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Lady Off the Court: Nibelungenlied’s Criticism of Courtliness
Hwanhee Park(박환희) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2021 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.81
『니벨룽의 노래』의 등장인물 크림힐트는 작중 궁정성(courtliness)에 대한 저자의 비판의식을 드러내는 인물이다. 궁정인다운 옷과 궁정식 사랑은 부르군트의 귀족 사회의 위상을 드높여 야만적인 니벨룽과 그들의 영웅서사시적 공격성과 대조를 이루게 한다. 비록 이 궁정적 면모를 드러내는 것은 남성이지만, 궁정적인 외관을 이루는 옷과 궁정식 사랑은 여성, 특히 크림힐트의 참여와 협조가 있기에 가능하다. 크림힐트는 궁정의 귀부인으로 궁정성의 표면상의 모습을 만들어내는데 핵심적인 역할을 수행한다. 그러나 크림힐트가 만들어내고 유지하던 궁정적인 외양의 의미는 다른 궁정인들 뿐 아니라 크림힐트 본인에 의해 변질된다. 궁정의 숙녀에서 복수의 화신으로 변하는 크림힐트는 옷과 재물로 표현되는 궁정성은 쉽게 벗겨지고 폭력과 파괴를 억제하는 데 효과를 발휘하지 못함을 작중 누구보다 명확히 드러낸다. 결과적으로 『니벨룽의 노래』는 궁정성이 폭력을 억제하고 공동체를 유지하는 데 활용될 수 있는 가치가 아님을 지적한다. The depiction of Kriemhild in the Nibelungenlied can be read as a criticism on courtliness as a value that attempts, but fails, to control the heroic age’s violence. Courtly clothes and courtly love function as ways to elevate the aristocratic society of the Burgundians over the wild Nibelungs and their heroic violence. Even though men are at the forefront of the courtly display, the material layers of courtliness in the work is made possible through women’s participation, especially Kriemhild. But the surface appearance of courtliness made possible and sustained by Kriemhild is corrupted by Kriemhild herself. Kriemhild’s shift from the lady of the court to the vengeful, demonized woman demonstrates that courtliness expressed through clothes and wealth are external layers that can be easily removed, causing violence and destruction to take over. As a result, the Nibelungenlied presents the shortcomings of courtliness as a value that suppresses violence and maintains a community.
Expression and Regulation of S100A15A in the Uterine Endometrium and Placenta in Pigs
Hwanhee Jang,Deokhan Ko,Inkyu Yoo,Jisoo Han,Soogil Chae,Soohyung Lee,Hakhyun Ka 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.41 No.2
S100 protein family is small calcium-binding proteins with EF-hand motif and comprises more than 20 proteins in human. S100 proteins are involved in intracellular and/ or extracellular signaling, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, inflammation and migration. Previously, we have shown that the expression of S100A15A mRNA in the endometrium is increased on Day 12 of pregnancy compare to the estrous cycle. However, the expression and regulation of S100A15A have not been determined in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Therefore, we analyzed the expression and regulation of S100A15A mRNA in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that S100A15A mRNA was expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy with higher levels on Day 12 of pregnancy than the estrous cycle. To investigate the effects of steroid hormones and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) on the expression of S100A15A mRNA, endometrial tissue explants from Day 12 of the estrous cycle were treated with steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone, or IL1B. The levels of S100A15A mRNA were increased by estradiol and IL1B. These results showed that S100A15A was expressed in the uterine endometrium in a pregnancy stage-specific manner and the expression of S100A15A was regulated by estradiol and IL1B of conceptus origin, suggesting that S100A15A may play a key role in the establishment of pregnancy in pigs.
S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12: Expression and Regulation During the Estrous Cycle in Pigs
Hwanhee Jang,Inkyu Yu,Jisoo Han,Minjeong Kim,Soogil Chae,Suhyung Lee,Hakhyun Ka 한국수정란이식학회 2016 한국수정란이식학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.10
S100As are calcium-binding proteins with two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. In several studies, S100A proteins are described to play important roles in pro-inflammatory responses including damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling and in the establishment of pregnancy. However, the role of S100As have not been determined in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle in pigs. Thus, this study was performed to investigate expression and regulation of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 in the uterine endometrial tissues during the estrous cycle in pigs. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 mRNAs were expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle with higher levels on days 15 and 18 of the estrous cycle than other days of cycle. To investigate the effects of steroid hormones, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), on expression of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 mRNAs, endometrial tissue explants from immature pigs were treated with steroid hormones. Levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 were increased by the treatment of P4, and the increased levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 by P4 were not inhibited by the treatment of progesterone receptor antagonist, RU486. However, levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 were decreased by treatment of MEK inhibitor, U0126. These results exhibited that S100As were expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle in a cyclic stage-specific manner, and their expression was affected by P4. These suggest that S100As may play an important role in endometrial function during the proestrous period of the estrous cycle in pigs. [Supported by the Next Generation Biogreen 21 program (#PJ01119103), Rural Development Administration, and by Korea Research Foundation (#2015R1D1A1A01058356)]
Staging the Fool and the “Stage of Fools” : King Lear by Shakespeare and Kozintsev
Hwanhee PARK 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2014 탈경계인문학 Vol.7 No.3
Human existence as parallel to actors playing their roles on stage is an important theme expressed in Shakespeare’s King Lear and Grigori Kozintsev’s film adaptation of the same play. Following the tradition of the truth saying fool as depicted by Erasmus in Praise of Folly, the Fool in Shakespeare and Kozintsev plays an important role in highlighting to Lear and the audience that the kingly pomp and authority are mere props in the stage of the world. Kozintsev’s staging of the Fool, while deviating the most from the play, serves to convey the message of Shakespeare’s King Lear. Kozintsev’s Fool is visible throughout the film, entering the scene with the king and remaining in the scene even after the king dies. The Fool grows closer to King Lear in proximity as the King is stripped of his authority. Moreover, the Fool controls the tune of the film’s last scene as he plays music, and enacts the birth into the stage of fools. Such extended presence of the Fool is used by the director to convey the universal message on the nature of human existence explored in Shakespeare.
Hwanhee Jang,Inkyu Yoo,Jisoo Han,Soogil Chae,Soohyung Lee,Hakhyun Ka 한국발생생물학회 2017 한국발생생물학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2017 No.8
S100 protein family is small calcium-binding proteins with two EF-hand motifs and comprises more than 20 proteins in human. Although S100A proteins are known to play important roles in proinflammatory responses including damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling and in the establishment of pregnancy, the expression of S100As have not been determined in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle in pigs. Thus, this study was performed to investigate expression and localization of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 in the uterine endometrial tissues during the estrous cycle in pigs. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 mRNAs were expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle with higher levels on days 15 and 18 of the estrous cycle than the other days of cycle. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that S100A9 and S100A12 proteins were mainly localized to the immune cells in the uterine endometrium. Especially, S100A9- and S100A12-positive immune cells were detected in the uterine blood vessels on day 15 of the estrous cycle, and also localized to stroma near to luminal epithelium on days 0 and 18 of the estrous cycle. These results showed that S100As were expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle in a cyclic stage-specific manner, and these proteins were localized to the immune cells in the endometrium. These suggest that immune cells expressing S100A proteins may be recruited into the endometrium during the estrous cycle and play an important role in regulating endometrial function in pigs.