김소월 시론」에서 서정주가 주목한 것은 바로 ‘정조’였다. 소월의 시는 정통운율, 토속어 등을 통해 역사적 체험의 여과물인 ‘정조’를 표현함으로서, 멀리는 향기같은 고전텍스트에서 발견되는 “한국적 정서”를 상속한다. 하지만 ‘전통’이라는 대명제에 집착하는 문학적 보편 주의로 인해 현대시가 줄기차게 개발해온 스타일이나 미적 특질에 대한 천착이 미비한 것은 서정주 시론의 가장 큰 한계이다. The tradition theory of Jung-joo Suh that has set off from the ‘people's poetics’ in the closing period of Japanese colonial rule becomes concrete as a accurate and precise logic, amid the skepticism and distrust in which literature harbors against politics at the end of liberation and th critical consciousness against the indulgent expression of individualism in modernism poetry. In this process, the Eliot's traditional theory that understood the tradition as unchangeable universality of literature and the contemporary dialogue of the moment is seen to have exercised the considerable influence on that of Jung-joo Suh. Like Eliot who laid stress on “restoring of classic wisdom” so as to reconstruct the tradition of European culture, Jung-joo Suh, too, was attracted by the classics of his country, and attempted to architect the tradition of Korean literature that bears relation to the organic tradition of oriental literary, by borrowing the discourse of historic consciousness, integrated receptivity, and poetic intellect, etc. While in the course, Jung-joo Suh brings in the “poetics of raptures”, which is completely different from the unified spirit of “sense, affection, integrity” and the “poetics of bon ton” of occident. It was the ‘rhyme’ that what Jung-joo Suh paid attention to in the ?Poetics by So-wol Kim? that mirrors en bloc his own theory of tradition. Poems of So-wol inherits “Korean-style emotions” that is found in the classic texts which are of the remote air-filled fragrance, by revealing ‘lyric rhyme’, a something filtered having been accumulated from historical experiences through the authentic rhythm and tongues of folkways, and so forth. Nonetheless, it falls on as a big limitation that his theory of poetics lacks in exploring the style or aesthetic trait that have been ceaselessly developed by the modern poetic works on account of literary universalism that sticks to the great preposition called as ‘tradition’.

“The Outside Is Also Inside”: Reclaiming Intertwined Relationship in the Formation of a Hybrid Subjectivity as a Chinese-Canadian in Wayson Choy’s The Jade Peony

( Hye Ran Jung ) 미국소설학회(구 한국호손학회) 2020 미국소설 Vol.27 No.2

This paper explores hybrid Canadian in-betweens in contemporary Asian Canadian fiction by focusing on Wayson Choy (1939-2019) and his first novel The Jade Peony (1995). Choy himself is a cross-cultural writer who was born in Vancouver and spent his childhood in the city’s large Chinatown area. And Choy’s generation of Canadian-born Chinese resisted choosing one side of their double identities as Chinese Canadian subjects, but sought out negotiable possibilities for the hybrid integration of two distinctive positions. In The Jade Peony, Choy’s aim is thus to convey how three Canadian-born children of his generation―Jook-Liang, Jung-Sum, and Sek-Lung―negotiate to integrate contradictory subject positions in between the Canadian way and the Chinese way in the process of their construction of hybrid subjectivity. Moreover, Choy’s generation lived through the hard times of the 1930s and 40s amid the historical events of the Great Depression and the Second Sino-Japanese War, in addition to the racist discrimination that resulted from the Chinese Exclusions Act. Through the three Chinese Canadians’ retrospective first-person narrative of their childhood, organized in a coherent chronological manner from 1933 to 1941, Choy thus offers Chinese Canadian history from a different angle. However, even though the geopolitical and cultural territory in which the three narrators’ lives are interwoven is the same, their stories present different aspects of identity formation and distinctive historiography. This paper examines how the three Chinese Canadian subjects construct their unique cross-cultural subjectivity and revive the same historiography from different viewpoints.

반복적인 급성 신부전을 유발한 호산구성 장염 1 예

정혜진;김현태;김유선;정현걸;강윤경;문정섭 인제대학교 2011 仁濟醫學 Vol.32 No.-

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, eosinophilic infiltratio n of one or more parts of gastrointestinal tract without involvement of other organs and absence of parasitic infestation. The clinical presentation depends on the extents and depths of eosinophilic infiltration. Mucosal involvement may result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss. We report a case of eosinophilic enterocolitis in a 55-year-old female presented with abdominal pain and watery diarrhea resulting in recurrent acute renal failure.

La litt?ralit? dans la th?orie de la traduction de Berman : de la ? lettre ? ? la ? correspondance po?tique ?

JUNG,Hye-yong 한국통역번역학회 2007 FORUM Vol.4 No.1

축구선수의 Detraining과 Retraining이 혈청지질 및 호르몬농도에 미치는 영향

정정화,박재현,채종훈,성혜련,황지인,윤미숙,노금선,윤종관,윤영학,노순덕,정경숙,박일규,김은희,박현태,박상갑 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of detraining and retraining on serum lipid and hormones in soccer players. Subjects were seven male high-school soccer players. V˙O_2max was determined for each subjects by administering a treadmill test(initial speed: 90m/min, grade: 5%, increasing speed per 3 min: 30m/min). Serum lipid(T-C, TG, HDL-C LDL-C) and hormones(epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormones, cortisol) were assayed pre and post detraining in 10, 20, 30 days after retraining. The repeated ANOVA was used to determine significant differences. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of the study were as follows: 1. V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3576.3±204.2ml/min pre detraining, 3234.1±198.9 ml/min post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/min) were 3601.4±170.9 ml/min. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 2. V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were significantly(p<.05) decreased from 62.3±2.9 ml/kg/min to 55.9±4.7 ml/kg/min in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, V˙O_2max(ml/kg/min) were 62.4±3.4ml/kg/min, 62.7±2.3ml.kg/min, 67.3±7.2ml/kg/min respectively. There were significantly(p<.05) increased in retraining periods. 3. T-C were significantly (p<.05) increased from 166.6±8.5mg/dl to 175.3±10.3 mg/dl in detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, T-C were 160.1± 3.2mg/dl, 156.7±3.7mg/dl, 140.3±9.0mg/dl. There were significantly(p<.05) decreased in retraining periods. 4. HDL-C were 61.4±6.6mg/di pre detraining, 5.3±6.6mg/dl post detraining. There are significant(p<.05) difference between pre and post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, HDL-C were 56.9±7.1mg/dl, 56.4±9.2mg/dl, 57.7±9.1mg/dl respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. 5. The hormones(epinephrine. norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol) were changed as same patterns. Epinephrine were 26.0±7.0[g/ml pre detraining, 24.6±3.2pg/ml post detraining. In 10, 20, 30 days after retraining, epinephrine were 26.9±5.6pg/ml, 30.6±6.2pg/ml, 29.4±5.6pg/ml respectively. There were no significant difference in retraining periods. In conclusion, HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were decreased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were increased in detraining. But HDL-C, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol were increased, T-C, LDL-C and TG were decreased in retraining.

Whole-genome resequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs

Da‑Hye Son,Nam‑Hyun Hwang,Won‑Hyong Chung,Ha‑Seung Seong,Hyungbum Lim,Eun‑Seok Cho,Jung‑Woo Choi,Kyung‑Soo Kang,Yong‑Min Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.3

Background Miniature pigs have been increasingly used as mammalian model animals for biomedical research because of their similarity to human beings in terms of their metabolic features and proportional organ sizes. However, despite their importance, there is a severe lack of genome-wide studies on miniature pigs. Objective In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs obtained from Medi Kinetics to elucidate their genomic characteristics. Results Approximately 595 gigabase pairs (Gb) of sequence reads were generated to be mapped to the swine reference genome assembly (Sus scrofa 10.2); on average, the sequence reads covered 99.15% of the reference genome at an average of 9.6-fold coverage. We detected a total of 19,518,548 SNPs, of which 8.7% were found to be novel. With further annotation of all of the SNPs, we retrieved 144,507 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs); of these, 5968 were found in all 20 individuals used in this study. SIFT prediction for these SNPs identified that 812 nsSNPs in 402 genes were deleterious. Among these 402 genes, we identified some genes that could potentially affect traits of interest in Micro-pigs, such as RHEB and FRAS1. Furthermore, we performed runs of homozygosity analysis to locate potential selection signatures in the genome, detecting several loci that might be involved in phenotypic characteristics in Micro-pigs, such as MSTN, GDF5, and GDF11. Conclusion In this study, we identified numerous nsSNPs that could be used as candidate genetic markers with involvement in traits of interest. Furthermore, we detected putative selection footprints that might be associated with recent selection applied to miniature pigs.

경막외 Morphine, Morphine 과 Nalbuphine 병용투여, Morphine 과 Droperidol 병용투여가 제왕절개술 후 통증조절에 미치는 효과에 대한 비교

김혜자,이정은,김동일 대한마취과학회 2001 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.41 No.3

Effect of Epidural Morphine, Morphine with Droperidol and Morphine with Nalbuphine after a Cesarean Section Tong0Il Kim, M.D., Hye-Ja Kim, M.D., and Jung-Un Lee, M.D. Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea Background: A number of recent reoprts have described the usefullness of the epidural injection of narcotics for the relief of postoperative pain. Morphine, an ??-receptor agonist, produces strong analgesic effects with side effects. Nalbupine, a ??-antagonist and ??-agonis, has an analgesic effect comparable to morphine with little side effects. The comparison of side effects and analgesic effects of epidural morphine with little side effects. The comparison of side effects and analgesic effects of epidural morphine alone and a combination of nalbuphine and droperidol respectively to morphine were sutudied in cesarean section patients. Methods: We divided 45 patients into 3 groups utilizing a two-day Boxter infusor in normal saline 100 ml at 2.0 ml/hr: Group M (n = 15) initially a 1 mg bolus + 2 mg/day of maintenance morphine. Group M + D (n = 15): initially received a 1 mg bolus + 2 mg/day of maintenance morphine + 1.25 mg/day of maintenance droperidol. Group M + N (n = 15): initially received a 1mg morphine bolus + 2 mg/day of maintenance morphine + 5 mg/day of maintenance nalbupine. The Analgesic effect was evaluated by a visual analogue scale (0-10) at 30 min, 4 hr, 12hr and 24 hr postoperatively and the incidence of side effects was observed too. Results: The average VAS scores are below 3 in all groups. In addition, there are no significant changes between groups. There are no significant differences in side effects between groups except sedation of patients is significantly (P < 0.05) high in group M + D. Conclusion: We concluded that the analgesic effect of epidural morphine, morphine with nalbuphine and morphine with droperidol are good in all patients and there is no significant difference even though there is a belief that a combination of nalbuphine or droperidol increases analgesic effects of morphine. Comparing the incidence of side effects in the three groups, the sedative effect of morphine with droperidol is increased significantly over the other two groups.intubation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2001; 41: 324~329)