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Heegu Jin,Hyun-Ji Oh,나승열,이부용 고려인삼학회 2022 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.46 No.3
Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), a non-saponin fraction of ginseng, is a novel glycolipoprotein rich in hydrophobic amino acids. GEF has recently been shown to regulate lipid metabolismand browning in adipocytes; however, the mechanisms underlying its effects on energy metabolism andwhether it affects sarcopenic obesity are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of GEF on skeletalmuscle atrophy in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Methods: To examine the effect of GEF on sarcopenic obesity, 4-week-old male ICR mice were used. Themice were divided into four groups: chow diet (CD), HFD, HFD supplemented with 50 mg/kg/day GEF, or150 mg/kg/day GEF for 6 weeks. We analyzed body mass gain and grip strength, histological staining,western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence to quantify changes in sarcopenic obesity-related factors. Results: GEF inhibited body mass gain while HFD-fed mice gained 22.7 ± 2.0 g, whereas GEF-treatedmice gained 14.3 ± 1.2 g for GEF50 and 11.8 ± 1.6 g for GEF150 by downregulating adipogenesis andinducing lipolysis and browning in white adipose tissue (WAT). GEF also enhanced mitochondrialbiogenesis threefold in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, GEF-treated skeletal muscle exhibited decreasedexpression of muscle-specific atrophic genes, and promoted myogenic differentiation and increasedmuscle mass and strength in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that GEF may have potential uses in preventing sarcopenic obesity bypromoting energy expenditure and attenuating skeletal muscle atrophy.
Heegu Jin,Hyun-Ji Oh,Hyeonji Woo,Eunhye Cho,Boo-Yong Lee 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2021 No.10
Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), a non-saponin fraction of ginseng, is a novel glycolipoprotein rich in hydrophobic amino acids. GEF has recently been shown to regulate lipid metabolism in adipocytes; however, whether it affects sarcopenic obesity is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of GEF on skeletal muscle atrophy in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. To examine the effect of GEF on sarcopenic obesity, we used 4-week-old male ICR mice and divided into four groups: chow diet, HFD, HFD supplemented with 50 mg/kg/day GEF, or 150 mg/kg/day GEF for 6 weeks. We analyzed body mass gain and grip strength, histological staining, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. GEF inhibited body mass gain and inducing browning in white adipose tissue. GEF also enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, GEF-treated skeletal muscle exhibited decreased expression of muscle-specific atrophic genes, and enhanced myogenic differentiation and increased muscle mass and strength. These findings indicate that GEF may have potential uses in preventing sarcopenic obesity by promoting energy expenditure and attenuating skeletal muscle atrophy.
Hyun-Ji Oh,Heegu Jin,나승열,Boo Yong Lee 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.6
Background: Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) is a new non-saponin component glycolipoprotein isolatedfrom ginseng root. This study examined the effect of GEF on age-related sarcopenia in old C57BL/6Jmice. Methods: Young (3e6 months) and old (20e24 months) C57BL/6J mice received oral GEF (50 mg/kg/dayor 150 mg/kg/day) daily for 5 weeks. During the oral administration period, body weight and gripstrength were measured weekly. After sacrifice, muscles from the hindlimb were excised and used forhematoxylin and eosin staining and western blotting to determine the effects of GEF on sarcopenia. Thethymus was photographed to compare size, and flow cytometry was performed to examine the effect ofGEF on immune homeostasis in the thymus and spleen. Blood samples were collected, and the concentrationsof pro-inflammatory cytokines and IGF-1 were measured. Results: GEF caused a significant increase in muscle strength, mass, and fiber size in old mice. GEFrestored age-related disruption of immune homeostasis by maintaining T cell compartments andregulating inflammatory biomarkers. Thus, GEF reduced common low-grade chronic inflammatory parameters,which are the main cause of muscle loss. Conclusion: GEF maintained immune homeostasis and inhibited markers of chronic inflammation,resulting in anti-sarcopenia effects in aged C57BL/6J mice. Thus, GEF is a potential therapeutic agent thatslows sarcopenia in the elderly.
Hyun-Ji Oh,Heegu Jin,Hyeonji Woo,Eunhye Cho,Boo-Yong Lee 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2021 No.10
The non-saponin fraction (NSF) of Korean Red Ginseng is a powder in which only saponin was removed from red ginseng concentrate through non-saponin fractionation procedure. Young (3-6 months) and old (20-24 months) C57BL/6J mice received oral NSF (50 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day) daily for 6 weeks. After sacrifice, blood samples were collected, and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum were measured. Also, flow cytometry was performed to examine the effect of NSF on immune homeostasis in the spleen. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in serum from old mice than in mice serum from young mice, indicating that old mice were in a low-grade chronic inflammation state. However, NSF treatment led to a significant reduction in the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in old mice. In flow cytometry analysis, NSF showed the effect of maintaining immune homeostasis by regulating the proportion of CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages in old mice. In conclusion, we found that NSF inhibited inflammation as a result of immunosenescence and maintained immune homeostasis in aged C57BL/6J mice.
Oh, Hyun-Ji,Jin, Heegu,Lee, Boo-Yong The Korean Society of Ginseng 2022 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.46 No.6
Background: The non-saponin fraction (NSF) of Korean Red Ginseng is a powder in which saponin is eliminated from red ginseng concentrate by fractionation. In this study, we examined the effect of NSF on age-associated sarcopenia in old mice. Methods: NSF (50 or 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally daily to young (3-6-month-old) and old (20-24-month-old) C57BL/6 J mice for 6 weeks. Body weight and grip strength were assessed once a week during the oral administration period. The gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle were excised, and the muscle fiber size was compared through hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, the effect of NSF on sarcopenia and inflammation/oxidative stress-related factors in hindlimb muscles was investigated by western blotting. Flow cytometry analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of NSF on immune homeostasis. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture, and the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and glutathione were evaluated. Results: NSF significantly alleviated muscle strength, mass, and also fiber size in old mice. Age-associated impairment of immune homeostasis was recovered by NSF through retaining CD11b<sup>+</sup>F4/80<sup>+</sup> macrophages and regulating inflammatory biomarkers. NSF also decreased the age-induced expression of oxidative stress factors. Taken together, NSF showed the effect of improving sarcopenia by inhibiting low-grade chronic inflammatory/oxidative stress factors. Conclusion: NSF exhibited anti-sarcopenia effects by regulating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in old mice. Thus, we suggest that NSF is a promising restorative agent that can be used to improve sarcopenia in the elderly as well as maintain immune homeostasis.