A Brief Review of the Traditional Indigenous Architecture of Canada

Henry Hing-Yip Tsang(Henry Hing-Yip Tsang ) 한국캐나다학회 2020 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.25 No.2

The identity of Canadian architecture is hard to define. Many waves of immigration of all contributed in sculpting the built environment in Canadian cities. Identity has much to do with origins, therefore tracing Canadian architecture should start by studying the architecture of our First Nations and indigenous people. This paper briefly explores the roots of Canadian architecture tracing back to the various indigenous tribes of Canada and outlines the main characteristics of the vernacular architecture built by these people. This paper review seven major typologies of indigenous architecture found in Canada: the Wigwam, the Longhouse, the Tipi, the Pit House, the Thule Winter House, the Plank House and the Igloo. Different indigenous tribes construct different styles of architecture as shelters that respond to their particular abodes and lifestyle. For instance, tribes living in colder climates construct narrow entrance tunnels for preventing cold wind drifts, whiles other tribes dig earth and construct their shelters protected by tree bark and soil. Further, living styles also influence the different types of shelters. Nomadic tribes carry thin long logs and animal hide with them and construct Pit Houses in places where they spend days chasing bison herds. Other tribes, engaged in agriculture therefore need a more permanent residence, such as the Iroquois who build Longhouses with wood bark and mats. Although this paper is brief, it lays the foundation for those who wish to understand and pursue further research into the different typologies of indigenous architecture of Canada.

The Influence of Asian Immigration on the Architectural Culture of Canada: A Study on the Preservation of Asian Culture and Identity in Architecture in Canada

Henry Hing-Yip Tsang(Henry Hing-Yip Tsang ) 한국캐나다학회 2017 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.23 No.2

Immigrants from Asian countries to Canada has a history dating back to the 18th Century, and Asian-Canadians today make up an increasingly significant part of the Canadian population. As these communities grow over generations, they become an integral part of the culture and heritage of Canada’s own culture of multiculturalism. Originating from Asia and reestablishing themselves in Canada, immigrants carry with them culture, customs and away of life to their new home, ranging from new food, fashion, customs, language and even the way to construct buildings. This paper studies the relationship of Asian immigrant communities with the spaces and buildings they occupy, and how they inhabit and adapted spaces, buildings and cities to represent the culture and identity of their country of origin. In particular, the paper will focus on three major Asian ethnic groups: Chinese, Japanese and Korean, trace their paths and identify major tendencies in how each have attempted to preserve culture and express identity in the design of significant buildings in their communities. The research methodology consists firstly of literature review on the subject of Asian immigration and the mapping of major architectural style trends in Canada. Secondly, a selection of buildings were identified from each community for further analysis, including site visits, study of architectural drawings, plans, photographs, as well as interviews with building occupants to better understand the significance of these buildings and how they were conceived to represent their ethnic communities. Preliminary results indicate that the Chinese community, with along history of immigration to Canada, expresses identity mainly in the exterior appearance of the buildings. The Japanese community has a scattered history of immigration to Canada and the expression of identity is rather subdued and the expression is present mainly in the building’s interior. The Korean community is relatively young in Canada, and has a tendency to adapt existing spaces and buildings, while expressing culture and identity through signage and decoration.

The Price Premium of China A-Shares over Hong Kong H-Shares: A Further Visit of the Liquidity Hypothesis

Hing-Wah Lee 한국증권학회 2009 Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies Vol.38 No.5

I examine the price premium between A-shares and H-shares using a sample of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Shanghai stock market intraday data in 2004. Following the market-microstructure approach, I reinvestigate the liquidity hypothesis by in-corporating spread and depth. The study generates two important results. First, China A-shares on average provide better market liquidity than their Hong Kong H-share counterparts do. Second, after controlling for traditional liquidity measures and variables related to competing hypotheses, the percentage differences in quoted spread and depth between A-shares and H-shares still explain significantly the price premium. Endogeneity between spread and depth does not affect the major findings.

Regional Disparity of Productivity in China: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

Hing Lin Chan,이영훈 한국계량경제학회 2010 계량경제학보 Vol.21 No.2

This paper analyzes temporal variations in the productivity performance of the Chinese economy at the regional level. Specifically, the focus is on regional disparity and regional temporal movement of productivity. It applies a stochastic frontier model to the Chinese provincial input-output panel data of 30 different regions over the period of 1993-2003. The empirical results confirm those of previous studies that Shanghai is the most productive economy in China and the eastern region is the best performer in productivity. Our analysis indicates that the gap between the eastern region and other regions(central, and western) is quite substantial, but the western region has made relative fast enough improvements of its efficiency to be able to narrow the gap with the eastern. This may have come about as a result of government investment in infrastructure and in social facilities such as education and health care, stimulating the performance of the less developed provinces.

Review Article : Therapeutic hypothermia

( Hing Yu So ) 대한마취과학회 2010 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.59 No.5

Pioneer works on therapeutic hypothermia (TH) half a century ago already showed promising results but clinical application was limited by a lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, lack of reliable method for temperature control and lack of intensive care facilities to deal with possible complications. More recently, 2 studies in 2002 supported the application of moderate TH (32.0-34.0oC) in post-cardiac arrest patients. Although the studies included only patients suffering from out-of-hospital VF, many ICUs world-wide are applying the therapy to all post-cardiac arrest patients irrespective of site or presenting rhythm. While primary coagulopathy and cardiogenic shock are usually stated as relative contraindications, evidences are accumulating to support the application of TH in patients with cardiogenic shock. TH can be divided into 4 phases: Induction, maintenance, de-cooling and normothermia. Induction is usually achieved by infusion of cold isotonic fluid. The precautions included avoidance of over-cooling, hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia, and shivering. TH can be maintained by many different methods, varying in their level of invasiveness, cost and effectiveness. Issues including changes in pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics, and susceptibility to infection need to the addressed. The optimal duration of maintenance is unknown but the usual practice is 12-24 hours. De-cooling and rewarming is especially challenging because complications can be serious if temperature rise by more than 1oC every 3-5 hours. Life-theatening hyperkalaemia can occur especially if patient suffers from renal insuffi ciency. Fever is a frequent complication either due to infection or post-cardiac arrest syndrome but patient must be kept normothermic for 72 hours. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59: 299- 304)

Linear Prediction Approach for Accurate Dual-Channel Sine-Wave Parameter Estimation in White Gaussian Noise

Hing-Cheung So,Zhenhua Zhou 한국전자통신연구원 2012 ETRI Journal Vol.34 No.4

The problem of sinusoidal parameter estimation at two channels with common frequency in white Gaussian noise is addressed. By making use of the linear prediction property, an iterative linear least squares (LLS) algorithm for accurate frequency estimation is devised. The remaining parameters are then determined according to the LLS fit with the use of the frequency estimate. It is proven that the variance of the frequency estimate achieves Cramér-Rao lower bound at sufficiently small noise conditions.

Improved Single-Tone Frequency Estimation by Averaging and Weighted Linear Prediction

Hing Cheung So,Hongqing Liu 한국전자통신연구원 2011 ETRI Journal Vol.33 No.1

This paper addresses estimating the frequency of a cisoid in the presence of white Gaussian noise, which has numerous applications in communications, radar, sonar, and instrumentation and measurement. Due to the nonlinear nature of the frequency estimation problem, there is threshold effect, that is, large error estimates or outliers will occur at sufficiently low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Utilizing the ideas of averaging to increase SNR and weighted linear prediction, an optimal frequency estimator with smaller threshold SNR is developed. Computer simulations are included to compare its mean square error performance with that of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, improved weighted phase averager, generalized weighted linear predictor, and single weighted sample correlator as well as Cramér-Rao lower bound. In particular, with smaller computational requirement, the proposed estimator can achieve the same threshold and estimation performance of the ML method.

Regional Disparity of Productivity in China: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

Hing Lin Chan,Young Hoon Lee THE KOREAN ECONOMIC SOCIETY 2010 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMETRICS Vol.21 No.2

This paper analyzes temporal variations in the productivity performance of the Chinese economy at the regional level. Specifically, the focus is on regional disparity and regional temporal movement of productivity. It applies a stochastic frontier model to the Chinese provincial input-output panel data of 30 different regions over the period of 1993-2003. The empirical results confirm those of previous studies that Shanghai is the most productive economy in China and the eastern region is the best performer in productivity. Our analysis indicates that the gap between the eastern region and other regions(central, and western) is quite substantial, but the western region has made relative fast enough improvements of its efficiency to be able to narrow the gap with the eastern. This may have come about as a result of government investment in infrastructure and in social facilities such as education and health care, stimulating the performance of the less developed provinces.

Study of Green Building Certification in Canada - Limiting Factors to Attain Net-Zero Standards -

Henry Hing-Yip Tsang 대한건축학회지회연합회 2016 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.18 No.4

Countries around the world are aiming to reduce carbon footprint to halt climate change. The building sector being responsible for carbon emissions, green building certification programs establish the current standards in order to construct green buildings, and such programs gradually are regularly updated to have standard levels increased. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program is widely used in over 150 countries in the world, including Canada. With standards higher than LEED, programs such as the Living Building Challenge (LBC) program, targets net-zero waste, water and energy. This paper outlines the current state of green buildings in Canada and the limiting factors of these buildings to reach standards of net-zero waste, water and energy, such as described by the Living Building Challenge program. Firstly, the paper describes Canada’s current green building standards by analyzing data of LEED certified buildings provided by the Canada Green Building Council. Second, a thorough analysis of the scorecards of the Platinum level buildings will be analyzed to identify the limiting factors of these buildings to achieve net-zero standards. Results indicate that the major limiting factor for each category is Water is Innovation and Technology, for Energy is to Optimize Energy Performance, and for Waste is Building Reuse.

The Study of Public Administration in Hong Kong and Macao: Evolutionary Paths and Implications

Shiu Hing Lo 서울대학교행정대학원 2014 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.22 No.1

Comparatively speaking, the birth and the growth of public administration programmes, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, in Hong Kong and Macao have been a response to the increasing need for the training of students and civil servants in the discipline of public administration. Since the 1990s, the proliferation of Master of Public Administration (MPA) programmes in both the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions can be explained by the demand for local people to govern the two places in accordance with the principle of ‘one country, two systems’. The content of various MPA programmes also reflects the changing political and administrative circumstances; its public administration focus has been accompanied by core courses training students from a variety of disciplines, ranging from public finance to economics, from public policy analyses to globalization, and from regional planning to a deeper understanding of mainland Chinese government and politics. In both Hong Kong and Macao, some graduates from both the Bachelor and Master programmes have joined the civil service or enhanced their skills in public sector management and governance. Although the medium of instruction varies from one university to another, their programme objective shares one thing in common: the imperative of training existing civil servants and students to join the governments of Hong Kong and Macao. This paper compares and contrasts the development of public administration programmes in Hong Kong and Macao and examines its theoretical implications for the changing relations between politics and public administration.