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An Elusive Happy Ending: The Complexities of Indian Courtesan Films
Li Huming(Huming Li) 아시아사회과학학회 2022 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.8 No.3
This paper examines the complexities of characters, narratives and aesthetics in the Indian courtesan film genre by analyzing three classic courtesan films: Pakeezah (dir. Kamal Amrohi, 1972), Umrao Jaan (dir. Muzaffar Ali, 1981), and its more recent remake Umrao Jaan (dir. J.P. Dutta, 2006). First, from the perspective of screen characters, the paper summarizes the necessary condition for a courtesan character to achieve a happy ending—the marriage between the heroine and the hero, and then illustrates the decisive factors and difficult process to fulfill this condition. Then, from the perspective of audiences, this paper explains the elusiveness of happy endings in courtesan films by analyzing the multiple relationships between audiences and screen characters and the differences within audiences. The paper also attempts to provide a glimpse of the Muslim nawabi culture, in which courtesan films are rooted, in order to help the readers to appreciate the cultural significance and myriad appeals of this distinctive subgenre of Indian cinema and Indian film art in general.
MIMO Ad Hoc Networks: Medium Access Control, Saturation Throughput, and Optimal Hop Distance
Hu, Ming,Zhang, Junshan The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2004 Journal of communications and networks Vol.6 No.4
In this paper, we explore the utility of recently discovered multiple-antenna techniques (namely MIMO techniques) for medium access control (MAC) design and routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Specifically, we focus on ad hoc networks where the spatial diversity technique is used to combat fading and achieve robustness in the presence of user mobility. We first examine the impact of spatial diversity on the MAC design, and devise a MIMO MAC protocol accordingly. We then develop analytical methods to characterize the corresponding saturation throughput for MIMO multi-hop networks. Building on the throughout analysis, we study the impact of MIMO MAC on routing. We characterize the optimal hop distance that minimizes the end-to-end delay in a large network. For completeness, we also study MAC design using directional antennas for the case where the channel has a strong line of sight (LOS) component. Our results show that the spatial diversity technique and the directional antenna technique can enhance the performance of mobile ad hoc networks significantly.
Language specific markedness: the case of place of articulation
Elizabeth Hume 한국음운론학회 2003 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.9 No.2
In this paper I draw on evidence from familiar criteria for diagnosing markedness values to argue that markedness is best determined on a language specific basis. I will further conclude that markedness considerations do not provide compelling evidence for constructing theories of phonological grammar.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Selective Olefination of Arene Estersvia C−H Bond Activation
Park, Sae Hume,Kim, Ji Young,Chang, Sukbok American Chemical Society 2011 Organic letters Vol.13 No.9
<P>A new catalytic procedure of <I>ortho</I>-olefinationof benzoates and benzaldehydes has been developed. Ester and carboxaldehydeunits were revealed to be effective chelating groups in focusing theactivation of aryl C−H bonds <I>ortho</I> to thedirecting moieties under the Rh-catalyzed oxidative conditions. Thereaction is highly regioselective with a range of benzoates and benzaldehydesenabling the efficient olefination with acrylates, acrylic acid, andstyrenes.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/orlef7/2011/orlef7.2011.13.issue-9/ol200600p/production/images/medium/ol-2011-00600p_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol200600p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Park, Sae Hume,Kwak, Jaesung,Shin, Kwangmin,Ryu, Jaeyune,Park, Yoonsu,Chang, Sukbok American Chemical Society 2014 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.136 No.6
<P>Direct C–H amination of arenes offers a straightforward route to aniline compounds without necessitating aryl (pseudo)halides as the starting materials. The recent development in this area, in particular in the metal-mediated transformations, is significant with regard to substrate scope and reaction conditions. Described herein are the mechanistic details on the Rh-catalyzed direct C–H amination reaction using organic azides as the amino source. The most important two stages were investigated especially in detail: (i) the formation of metal nitrenoid species and its subsequent insertion into a rhodacycle intermediate, and (ii) the regeneration of catalyst with concomitant release of products. It was revealed that a stepwise pathway involving a key Rh(V)–nitrenoid species that subsequently undergoes amido insertion is favored over a concerted C–N bond formation pathway. DFT calculations and kinetic studies suggest that the rate-limiting step in the current C–H amination reaction is more closely related to the formation of Rh–nitrenoid intermediate rather than the presupposed C–H activation process. The present study provides mechanistic details of the direct C–H amination reaction, which bears both aspects of the inner- and outer-sphere paths within a catalytic cycle.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2014/jacsat.2014.136.issue-6/ja411072a/production/images/medium/ja-2013-11072a_0019.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja411072a'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Song, Joon Ho,Humes, H. David Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Seminars in dialysis Vol.22 No.6
<P>Abstract</P><P>Although current dialysis techniques have transformed acute and chronic renal failure from uniformly fatal clinical disorders into treatable diseases, these therapies replace only the water and solute clearance function of the kidney and have reached a point where little further therapeutic improvement can be anticipated. In addition to their metabolic and endocrine functions, renal tubule cells presumably play an important role in the systemic inflammatory balance by participating in the complex and dynamic network of leukocyte action and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Loss of this function may result in a propensity to develop systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiorgan dysfunction, and a high risk of death in acute kidney injury (AKI), and may relate to chronic inflammatory state in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A renal tubule cell assist device (RAD) containing animal or human renal tubule cells has been recently developed with the purpose of integrating the functions of tubule cells with the filtration function of current dialysis to offer a more complete renal replacement therapy. The viability and functionality of this device were confirmed in in vitro experiments and large animal studies, and recently the RAD’s clinical therapeutic benefit was demonstrated with a series of FDA-approved human trials. Another novel synthetic membrane extracorporeal device that binds and inhibits circulating leukocytes has been developed with the purpose of reducing microvascular damage promoted primarily via activated circulating leukocytes in AKI and SIRS. This device, called a selective cytopheretic inhibitory device, mimics immunomodulation and duplicates RAD efficiency in preliminary studies. Both devices may become comprehensive treatments, replacing full renal function and correcting inflammatory imbalance in patients with acute and chronic renal disorders.</P>