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송진영,임부연 교육혁신학술위원회 2011 교육혁신연구 Vol.21 No.1
본 연구는 칸트 반성적 판단의 유아교육적 의미를 탐구하는 것을 목적으로 하는 연구이다. 이를 위해 먼저 칸트의 미적 인식과 반성적 판단과의 관련성에 대해 살펴보았으며, 다음으로 반성적 판단의 의미와 원리에 대해 다루어보았다. 이를 기반으로 도출해낸 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아들의 지식 구성은 칸트의 반성적 판단에 기반한다는 것이다. 둘째, 유아들의 지식은 반성적 판단의 원리인 감각적 경험에 의하여 구성된다는 것이다. 셋째, 유아들의 지식은 반성적 판단의 원리인 주관적 정서에 의하여 구성된다는 것이다. 넷째, 유아들의 지식은 반성적 판단의 원리인 상상력에 의하여 구성된다는 것이다. 이상의 결과를 통해 알 수 있는 것은 유아들이 사물 및 현상세계를 자신만의 독특한 경험과 주관적 감정, 창조적 상상에 근거하여 소통하고 그로부터 내적 질서를 읽어내는 존재라는 것이다. This study is a literature review for the quest of the early childhood educational meaning of Kant's reflective judgement. This study results show as below. First, Young children's knowledge is composed ofbase on Kant's reflective judgement. Second, Young children's construction of knowledge is composed of sensory perception that is a principle of reflective judgment. Third, Young children's construction of knowledge is composed of subjective emotions that is a principle of reflective judgement. Forth, Young children's construction of knowledge is composed of imagination that is a principle of reflective judgement. Consequently, It implies the construction of knowledge through reflective judgement. Sensory perception, Subjective emotions, and imagination are very important in early childhood education because construction of knowledge originates in reflective judgement.
Catecholamine 길항제 및 morphine 길항제 투여시 GABA 동작성약물이 진통효과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구
함진숙,송형근,김중수,이종흔 대한구강생물학회 1989 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.13 No.2
This experiment was performed to study the GABAergic function in descending analgesic mechanisms from periaqueductal gray matter and to clarify the relationship of GABA to noradrenaline or opioids. Sprague-Dawley rat was anesthetized and cannula was inserted into femoral vein for injection of yohimbine, catecholamine antagonist and naloxone, opioid antagonist. A pair of stimulating electrodes were inserted into palatal mucosa and anterior belly of digastric muscle was exposed and a pair of electrodes were inserted into muscle to assess the EMG of digastric muscle. The threshold intensity of the noxious stimulus which induced the minimal dEMG activity was established and twice as much stimulus as the threshold value was applied to oral mucosa. PAG was stimulated with 200μsec duration, 200Hz frequency for 200msec and jaw opening reflex was evoked by stimulation of palatal mucosa with 30msec delay after offset of PAG stimulation. The inhibitory effects of PAG stimulation on dEMG were evaluated. Muscimol (62.5ng) was infused in 5μl saline by ICV method. Naloxone (0.8mg/kg) or yohimbine (2mg/kg) was administered 15min after completion of muscimol injection by IV method. The dEMG was recorded at 15min interval for 2 hrs. The dEMG was decreased after muscimol was injected, and the dEMG of PAG-stimulated rat was increased to the control value after naloxone or yohimbine only was injected. After muscimol injection, injection of yohimbine or naloxone antagonized synergistic effect of muscimol on PAG stimulated effect.
이종흔,김중수,송형근,박수정,함진숙 대한구강생물학회 1990 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.14 No.1
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative analgesic effectiveness of paradol and shogaol compared with capsaicin, and effects of capsaicinoids on substance P of trigeminal spinal sensory nucleus. Under anesthesia, anterior belly of digastric muscle was exposed and a pair of electrodes was inserted to record the electromyograms. Noxious electrical stimulus was applied to oral mucosa around the mental foramen. Inferior alveolar nerves (IAN) and saphenous nerves were carefully exposed for application of vehicle and drugs to evaluate the effects on digastric EMG (dEMG) and neural conduction, and caudal part of brainstem was exposed to determine the substance P. Vehicle and 1.5% of capsaicin, paradol and shogaol were applied to IAN and saphenous nerves for 30 minutes, respectively. EMG_s of digastric muscle evoked by noxious electrical stimulus were recorded before application of drugs or vehicle, immediately after removal and washing of drugs and at 30 minutes after washing. To examine the effects of the peripheral stimulation on the action potential, stimulating electrodes were placed on the peripheral side of drugs application site and recording electrodes were on the proximal side. Substance P of trigeminal spinal sensory nucleus was collected by push-pull perfusion technique and determined by radioimmunoassay. Capsaicin application on IAN could not influence on dEMG, but paradol and shogaol decrease the amplitude of dEMG. Capsaicin applied locally to nerve decreased amplitude and conduction velocity of only C-fiber, while paradol and shogaol inhibited the neural conduction of C-fiber and Aδ-fiber. Substance P in the trigeminal spinal nucleus was reduced by capsaicin but not by paradol and shogaol.
C6 glia 세포에서 유도성 Nitric Oxide Synthase 유전자 발현조절에 관한 연구
배진영,허강민,배소현,박지선,이충재,이재흔,석정호 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1
To investigate transcriptional regulation of iNOS gene by LPS and cytokines, the production of NO, expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-kB), and promoter activity of iNOS gene were examined in rat C6 glial cells. LPS, interferon-gamma(IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulated the production of NO, which was increased synergistically by co-treatment. By the treatment of LPS, iNOS mRNA expression was initiated at 1 h, markedly increased by 3 h, and decreased gradually afterward. iNOS mRNA expression was markedly enhanced by mixture of LPS, IFN-γ and TNF-α. iNOS protein synthesis was increased by the treatment of mixture LPS and cytokine mixture. Treatment of LPS stimulated NF-kB activation, and the activation reached to the maximum level at 30 min, and the treatment of mixture of LPS and cytokines increased the activation. To determine the effect of NF-kB binding activity on iNOS promoter activation, CAT assay was performed. iNOS promoter activity was increased by the treatment with LPS for 5.5 h, and further increased by the combined treatment with LPS and cytokines. These results suggest that NF-kB activation by LPS and cytokines may play a significant role in the induction of the iNOS gene.
曺辰鎬,朴世光,李相欣 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1995 연차보고서 Vol.1995 No.-
청각보조용 이식 중이를 위한 코일-영구자석형의 장치들을 체외기와 체내기로 나누어 설계 및 제작하고 실험하였다. 이식 중이용의 코일과 자석으로 된 진동부의 설계를 정량화시키기 위하여 중이와 진동체를 포함하는 일련의 시스템을 모델화시켜 해석하였다. 제작된 시스템의 체내기는 수신용 코일, 검파회로, 진동부 및 지지 샤프트 등으로 이루어지며 체외기는 음성 증폭부, 발진 및 변조부로 구성된다. 제작된 체내기를 고막과 청소골 및 내이가 보존된 사체의 측두골에다 이식한 다음 주파수 변화에 따른 청소골의 미소 진동을 진동 측정기로써 측정한 결과 각각 400㎐ 및 2.7㎑에서 피크를 갖는 곡선을 얻음으로써 이식형 중이의 실현 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 전력 소아 및 다이나믹 레인지들을 고려하여 체외부인 송신부를 설계 제작하였으며 이들을 케이스를 포함하여 도합 18.5g의 귀걸이형으로 만들었다. We designed, developed and experimented coil-permanent magnet type device for implantable middle ear. We made a model of whole system including middle ear and vibrator and analyzed in order to quantificate design of vibration part, consisted of coil for middle ear and magnet. Internal unit consists of receiver coil, demodulation circuit, vibrator and supporting shaft and external unit consists of voice amplifier, oscillation and modulation circuit are developed respectively. After system developed, internal unit was implanted at temporal bone of carcass, minute vibration according frequency variation was measured by a vibration meter. Then, we confirmed the possibility of realizing middle ear implant by obtaining the curve whose peak values appear at 400㎐ and 2.7㎑, respectively. In addition, external unit was designed and developed considering power dissipation and dynamic range and it is an earring type device of 18.5g including case.
위암조직에서 Carcinoembryonic Antigen 측정의 의의
정현용,윤세진,이헌영,김영건 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.2
To estimate tumor CEA expression of stomach cancers in relation to normal mucosa CEA, degree of cellular differentiation, pathologic stage and other clinicopathologic findings, we measured CEA concentrations in tissue extracts by radioimmunoassay for 24 cases of stomach cancer. The results were as follows: 1. Ranges of tissue CEA concentrations in normal stomach mucosa was from 6.Ong/gm to 15.4 ng/gm(mean 10.2ng/gm). 2. Mean conceatrations of cancer tissue CEA was 42.1ng/gm(from 2.9 ng/gm to 414.Ong/gm), 4 times higher than normal mucosa. In 46% of stomach cancers, tissue CEA concentrations was above normal cut off value(18.7ng/gm). 3. Tiuse CEA concentrations of stomach cancer was significantly high as high CEA levels of normal mucosa(r=0.6954), not related to serum CEA concentrations. 4. Tissue CEA concentrations of stomach cancer was high as high TNM stage, but was not related to wall invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, cellular differentiation and other clinicopathologic findings. In conclusion, the production of CEA in stomach cancers was significantly increased in half cases, CEA expression of tumor was related to pathologic stage rather than cellular differentiation. The factors determined CEA production was considered more higher levels such as DNA profile. To estimate prognostic values of tissue CEA concentrations, follow up of included patients and further study should be pursued.
반복적 스트레스가 흰쥐의 Opioid성 신경전달에 미치는 영향
사공정규,이광헌,김진성,구본훈,이종범,하정희 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.3
연구목적: 반복적인 스트레스에 노출된 실험동물에서 opioid성 신경전달의 변화양상을 검색하고 내인성 opioid peptide의 변화양상을 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 본 연구에서는 웅성 흰쥐에게 하루 2시간, 2주간의 반복적인 부동화 스트레스를 가한 후 뇌의 각 부위에서 opioid 수용체의 mu-, delta- 및 kappa- 아형의 최대결합력 및 친화력의 변화 양상을 관찰하였다. 결 과: 반복적 부동화 스트레스 노출군에서는 대조군에 비하여 delta-아형 수용체의 수가 시상하부(hypo-thalamus) 및 선조체(striatum)에서 증가하였다. 본 연구결과 관찰된 선조체에서의 delta-아형 수용체의 상향조절과 관련지어 delta-아형 수용체의 내인성 효현제인 enkephalin의 뇌조직 내에서의 활성도를 검색하였을 때, 반복적 스트레스 노출군에서는 대조군에 비하여 그 함량이 감소하였다. 이러한 뇌조직내 enkephalin 활성도 감소 현상은 수용체 변화와 상응하게 시상하부 및 선조체에서 관찰되었으며, 이러한 수용체의 조절 현상은 내인성 수용체 효현제인 enkephalin의 활성도의 감소에 따른 생체의 적응 현상으로 해석되었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과로부터 반복적인 스트레스는 opioid 수용체 delta-아형을 상향조절하였으며, opioid 수용체 delta-아형의 내인성 효현제의 활성도를 감소시킴을 관찰하였다. Objectives : Research into emotional or behavioral stress typically focuses upon the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is well established that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is subject to inhibitory control by opioids in a variety of animal species including pigs. Exposure to acute stress induces the upregulation of opioid receptors and the release of endogenous peptides which mediate the stress-induced analgesia. There is some literature substantiating that repeated stress can lead to changes in opioidergic neurotransmission. However, the changes are highly variable. This study was designed to observe the modulatory effect of repeated immobilization stress on opioidergic neurotransmission. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-200g were forced to suffer immobilization stress for 2 hours on each of 14 successive days. Then we examined the maximum binding capacity and affinity of each opioid subtypes(mu, delta, kappa). Results : Repeated immobilization stress increased the binding of [³H]DPDPE on the delta-subtype opioid receptor in the striatum and hypothalamus. Saturation experiments followed by scatchard analyses of the results showed an increase in the density of delta-subtype opioid receptors, but the affinity of the delta-subtype opioid receptor remained unchanged. Repeated immobilization stress reduced enkephalin activity of striatum and hypothalamus. Conclusions : From these results, it could be concluded that repeated immobilization stress up-regulated the delta-subtype opioid receptors and reduced the activity of enkephalin, an endogenous ligand for the delta-subtype opioid receptor.
철-탄소 합금에서 r'- phase의 성장에 미치는 탄소의 영향
장충근,오헌진,오희필 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1979 學術硏究誌 Vol.6 No.2
To obtain the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in Fe-C alloys, the 0-3% C-Fe alloy was nitrided by the liquid drop nitriding method in the temperature range of 650 C- 850 C. The main results observed are: (1) The frequency factor Do of nitrogen in 0-3%C-Fe alloy; Do(mC) = 1.17 exp[-1.08(mC)]㎠/sec (2) The activation energy Q of nitrogen in the alloy; Q(mC)= 27.2 exp [30.7(mC)]Kcal/mole (3) And finally, the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in 0-3%C-Fe alloy is D_(N)= Do(mC) exp[-Q(mC)/RT] ㎠/sec
신경교세포 및 RAW 264.7 세포에서 Protein kinase의 활성에 의한 유도성 Nitric oxide synthase의 발현
박상철,노삼길,배소현,박지선,이충재,허강민,석정호,이재흔 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2
NO(nitric oxide) plays an important role as neurotransmitter or cytokine, and pathologic factor for some diseases by the large amount production with iNOS(inducible NO synthase) expression in macrophages or glial cells. The expression of iNOS is regulated by various cytokines, protein kinases and transcription factors. In this experiment, to investigate the roles of progein kinase and NF-kB for iNOS expression, the effects of PMA(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), cAMP, and various protein kinase inhibitors on LPS(lipopolysaccharide)-induced iNOS mRNAN expression and nuclear NF-kB binding complex were examined in C6 glial cells and RAW 264.7 cells. In C6 glial cells, iNOS mRNA expression by LPS was induced from 1 hour and peak at 3 hour after treatment. In RAW 264.7 cells, the mRNA was observed from 3 hour and peak at 6 hour. PMA enhanced markedly LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells, in spite of increased LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex at 30 min. cAMP(dibutyryl cAMP) did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression, by increased LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells. However, in RAW 264.7 cells, cAMP increased slightly LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression without change of NF-kB binding complex. Staurosporine did not influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex. Ro-31-8220 did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased significantly LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression in spite of increased LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex for 3hours. G 6976 did not much influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression with decreased NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased iNOS mRNA expression without influence on LPS-induced NF-kB binding complex. Genistein did not influence on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NF-kB binding complex in C6 glial cells, but in RAW 264.7 cells, decreased LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression inspite of increased NF-kB binding complex. These results suggest that LPS-induced regulation of iNOS expression or NF-kB activity in C6 glial cells, might be different from RAW 264.7 cells through various protein kinases or other factors.
주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동에 있어서 연속수행검사의 진단적 유용성
구본훈,박형배,이희정,송창진,김진성,이광헌 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.6
서 론: 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(이하 ADHD) 아동과 정상대조군의 연속수행검사(이하CPT) 결과 양상을 비교하여 CPT의 진단적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 그리고, ADHD 아동의 연령과 성별, 지능, 그리고, 장애의 유형 등과 같은 변수에 따른 CPT의 결과양상을 비교하여, CPT가 ADHD의 어떤 특성을 잘 반영해주는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: DSM-Ⅳ의 진단기준에 의하여 진단이 내려진 ADHD 실험군 68명과 정상대조군 30명을 선정하였으며, 두 군간의 연령과 성별을 통제하였다. 실험군과 정상대조군 모두 환아의 부모가 ADHD 평가척도(ADDES-HV)를 작성하였으며, 환아에게 직접 CPT를 실시하였고 지적 능력을 평가하기 위해 K-ABC를 시행하였다. 결 과: 실험군과 정상대조군에서의 CPT 결과 양상을 비교하였을 때, 실험군과 정상대조군 사이에 민감도가 유의한 차이를 나타내었고, 반응 기준도 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). ADHD 아동을 대상으로 연령과 지능의 변화에 따른 CPT의 결과 양상을 비교하였을 때, 연령과 지능이 증가함에 따라 CPT각각의 결과들도 대체로 수행력이 호전되는 경향을 나타내었다. 주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애의 유형을 과잉행동을 동반한 군과 과잉행동을 동반하지 않은 군으로 나누어 비교분석을 한 결과, CPT 각각의 결과에서 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. CPT 결과 양상에 있어서 남녀간 차이점을 비교하였을 때, 오경보오류와 정반응시간의 표준편차, 표준편차의 다양성, 그리고, 민감도가 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). CPT 각각의 8가지 결과 변수들에 대해 판별분석을 실시한 결과, 각각의 결과 변수들에 있어서 진단에 대한 전체 판별력이 모두 50%이상을 나타내었다. 그 중, 정반응시간의 표준편차와 표준편차의 다양성, 그리고, 민감도는 진단에 대한 전체 판별력이 모두 60%이상을 나타내었다. 결론 및 고찰: 이러한 결과들은 CPT가 ADHD의 진단에 있어서 어느 정도의 유용성을 가지고 있다는 점을 보여준다 하겠다. 즉, ADHD에 있어서 CPT는 비교적 선별검사와 같은 목적으로는 유용할 것으로 생각되며, 이는 또한 CPT가 장애의 진단에 있어서 보조적인 검사도구임을 나타낸다 하겠다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine to diagnostic availability of CPT in children with ADHD, and what factors are affected to CPT results in the diagnosis of ADHD. Method: CPT, ADHD scales(ADDES-HV), K-ABC were administered to 68 ADHD patients and 30 normal elementary school students as the control group. Also, ages and sex are controlled between two groups. Results: In the differences of the results of CPT between ADHD patients and normal subjects, attentiveness and risk taking are significantly different(p<0.05). In the differences of the results of CPT between ages in ADHD patients, usually as more aged children are better performances in CPT. Also, in the differences of the results of CPT between intelligence in ADHD patients, usually as higher intelligent children are better performances in CPT. There are no differences of the results of CPT between types of ADHD in ADHD patients. In the differences of the results of CPT between sex in ADHD patients, commission error, hit reaction time standard error, variability of standard error, and attentiveness are significantly different between male and female patients(p<0.05). The correlations between ADHD scales and the results of CPT show that inattention subscale is significantly related to hit, omission error, hit reaction time standard error, and variability of standard error. In the discriminant ability between ADHD patients and normal children by the results of CPT, accuracy rates are more than 50% in all results of CPT. Especially, the accuracy rate of hit reaction time standard error, and the accuracy rate of variability of standard error, and also, the accuracy rate attentiveness are more than 60%. Conclusion: In this point of view, this study suggest that CPT is relatively valuable method in the diagnosis of ADHD. For instances, CPT is more likely to screen the ADHD from normal children, or to use as assisted method of diagnosis of ADHD in clinical settings.